Khotin fortress overlooks the The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. It rises in Ukraine, near the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. For a... Dniester river

Khotyn (Хотин, Polish (polski, język polski) is the official language of Poland. History Polish has been influenced by contact with foreign languages (foremost Latin, Czech, French, German, Italian, Old Belarusian, Russian and recently it has been virtually bombarded by English, especially American English language elements). A small hint when learning... Polish: Chocim; Romanian (limba română ) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken by about 28 million people, most of them in Romania, Moldova (where it is the official language) and nearby countries. History The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, an Indo-European people. They were defeated... Romanian: Hotin; Russian (русский язык  listen?) is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. Russian belongs to the group of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, and Celtic... Russian: Хотин, Khotin) is a town in the Chernivets'ka oblast' of Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and... Ukraine. In former times the town was part of the Old map of Bessarabia Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Turkish) was the name used by Russia to designate the eastern part of the territory known as Moldova (Moldavia in English), which was occupied by Russia in 1812. Bessarabia united with Romania in 1918 at the end of World War I... Bessarabia region, which between the (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. Events Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art. The New Monarchs come to power in France, England, Portugal and Spain. Rise of... 15th and the (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... 20th centuries passed successively to Moldavia, the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire, The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia, Romania (formerly spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast, Hungary in the west and Serbia and Bulgaria to the south along the Danube river. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the... Romania, the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union, and Ukraine and Moldova. Due to the frequent change of control the name also changed frequently, and there are a multitude of spellings for the town's name, including but not limited to Khotyn, Chocim, Chotyn, Hotin, Choczim, or Khotin. The city is famous for its history and archaeology, and also for the Khotyn Fortress (http://www.xenophongi.org/ukraine/khotin/khotin1s.jpg).

History

Contemporary painting of the Battle of Khotyn

In the 10th century, Khotyn was a minor settlement of Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by... Kievan Rus. In the later part of middle ages it was the seat of a Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). Flag of Genova Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova (jeno-vah), Genoese Zena (zaynah), French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of Liguria. It has a population of ca. 700,000. Genua was... Genoese colony and then part of the Moldavian principality, which by the (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. During this period, the power of England and the United Provinces increased; while that of Spain and Portugal declined. Similarly, the power... 17th century falled under Turkish suzeranity.

The chief events in its annals are: the two defeats of the Turks by the army of the The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish and Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capitals Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795... Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1621 by Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1568 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This title (and its variant, ataman, otaman), was... hetman Jan Chodkiewicz, and again in 1673 by king Reign From May 21, 1674, until June 17, 1696 Elected On May 21, 1674 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On February 2, 1676 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Nobel Family Sobieski Coat of Arms Janina Parents Jakub Sobieski Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz Consorts Marie... Jan Sobieski; the defeat of the Turks in 1739 by the Russians under Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich ( 1683 - 1767) was a Russian field marshal and political figure. Munnich was born at Neuenhuntorf in Oldenburg and at an early age entered the French service. Thence he transferred successively to the armies of Hesse-Darmstadt and of Saxony, and finally, with the rank of... Munnich; the defeat of the Russians by the Turks in 1768; the capture by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austrians in 1788; and the occupation by the Russians in 1806. It finally passed to Russia with Bessarabia in 1812 by the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 was one of the several wars fought between Imperial Russia and Ottoman Empire War broke out in 1806, when Turkey deposed the russophile governors of its vassal states Moldavia and Walachia. Since Russia was reluctant to concentrate large forces against Turkey while its relations with... Peace of Bucharest.

Shortly after it became part of Romania (formerly spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast, Hungary in the west and Serbia and Bulgaria to the south along the Danube river. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the... Romania in January 1919, Ukrainian Bolshevik troops dressed as civilians entered Khotyn and encouraged the ethnic Ukrainians to revolt. An insurrection took place against the Romanian rule. (see the Khotyn uprising) The Romanian Army defeated the Bolsheviks by February 1919.

The town passed to the Soviet Ukraine in June 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-February January 5 - FM radio is demonstrated to the FCC for the first time. January 6 - World War II: Mass execution of Poles, committed by Germans in the Poznan, Warthegau. January 12 - World War... 1940 with the rest of the Chernivtsi region (formerly known by its historic name Bukovina (Bucovina in Romanian; Буковина, Bukovyna in Polish), on the slopes of the Carpathian mountains, comprises an historic province now split between Ukraine. Etymology The term Bukovina has a Slavic origin and derives from the word for beech; the German equivalent Buchenland means... Bukovina) as an outcome of the Molotov (left), Ribbentrop (in black) and Stalin (far right) The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, also known as the Hitler-Stalin pact or Nazi-Soviet pact and formally known as the Treaty of Nonaggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression treaty between Germany and Russia... Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Battles

