Kiev Governorate as of c. 1900

Kiev Governorate (pre-reform Russian: Кіевская губернія), or Government of Kiev, was an administrative unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire. Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Guberniya (Russian: ) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of the Imperial Russia, usually translated as governorate or province. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ...

Kiev Governorate was established in 1708 and renamed a namestnichestvo (viceroyalty) in 1781. The Governorate was re-established in 1796 and remained in the Empire until its collapse in 1917. In Soviet Ukraine, the Kiev Guberniya persisted up until 1923, when the administrative unit was dissolved into several okrugs (districts) in the course of the Soviet-wide administrative reform. Since 1932, the area around Kiev is administratively organized as Kiev Oblast of Ukraine. Namestnik (Russian: ) was an office position in the history of Russia. ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... State motto (Ukrainian): Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... Okrug is a term to denote administrative subdivision in some Slavic states. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Kiev Oblast (also Kyiv Oblast, Ukrainian: ) is an oblast (province) in central Ukraine. ...

The borders of the Governorate underwent significant changes, in particular in 1796. Kiev was the administrative centre of the Governorate. Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Administrative Centre (in Norwegian administrativt senter) is often used in Norway to refer to a county town, or the place where the central administration of a Norwegian commune is located. ...

Foundation and early reforms

Governorate subdivision of Russian Empire in 1682-1762

The Kiev Governorate, formed by the Ukase (edict) of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great of December 18, 1708 was preceded by the Kiev Regiment (polk).^[1] It was formed along with seven other governorates of the Empire and covered 231,000 kilometres (1.44×10⁵ mi) 231,000 square kilometers (89,000 sq mi) of territory of parts of modern Ukraine and southwestern Russia. The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Ukase (Russian: указ, ukaz) in Imperial Russia was a proclamation of the tsar government, or a religions leader patriarch that had the force of law. ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague J... This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ... The administrative division reform of 1708 was carried out by the Russian tsar Peter the Great in an attempt to improve the manageability of the vast territory of the Russian Empire. ... “km” redirects here. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ...

Among the thirty-six cities assigned to it were Pereslavl, Chernigov, Nezhin, Belgorod, Akhtyrka, Sumy, Sevesk, Kursk, Mtsensk, Putivl, Bryansk, Oryol, and others.^[1] Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi or Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy (Ukrainian: , Pereiaslav-Khmel′nyts′kyi) is a town by the Trubezh River in Ukraines Kiev Oblast, south of Kiev. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Chernihiv highlighted. ... John the Apostle Church in Nizhyn. ... Coat of arms of Belgorod Belgorod (Russian: ) is a city in Western Russia, situated on the Severny Donets river just 40 km north from the Ukrainian border, at 50°37′N 36°35′E. It is the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast. ... A Coat of Arms of Okhtyrka, Ukraine. ... Sumy is a town in the Ukraine Sumy region. ... Sevsk (Севск in Russian) is a small town in the Bryansk Oblast in Russia, located on the Sev River (Dnieper basin) 142 km away from Bryansk. ... Kursk (Russian: ; pronunciation: koorsk; IPA: ) is a city in the western part of Central Russia, at the confluence of Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers. ... Mtsensk (Russian: Мценск) is a town in the Oryol Oblast in Russia, located on the Zusha River (Okas tributary) 49 km northeast of Oryol. ... Putyvl or Putivl (Russian: ; Ukrainian: ) is an ancient town in north-east Ukraine, in Sumy Oblast. ... Historic coat of arms of Bryansk (1781). ... Oryol or Orel (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Oryol Oblast. ...

Additionally, seventeen cities of the Azov Governorate were assigned to Kiev due to their greater geographical proximity to Kiev than to the Azov. Among such cities were Kharkov and Staroy Oskol. Also to Kiev was assigned Trubchevsk and two other cities from Smolensk Governorate while some cities of Kiev Governorate were assigned to Azov and Smolensk, respectively.^[1] Azov (Russian: ) is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just three kilometers from the Sea of Azov, which derives its name from the town. ... For other uses, see Kharkiv (disambiguation). ... Stary Oskol (Russian Старый Оскол) is a city in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. ... Trubchevsk (Russian: Трубчевск) is a small town in Bryansk Oblast of Russian Federation (about 16,000 people). ... July 28, 1713 (July 17, Julian calendar): The Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory divided between Moscow Governorate and Riga Governorate. ... July 28, 1713 (July 17, Julian calendar): The Smolensk Governorate was abolished and its territory divided between Moscow Governorate and Riga Governorate. ...

