NationMaster - Encyclopedia: King John of England

John (French: Jean) (December 24, c. 1166–October 18/19, 1216) reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I (known as "Richard the Lionheart"). John acquired the nicknames of "Lackland" and "Soft-sword." seal of john i of england on original magna carta This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... Events John Lackland, becomes King of England Births Isobel of Huntingdon (d. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ... Events John Lackland, becomes King of England Births Isobel of Huntingdon (d. ... Isabella of Angouleme (c. ... // Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. ... Henry III (October 1, 1207 â€“ November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Richard (5 January 1209 â€“ 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (bef. ... Events Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218) the Franciscans are founded. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Joan of England was the name of four female members of the medieval English royal family (later, retroactively, known as the Plantagenet dynasty). ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210 Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210 Beginning of Delhi Sultanate Births... Events In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada. ... The wedding of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella. ... Events Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Eleanor of England (also called Eleanor Plantagenet1 and Eleanor of Leicester) was born in the year 1215, in Gloucester. ... // Events A certified copy of the Magna Carta June 15 - King John of England forced to put his seal to the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the kings power. ... Events Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Jews over the age of 7 to wear the yellow badge and makes usury illegal Jean de Meun writes the second portion of the... Angevin is the name applied to two distinct medieval dynasties which originated as counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Hungary and Poland (see Angevin Empire). ... Henry II (5 March 1133 â€“ 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (1154â€“1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Events Geoffrey of Monmouth produces the Historia Regum Britanniae Durham Cathedral is completed Construction of Exeter Cathedral begun June 4 - Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Innocent II Births March 5 - King Henry II of England (died 1189) Honen Shonin, Japanese founder of Pure Land Buddhism (died 1212... Events January 21 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade September 3- Richard I of England is crowned as king of England. ... Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine (Bordeaux, France,c. ... Events March 26 - Henry I of Englands forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ... Events Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund Absalon fortifies Copenhagen William Marshal, the greatest knight... Beaumont Palace Oxford was built by Henry I about 1130 to serve as a royal palace conveniently close to the royal hunting-lodge at Woodstock (now part of the park of Blenheim Palace. ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... Newark (also Newark-on-Trent) is a town in Nottinghamshire, located on the River Trent. ... A plan of Worcester Cathedral made in 1836. ... December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ... // Events Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... Events John Lackland, becomes King of England Births Isobel of Huntingdon (d. ... Richard I (September 8, 1157 â€“ April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. ...

John's reign has been traditionally characterised as one of the most disastrous in English history: it began with defeats—he lost Normandy to Philippe Auguste of France in his first five years on the throne—and ended with England torn by civil war and himself on the verge of being forced out of power. In 1213, he made England a papal fief to resolve a conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, and his rebellious barons forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215, the act for which he is best remembered. Some have argued, however, that John ruled no better or worse than his immediate predecessor or his successor. Mont Saint Michel is a historic pilgrimage site and a symbol of Normandy Normandy is a geographical region in northern France. ... Philip II (French: Philippe II), called Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (August 21, 1165 â€“ July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... A civil war is a war in which the competing parties are segments of the same country or empire. ... Events September 12 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester defeats Peter II of Aragon, the king of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the Christian Church whose visible and spiritual head is the Pope, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It teaches that it is the one holy catholic and apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ, and that the sole Church of Christ which... Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ... // Events A certified copy of the Magna Carta June 15 - King John of England forced to put his seal to the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the kings power. ...

King John was also the subject of an early history play by William Shakespeare. King John is one of the so-called Shakespearean histories, plays written by William Shakespeare and based on the history of England. ... Traditionally, the works of William Shakespeare have been grouped into three categories: tragedies, comedies, and histories. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Early years

Born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, John was the fifth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Beaumont Palace Oxford was built by Henry I about 1130 to serve as a royal palace conveniently close to the royal hunting-lodge at Woodstock (now part of the park of Blenheim Palace. ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Henry II (5 March 1133 â€“ 6 July 1189) ruled as Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, and as King of England (1154â€“1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. ... Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine (Bordeaux, France,c. ...

John was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was a younger brother of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine and Joan of England. Marie de France, or Marie Capet, Countess of Champagne (1145 â€“ March 11, 1198), was the elder daughter of Louis VII of France and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... Alix of France (1151 - 1197/1198) was the second daughter born to Louis VII of France by his first wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... William (August 17, 1153-1156) was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, strangely born on the same day that his fathers rival Eustace IV of Boulogne died. ... Henry, the Young King Henry the Young King (February 28, 1155â€“June 11, 1183) was the second of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... Matilda of England (1156 - July 13, 1189), also known as Maud, was the eldest daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ... Richard I (September 8, 1157 â€“ April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. ... Geoffrey Plantagenet (September 23, 1158 â€“ August 19, 1186) was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. ... Leonora of Aquitaine (October 13, 1162 - October 31, 1214), was born as Princess Eleanor of England and became Leonora, Queen of Castile. ... Joan of England was the name of four female members of the medieval English royal family (later, retroactively, known as the Plantagenet dynasty). ...

While John was always his father's favourite son, as the youngest he could expect no inheritance (hence his nickname, "Lackland"). He was almost certainly born in 1166 instead of 1167, as is sometimes claimed. King Henry and Queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior to December 1167, but they were together in March 1166. Also, John was born at Oxford on or near Christmas, but Eleanor and Henry spent Christmas 1167 in Normandy. The canon of Laon, writing a century later, states John was named after Saint John the Apostle, on whose feast day (December 27) he was born. Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that Queen Eleanor named him. For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... // Events Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria. ... Events Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund Absalon fortifies Copenhagen William Marshal, the greatest knight... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Christmas (literally, the Mass of Christ) is a holiday in the Christian calendar, usually observed on December 25, which celebrates the birth of Jesus. ... Look up canon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... John the Apostle (×™×•×—× ×Ÿ The LORD is merciful, Standard Hebrew Yoá¸¥anan, Tiberian Hebrew YÃ´á¸¥ÄnÄn) was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Ralph of Diceto was a 12th century English chronicler. ...

