Introduction

The Kievian Letter is an early ( ( (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Contents // 1 Events 2 Significant persons 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 Decades and years Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there... 10th century letter written by a [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation The Khazars were a Turkic... Khazarian For a discussion of The word Jew ( Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak it) Ranking: not in top 100 Genetic classification: Afro-Asiatic  ... Jewish community in For other uses, see Kiev (disambiguation). Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine... Kiev. The letter, a The word Hebrew can variously mean: The Hebrew language or Hebrew languages The ancient Hebrew people, or their descendants the Jews The New Testament book Hebrews The term Hebrew is sometimes used by certain Christian groups to distinguish the Jews in ancient times (before the birth of Jesus) from Jews... Hebrew-language recommendation written on behalf of one member of their community, was part of an enormous collection brought to Cambridge by Rabbi Solomon Schechter (1850-1915) was born to a Lubavitch Hasidic family and later became the second President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (1902 to 1915) and founder and President of the United Synagogue of America (later to become the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism.) Under his leadership... Solomon Schechter from the A Genizah or Geniza (Hebrew burial; according to S. D. Goitein, from the Persian word gonj storehouse, treasure) is the storeroom or depository in a synagogue, usually specifically a cemetery for worn-out Hebrew language books and papers on religious topics. It also was traditionally used to store away books... Cairo Genizah. It was discovered in Years: 1959 1960 1961 - 1962 - 1963 1964 1965 Decades: 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1962 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1962 during a survey of the Geniza documents by Norman Golb of the The University of Chicago Motto Crescat scientia; vita excolatur. (Latin: Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched.) Established 1890 by John D. Rockefeller School type Private coeducational President Don Michael Randel Location Chicago, Il., USA Campus Urban, parks, 211 acres (850,000 m²) Enrollment... University of Chicago. The letter is dated by most scholars to around 930 CE.

Significance of the Letter

Scholars are interested in the letter because the names of the community members are of This is the Shortcut: WP:D or WP:DAB Disambiguation in Wikipedia and Wikimedia is the process of resolving the conflict that occurs when articles about two or more different topics have the same natural title. Wikipedia thrives on the fact that making links is simple and automatic: as youre... Turkic, The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. They speak Slavic languages and reside chiefly in the east of that continent, but are also found in Asia. Contents // 1 Ethno-cultural subdivisions 2 The Slavic homeland debates 3 Naming and etymologies 4 Early... Slavic, and The word Hebrew can variously mean: The Hebrew language or Hebrew languages The ancient Hebrew people, or their descendants the Jews The New Testament book Hebrews The term Hebrew is sometimes used by certain Christian groups to distinguish the Jews in ancient times (before the birth of Jesus) from Jews... Hebrew origins (for example, names such as: " Chanukah Holiday of: Judaism and Jews Name: Hebrew: חנכה or חנוכה Translation: Renewal/Rededication (of the Beit Hamikdash, the Temple in Jerusalem) Begins: 25th day of Kislev Ends: 2nd/3rd day of Tevet Occasion: One of two Rabbinical Festivals (the other is Purim... Hanukkah," "Yehudah," "Gostata," and "Kiabar"). There is some disagreement as to whether these Jews were An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. There are modern historical... Israelites who had taken local names, or whether their names indicate This is the Shortcut: WP:D or WP:DAB Disambiguation in Wikipedia and Wikimedia is the process of resolving the conflict that occurs when articles about two or more different topics have the same natural title. Wikipedia thrives on the fact that making links is simple and automatic: as youre... Turkic or Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slavonian can also refer to Slavonia, a region in eastern Croatia. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Slavic origins. The debate is complicated by the presence of the name Kiabar The position of a Kohens hands when he raises them to bless a Jewish congregation A Kohen (or Cohen, Hebrew priest, pl. Kohanim or Cohanim) is a direct male descendent of the biblical Aaron, brother of Moses, and has a distinct personal status in Judaism. Contents // 1 The priesthood... Kohen. Omeljan Pritsak believed that this name indicated that non-Israelite Khazars had adopted the status of Kohen, possibly because the formed a pre-conversion priestly caste. A far more likely scenario is that Israelite Jews in Khazaria adopted Khazar This is the Shortcut: WP:D or WP:DAB Disambiguation in Wikipedia and Wikimedia is the process of resolving the conflict that occurs when articles about two or more different topics have the same natural title. Wikipedia thrives on the fact that making links is simple and automatic: as youre... Turkic names, much in the same way that Jews, including prominent rabbis, had adopted Aramaic (ארמית [Arâmît] ܐܪܡܝܐ [Ârâmâyâ]) Spoken in: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Georgia, Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, Syria, Turkey Region: Throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, Europe, Australia. Total speakers: 445,000 fluent Ranking: Not in top 100 Genetic... Aramaic, Persia or Persian most often refer to: Persia The Persians, an ethnic group, also called Tajiks Persian language Persian (Pokémon) See also Iranian, Iranian peoples, Iranian languages and Aryan. The terms can also refer to topics in: Contents // 1 Persian culture and history 2 Plants and animals named after... Persian, Arabic can mean: From or related to The term the Middle East sometimes applies to the peninsula alone, but usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula plus the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Iran. The term Arabia often refers to Saudi Arabia alone. At other times the term Arabia can stand for the... Arabic, The word Greek has a number of meanings relating to Greece, including: Architecture of Ancient Greece Art in Ancient Greece Greek alphabet Greek colonies Cuisine of Greece Ethnic Greek Greco-Turkish relations Greece Hellenes History of Greece History of Mycenaean Greece History of Ancient Greece History of Hellenistic Greece History... Greek, and The word German can mean: From or related to Germany or its predecessor states - see also the German language Germanic tribes Holy Roman Empire (843-1806) German Confederation (1815-1866) North German Confederation (1867 - 1871) German Empire (1871-1918) Weimar Republic (1919-1933) Nazi Germany (1933-1945) West Germany (1949... German names.