During the administrative reform of 1710, all governorates where subdivided into administrative-fiscal lots (doli), and Kiev Governorate consisted of five lots.

A new reform edict was issued on May 29, 1719. Lots were abolished and the governorate was subdivided into four provinces centered on Belgorod, Kiev, Oryol, and Sevsk, and named accordingly.^[2] By 1719, the Governorate comprised forty-one cities.^[3] Despite the reform, the subdivision of the Governorate into regiments was still used in parallel with the provinces.^[3] The second administrative reform of 1719 was carried out by Peter the Great in order to fix the deficiencies of the original system. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Coat of arms of Belgorod Belgorod (Russian: ) is a city in Western Russia, situated on the Severny Donets river just 40 km north from the Ukrainian border, at 50°37′N 36°35′E. It is the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Oryol or Orel (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Oryol Oblast. ... Sevsk (Севск in Russian) is a small town in the Bryansk Oblast in Russia, located on the Sev River (Dnieper basin) 142 km away from Bryansk. ...

In the course of the 1727 administrative reform, Belgorod, Oryol and Sevsk Provinces were split off into Belgorod Governorate, with only Kiev Province left in the Kiev Governorate.^[2][4][5] The administrative reform of 1727 was carried out soon after Peter the Greats death, when it became apparent that previous reform was not working as planned. ...

Viceroyalty

Kiev Viceroyalty map from 1792 Atlas of Russian Empire

In the process of the Catherine's reform initiated by her November 7, 1775 edict, the new administrative unit namestnichestvo (viceroyalty) was introduced. On September 16, 1781, an edict was issued to transform the Governorate into a Viceroyalty (Kievskoye namestnichestvo),^[3][2][6][4] with the effective date of January 9, 1782.^[3] The Viceroyalty was subdivided into the following uyezds: Kiev, Gorodishche, Goltva, Khorol, Kozelets, Lubny, Mirgorod, Ostyor, Pereyaslavl, Piryatin, and Zolotonosha^[3] while some sources state that the towns of Khorol and Gorodishche were included without their districts.^[5] Catherine the Great redirects here. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Namestnik (Russian: ) was an office position in the history of Russia. ... A viceroy is somebody who governs a country or province as a substitute for the monarch. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Uyezd or uezd (Russian: ) was an admistrative subdivision of Rus, Muscovy, and Russia used from the 13th century, originally describing groups of several volosts formed around the most important cities. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... The Mykhailivska Church in Horodysche (1844). ... Khorol (Ukrainian: ) is a city in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. ... Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Cathedral in Kozelets Kozelets (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) is a historic city located in the Chernihiv Oblast in northern Ukraine. ... Lubny (Ukrainian: ) is a city and the local capital of Lubny Raion (district) in Poltava Oblast, south-east of Poltava in Ukraine. ... Mirgorod coat of Arms Myrhorod (Ukrainian: , Myrhorod; Russian: , Mirgorod, sometimes spelled Mirhorod), an ancient town with population of 42,700 (2005) located in Poltavska Oblast (Poltava region) on the picturesque and peaceful river Khorol in central Ukraine. ... The coat of arms of Oster of the Russian Empire was confirmed on the 4th of June 1782 on the basis of an older coat of arms—in a vert field there was an argent town gate with three small towers. ... Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi or Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyy (Ukrainian: , Pereiaslav-Khmel′nyts′kyi) is a town by the Trubezh River in Ukraines Kiev Oblast, south of Kiev. ... Pyriatyn (Ukrainian: ) is a city in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. ... Zolotonosha (Ukrainian: ) is a city located in the Cherkasy Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. ...