Defending the Polish banner at Chocim in 1621

In the 1621 battle of Khotyn, an army of 160,000 Turkish veterans were led by Sultan Osman II from Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Variations on the name of the city, founded as Hadrianopolis, include Adrianople, Edreneh, and Odrin. Conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1362, the city served as the Ottoman capital from 1365... Adrianople towards the Polish frontier. The Turks, after their victory at the Battle of Cecora Conflict Polish-Ottoman Wars Date 17 September-7 October 1620 Place near Cecora and Prut river, Moldova Result Polish defeat Battle of Cecora (also known as Battle of Tutora) was battle between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turks and Tatars) from 17 September 1620 to 7 October in... Cecora, had high hopes of conquering Poland altogether. Their opposing military commander Nobel Family Chodkiewicz Coat of Arms Chodkiewicz Parents Jan Hieronim Chodkiewicz Krystyna Zborowska Consorts Zofia Mielecka Anna Alojza Ostrogska Children with Zofia Mielecka Hieronim Chodkiewicz Anna Scholastyka Chodkiewicz Date of Birth 1560 Place of Birth  ? Date of Death September 24, 1621 Place of Death Chocim Castle, Poland Jan Karol... Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the This article is about the river. See also Dnipro launch vehicle for the rocket, or Dnepr (motorcycle). Length 2,290 km Elevation of the source - m Average discharge - m³/ s Area watershed 516,300 km² Origin Russia Mouth Black Sea Basin countries Russia, Belarus, Ukraine The Dnieper River... Dnieper in September Events February 9 - Gregory XV is elected pope. February 17 - Miles Standish is appointed as first commander of Plymouth Colony March 22 - The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. March 16 - Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them... 1621 and entrenched himself in the Khotyn Fortress right in the path of the Ottoman advance. Here for a whole month the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay, till the first fall of autumn snow compelled Osman to withdraw his diminished forces. But the victory was dearly purchased by Poland. A few days before the siege was raised the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress on September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). There are 98 days remaining. Events 600-1899 622 - Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina 1493 - Christopher Columbus departs on his second expedition to the New World 1664 - Netherlands surrenders New Amsterdam to England 1789... September 24, Events February 9 - Gregory XV is elected pope. February 17 - Miles Standish is appointed as first commander of Plymouth Colony March 22 - The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. March 16 - Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them... 1621. The battle is described by The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. The correct title is Wacław Potocki. image goes here Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms Szreniwa Parents  ? Consorts unknown Children unknown Date of Birth 1621 Place of Birth Wola Łużańska... Wacław Potocki in his most famous work Transakcja wojny chocimskiej and ends the period of Moldavian Magnate Wars.

In the 1673 battle of Khotyn, the The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania... Polish Polish Hussar Hussar (original Hungarian spelling: huszár, plural huszárok) refers to a number of types of cavalry used throughout Europe since the 15th century. Today for traditional reasons some military units tracing their history to medieval times have hussar as part of their names. History Light hussars Kircholm... Hussars again fought a major battle at this location.

In the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by intensified contradictions over the results of the Russo-Polish War of 1733-1735 and endless raids by the Crimean Tatars. The war also represented Russias continuing struggle for the access to the Black... Russo-Turkish War, the fortress was taken by The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russian Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. A Marshal or Field Marshal (sometimes incorrectly spelled Marshall) (French: mar chal, Chinese: shuai (Chinese Traditional: 元帥), Dutch: Veldmaarschalk, German: Feldmarschall, Portuguese: marechal, Spanish: mariscal, Persian بز... field marshal Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich ( 1683 - 1767) was a Russian field marshal and political figure. Munnich was born at Neuenhuntorf in Oldenburg and at an early age entered the French service. Thence he transferred successively to the armies of Hesse-Darmstadt and of Saxony, and finally, with the rank of... Burkhard Christoph von Munnich on August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 134 days remaining. Events 1561 - Mary Stuart returns to Scotland. 1692 - Salem Witch Trials: In Salem, Massachusetts five women and a clergyman are executed after being convicted of witchcraft. 1782 - Battle... August 19, Events March 20 - Nadir Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Kohinoor September 9 - Stono Rebellion erupts near Charleston September 18 - Treaty of Belgrade signed October 3 - Treaty of Nissa signed October 23 - Great Britain declares war on Spain... 1739. This victory is remembered primarily through the Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks, composed by the young Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов) (November 19 (November 8, Old Style), 1711 – April 15 (April 4, Old Style), 1765) was... Mikhail Lomonosov. This ode produced a revolution in the Russian letters, often taken as a starting point of the modern Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its emigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union. With the break up of the USSR different countries and cultures may lay claim to various... Russian poetry.

Famous people

• The Romania (formerly spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Ukraine and Moldova in the northeast, Hungary in the west and Serbia and Bulgaria to the south along the Danube river. Romania has a stretch of sea coast on the... Romanian Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love (Greek philo-) of learning and literature (Greek -logia). In the academic traditions of several nations, a wide sense of the term philology describes the study of a language together with its literature and the historical... philologist Petriceicu_Hasdeu: photograph and signature Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (February 16, 1836_September 7, 1907) a Romanian philologist, was born at Hotin in Bessarabia in 1836, and studied at the university of Kharkiv. In 1858 he first settled in Iaşi as a high school professor and librarian. He may be considered... Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu was bown in Khotyn in February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 318 days remaining (319 in leap years). Events 1742 - Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes British Prime Minister. 1804 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate Philadelphia. 1838... February 16, Events January - Book by Maria Monk claims that she was sexually exploited in a Canadian convent February 3 - United States Whig Party holds its first convention in Albany, New York. February 23 - The siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas. February 24 - Samuel Colt receives a patent for... 1836.

External links

• History and photos (http://www.xenophongi.org/ukraine/khotin/khotin.htm)
• Flags of the world (http://www.fotw.us/flags/ua-hotin.html)
• Lomonosov's ode on the capture of Khotin (http://www.e-lingvo.net/lyric_lomonosov_39.html)