Some scholars point to a district in Kievan Podol named after the Khazars (called "Kozare"), which indicates to some that Turkic Khazars did live in Kiev. The Khazars apparently played a significant role in the economic vitality of the city, importing Caviar is the processed, salted roe of various species of fish, most notably sturgeon. It is commercially marketed throughout the world as a delicacy and is eaten principally as a garnish or spread, as with hors doeuvres. Today the best caviar comes from sturgeon fished from the Caspian Sea... caviar, Fish might refer to: Fish - vertebrates with gills which live in water Fish (sometimes FISH) - the British code-word for World War II German stream cipher teleprinter secure communications devices The FISH (FIbonacci SHrinking) stream cipher published in 1993 Fish - the former lead singer of progressive rock band Marillion fluorescent... fish, and For other meanings of the word salt see table salt or salt (disambiguation). In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. These ions can be inorganic (Cl... salt into Kiev.

The letter contains the only written record of the The Khazars were a semi- Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. Typically there are two kinds of nomad, In a draw in a mountainous region... Khazar language extant today - the single word-phrase "I have read (it)." This appears to be a sign of approval from a Khazar magistrate. (Similar inscriptions, in Latin and Greek are found in The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The... Byzantine documents from roughly the same period.) If so, it suggests that [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation The Khazars were a Turkic... Khazar control over For other uses, see Kiev (disambiguation). Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine... Kiev, in some form or another, continued well into the tenth century, significantly later than the traditional date for conquest by Prince Oleg ( This article is part of the Scandinavia series Viking Age Ting Kalmar Union Denmark-Norway Sweden-Norway Monetary Union Defense union Languages Mountains Peninsula Varangian Viking History of Sweden History of Norway History of Denmark Language classification Indo-European languages Germanic languages North Germanic languages A North Germanic... Oleg, 882. On the other hand, from the letter itself it seems that the Khazar authorities could do little to help the Jewish community of Kiev; the letter itself had ended up in For other uses, see Egypt (disambiguation). The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes... Egypt, and the beleagured alms-seeker had presumably travelled thousands of miles in his search for relief. The identity and status of the reviewing, turcophone officer is therefore ambiguous.

Text of the Letter

1. This article focuses on the monotheistic concept of a singular God. See This article is about deities or gods from a non-monotheistic perspective. See God for information about the monotheistic entity. A deity or a god, is a postulated supernatural entity, usually, but not always, of significant power, worshipped... The First among the foremost, He who is adorned with the crown "Final and First,"

2. Who hears the whispered voice, and listens to utterance and tongue - May He guard them

3. as the pupil [of his eye] and make them to dwll with Nahshon on high as at first -

4. Men of Truth, despisers of gain, doers of [deeds of] loving-kindness and pursuers of charity,

5. guardians of salvation whose bread is available to every traveler and passerby,

6. holy communities scattered to all (the world's corners: may it be the will of

7. the Master of Peace to make them dwell as a crown of peace! Now, our officers and masters,

8. we, [the] community of Kiev, (hereby inform you of the woesome affair of this Mar Jacob bar

9. Hanukah, who is of the sons of [good folk]. He was of the givers, and not of the

10. takers, until a cruel decree was decreed against him, in that his brother went and took money

11. from A Gentile refers to a non-Israelite; the word is derived from the Latin term gens (meaning clan or a group of families) and is often employed in the plural. Christian translators of the Bible use this word to collectively designate the peoples and nations distinct from the Israelite people... gentiles; this Jacob stood surety. His brother went on the road, and there came

12. brigands who slew him and took his money. Then came creditors

13 [and t]ook captive this Jacob, they put chains of iron on his neck

14. and irons about his legs. He stayed there an entire year ...

15. [and afterwards] we took him in surety; we paid out sixty [coins] and there ye[t...]

16. remained forty coins; so we have sent him among the holy communities

17. that they might take pity on him. So now, O our masters, raise up your eyes to heaven

18. and do as is your goodly custom, for you know how great is the virtue

19. of charity. For charity saves from death. Nor are we as warners

20. but rather those who remind; and to you will be charity before the Lord your God

21. You shall eat fruits in this world, and the capital fund [of merit] shall be yours perpetually in the This article is about life after death. For the Japanese movie, see After Life. Afterlife (also known as life after death) is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual and experiential, beyond this world, or after death. This article is about current generic and widely held... world to come.

22. Only be strong and of good courage, and do not put our words behind

23. your backs; and may the Omnipresent bless you and build Jerusalem in your days

24. and redeem you and also us with you. [An acronym follows standing for either "Amen, Amen, Amen, soon [may the redemption come]" or "Brotherly people are we, soon [...]".

25. Abraham the Parnas [community leader] [...]el bar MNS Reuben bar

26. GWSTT (Gostata) bar KYBR (Kiabar) Kohen Samson

27. Judah, who is called SWRTH (Surta) Hanukah bar Moses

28. QWFYN (Kufin) bar Joseph MNR (Manar) bar Samuel Kohen

29. Judah bar Isaac [the] In the Jewish tradition, a Levite (לוי Attached, Standard Hebrew Levi, Tiberian Hebrew Lēwî) is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. The Levites were the only one of the Israelite tribes who received cities but no tribal land when Joshua led the Israelites into... Levite Sinai bar Samuel

30. Isaac the Parnas [A Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. Bear this in mind if you encounter symbols such as �?�﷐􏿾. You might also consider viewing the page in a different browser or using a different font —preferably... Turkic runiform inscription follows, reading HWQWRWM, "I have read (this or it)"]

Bibliography

Golb, Norman and Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.