In 1789, Gorodishche was transferred to the Yekaterinoslav Governorate. In 1791, the Kiev Viceroyalty was subdivided into ten okrugs^[3] and in early 1790s additional districts (uyezds) of Boguslav, Gadyach, Kanev, Zenkov, Korsun, and Lokhvitsa were added.^[5] The Yekaterinoslav Governorate (Russian: ; translit. ... Uyezd or uezd (Russian: ) was an admistrative subdivision of Rus, Muscovy, and Russia used from the 13th century, originally describing groups of several volosts formed around the most important cities. ... Bohuslav (Ukrainian: ) is a city in Kiev Oblast (province) of Ukraine. ... Hadiach (Ukrainian: , sometimes also spelled as Gadyach, Gadiach, Hadyach or through the Polish name Hadziacz) is a historic city in Poltava Oblast (province) in the central-east part of Ukraine. ... Kaniv (Polish: Kaniów) is a town on the Dnipro River in Ukraine where the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko is buried. ... Zinkiv (Ukrainian: ) is a city in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. ... Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi (or Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi, Korsun-Shevchenkivskyy, Ukrainian: Корсунь-Шевченківський; Polish: KorsuÅ„ Szewczenkowski) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast of Ukraine. ... Lokhvytsia is a district town upon the Lokhvytsia river in Poltavska Oblast (Poltava region) in central Ukraine. ...

The coat of arms of Kiev Viceroyalty as approved in 1782

On June 4, 1782, the Coat of Arms of Kiev was officially approved, which de facto became a Coat of Arms of the Viceroyalty. According to the description, Archangel Michael is dressed in silver holding up an aglow sword, depicted on an azure shield.^[7] is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Coat of Arms of Kiev The Coat of Arms of Kiev (Kyiv) features Archangel Michael, wielding a flaming sword and a shield in an azure field. ... Saint Michael redirects here. ... The term Azure (from Persian لاژورد lazhward) can refer to any of the following: The blueish color of the sky. ...

Eighteenth to early-twentieth century

Kiev Governorate in 1812.

Kiev Governorate as of 1896.

Kiev Governorate was re-established by Emperor Paul I's edict of November 30, 1796. Three Left-bank Ukraine viceroyalties were merged into one Little Russia Governorate centered on Chernigov, while the Kiev Governorate was now comprised on Right-bank Ukraine. With Kiev still a capital, the governorate included the right-bank parts of the former Kiev Viceroyalty merged with territories of the former Kiev^[8] and Bracław Voivodeships which were gained by the Russian Empire from the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the lands of the Polish Crown province).^[3] The edict took effect on August 29, 1797, bringing the total number of uyezds to twelve.^[3] Pavel (Paul) I Petrovich of Russia (Russian: ; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1 [O.S. September 20] 1754 – March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Left-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Лівобережна Україна Russian: Левобережная Украина, Polish: Lewobrzeżna Ukraina ): historic name of the part of Ukraine on the left bank of the Dnipro River, comprising the modern-day regions of Chernihiv, Poltava and Sumy and the eastern part of the Kyiv and Cherkasy regions, in Russian histories... Location Map of Ukraine with Chernihiv highlighted. ... Right-bank Ukraine (Ukrainian: Правобережна Україна Russian: Правобережная Украина; Polish: Prawobrzeżna Ukraina), a historical name of a part of Ukraine on the right bank of the Dnipro, consisting of the modern day Volyn, Rivne, Vinnitsa, Zhytomyr, Kirvohrad and Kyiv region as well as part of the Cherkaska and Ternopil region. ... Województwo Kijowskie coat of arms The Kiev Voivodeship (Ukrainian: , Polish: ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793/1795, part of MaÅ‚opolska. ... The BracÅ‚aw Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo BracÅ‚awskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 14th century till 1569 and of the Kingdom of Poland since 1569 till 1793/1795. ... A Voivodship (also voivodeship, Romanian: Voievodat, Polish: Województwo, Serbian: Vojvodstvo or Vojvodina) was a feudal state in medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a Voivod (voivode). ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... The Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Lietuvos-Lenkijos padalijimai, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

On January 22, 1832, the Kiev Governorate, along with the Volhynia and the Podolia Governorates formed the Kiev Governorate General, also known as the Southwestern Krai.^[9] At the time, Vasily Levashov was appointed the Military Governor of Kiev as well as the General Governor of Podolia and Volhynia. In 1845, the population of the Governorate was 1,704,661.^[3] is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Podolia Governorate was a governorate (guberniya) of Russia from 1793-1917. ...

At the turn of the twentieth century, the governorate included twelve uyezds named to their centers: Berdichev, Cherkassy, Chigirin, Kanev, Kiev, Lipovets, Radomyshl, Skvira, Tarashcha, Uman, Vasilkov and Zvenigorodka.^[10] Uyezd or uezd (Russian: ) was an admistrative subdivision of Rus, Muscovy, and Russia used from the 13th century, originally describing groups of several volosts formed around the most important cities. ... Berdychiv (Ukrainian: ; Polish language: Berdyczów; Russian: , Berdichev) is a town in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine, 44 km south of Zhytomyr. ... Cherkasy (Ukrainian Черкаси, Rus. ... Chyhyryn (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. ... Kaniv (Polish: Kaniów) is a town on the Dnipro River in Ukraine where the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko is buried. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Lypovets (Ukrainian: ) is a city in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. ... Radomyshl (Ukrainian: Радомишль) is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast in Ukraine, the center of Radomyshl Raion (district). ... Skvyra (Ukrainian:Сквира) is a town in Kiev Oblast of Ukraine. ... Tarashcha (Ukrainian: ) is a city in the Kiev Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. ... Vasylkiv (Ukrainian: ), also called by its Old Slavic name Vasilkov (Russian: ) is a city at Stugna river in Ukraines Kiev Oblast (province), a center of Vasylkiv Raion (district). ... Zvenyhorodka (Ukrainian:Звенигородка, Russian:Zvenigorodka) is a city in Cherkaska oblast. People David Günzburg Horace Günzburg Categories: | | ...

By the 1897 Russian Census, there were 3,559,229 people in the guberniya making it the most populous one in the whole Russian Empire.^[10] Most of population was rural. There were 459,253 people living in cities, including about 248,000 in Kiev. According to the mother tongue, the census classified the respondents as follows: 3,034,961 Russians (including 2,819,145 Little Russians), 430,489 Jews and 68,791 Poles. By faith, 2,983,736 census respondents were Orthodox Christians, 433,728 were Jews and 106,733 were of the Roman Catholic Church.^[10][11] Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2006)  - City 4,450,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Languages Historical Jewish languages Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, others Liturgical languages: Hebrew and Aramaic Predominant spoken languages: The vernacular language of the home nation in the Diaspora, significantly including English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Arabs and other Semitic groups For the Jewish religion, see Judaism. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ...

Kiev Governorate remained a constituent unit of the larger Governorate General with Kiev being the capital of both well into the twentieth century. In 1915, the General Governorate was disbanded while the guberniya continued to exist.

After 1917

In the times after the Russian revolution in 1917-1921, the lands of Kiev Governorate switched hands many time. After the last Imperial governor, Alexey Ignatyev till March 6, 1917, the local leaders were appointed by competing authorities. At times, the Governorate Starosta (appointed by the Central Rada) and the Governorate Commissar (sometimes underground) both claimed the Governorate, while some of the short-lived ruling regimes of the territory did not establish any particular administrative subdivision.^[4] is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Republic of the Two Nations, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795. ... The Central Rada or Tsentralna Rada (Ukrainian: ) was a representative body formed in 1917 in Kyiv to govern the Ukrainian Peoples Republic—the Ukrainian autonomy and then independent state. ... Russian political officer during winter war Commissar is the English transliteration of an official title (комисса́р) used in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution and in the Soviet Union, as well as some other Communist countries. ...

As chaos gave way to stability in the early 1920s, the Soviet Ukrainian authority re-established the Governorate whose leading post was titled the Chairman of the Governorate's Revolutionary Committee (revkom) or of the Executive Committee (ispolkom).^[4] State motto (Ukrainian): Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... For other uses, see Revolutionary committee (disambiguation). ... Ispolkom (исполком) is an Russian language abbreviation for Ispolnitelny komitet (исполнительный комитет), which may be translated as executive committee. In the Soviet Union an ispolkom was a local organ of executive and regulatory power, an office of the local soviet. ...

In the course of the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929 the Kiev Guberniya was transformed into six okrugs in 1923, and, since 1932, Kiev Oblast at the territory.^[4] Okrug is a term to denote administrative subdivision in some Slavic states. ... Kiev Oblast (also Kyiv Oblast, Ukrainian: ) is an oblast (province) in central Ukraine. ...

Footnotes and references