His family life was tumultuous, with his older brothers all involved in rebellions against Henry. Eleanor was imprisoned in 1173, when John was a small boy. Gerald of Wales relates that King Henry had a curious painting in a chamber of Winchester Castle, depicting an eagle being attacked by three of its chicks, while a fourth chick crouched, waiting for its chance to strike. When asked the meaning of this picture, King Henry said: The Revolt of 1173â€“1174 was a rebellion against Henry II of England by three of his sons, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and rebel supporters. ... Events Canonization of Saint Thomas a Becket, buried at Canterbury August 9th - Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh. ... Giraldus Cambrensis (c. ...

In 1189, John was married to Avisa, daughter and heiress of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester. (She is given several alternative names by history, including Isabella, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor.) They had no children, and John had their marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity, some time before or shortly after his accession to the throne, which took place on April 6, 1199, and she was never acknowledged as queen. (She then married Geoffrey de Mandeville as her second husband and Hubert de Burgh as her third). Events January 21 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade September 3- Richard I of England is crowned as king of England. ... William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (died 1183) was the son and heir of Sir Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester, and Mabel of Gloucester, daughter of Robert Fitzhamon. ... Annulment is a legal procedure for declaring a marriage null and void. ... Consanguinity, literally meaning common blood, describes how close a person is related to another in the sense of a family. ... April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... Events John Lackland, becomes King of England Births Isobel of Huntingdon (d. ... Hubert de Burgh (~1165 - May 12, 1243) was Earl of Kent, Justiciar of England and Ireland, and one of the most influential men in England during the reigns of John and Henry III. De Burgh came from a minor gentry family about which little is known. ...

Before his accession, John had already acquired a reputation for treachery, having conspired sometimes with and sometimes against his elder brothers, Henry, Geoffrey and Richard. In 1184, John and Richard both claimed that they were the rightful heir to the Aquitaine, one of many unfriendly encounters between the two. In 1185, John became the ruler of Ireland, whose people grew to despise him, causing John to leave after only eight months (see: John's first expedition to Ireland). Events Abbeville receives its commercial charter. ... Events April 25 - Genpei War - Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan. ... The year 1185 saw John of Englands first expedition to Ireland and there has been much debate in historical scholarship as to its success as an expedition. ...

During Richard's absence on the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1194, John attempted to overthrow his designated regent, despite having been forbidden by his brother to leave France. This was one reason the older legend of Hereward the Wake was updated to King Richard's reign, with "Prince John" as the ultimate villain and with the hero now called "Robin Hood". However, on his return to England in 1194, Richard forgave John and named him as his heir. The Third Crusade (1189â€“1192) was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150-500 Jews in Cliffords Tower June 10 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts of head of state, especially if not the Monarch (who has higher titles). ... Hereward the Wake was an 11th century leader in England who led resistance to the Norman Conquest, and was consequently labelled an outlaw. ... A stereotypical villain. ... Sir Galahad, a hero of Arthurian legend In mythology and folklore, a hero (male) or heroine (female) is an eminent character who quintessentially embodies key traits valued by its originating culture. ... Robin Hood is the archetypal English folk hero, an outlaw who, in modern versions of the legend, stole from the rich to give to the poor. ... Events November 20 - Palermo falls to Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire December 25 - Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily. ...

Reign

After Richard's death, John did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the posthumous son of John's brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to see redress from the King of France, who was King John's feudal overlord with respect to certain terrorities on the Continent. In 1202, King John was summoned to the French court to answer the charges. King John refused and, under feudal law, because of his failure of service to his lord, the French King claimed the lands and territories ruled by King John as Count of Poitou. The French promptly invaded Normady, King Philip II invested Arthur with all those fiefs King John once held (except for Normandy), and betrothed him to his daughter Mary. As part of the war, Arthur attempted to kidnap his own grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau, but was defeated and captured by John's forces. Arthur was imprisoned first at Falaise and then at Rouen. No one is certain what happened to Arthur after that. According to the Margram Annals, on 3 April 1203: :"After King John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen... when [John] was drunk and possessed by the devil he slew [Arthur] with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine." However, the officer commanding the Rouen fortress, Hubert de Burgh, claimed to have delivered Arthur around Easter 1203 to agents of the King sent to castrate him and that Arthur had died of shock. Hubert later retracted his statement and claimed Arthur still lived, but no one ever saw Arthur alive again and the supposition that he was murdered caused Brittany and later Normandy to rebel against King John. Download high resolution version (800x939, 139 KB)John of England Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for... Download high resolution version (800x939, 139 KB)John of England Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for... This article is about the domestic group. ... Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (1187_1203), was the posthumous son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and designated heir to the throne of England, originally intended to succeed Richard I. While Richard was away on crusade, Constance took more independence for Brittany, and in 1194 had the young... Philip II (French: Philippe II), called Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (August 21, 1165 â€“ July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... Poitou was a province of France whose capital city was Poitiers. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... Events April 16 - Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France. ... In medicine, shock (hypoperfusion) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inability of the body to supply enough oxygen to meet tissue requirements. ...

Besides Arthur, John also captured his niece Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany. Eleanor remained a prisoner the rest of her life (which ended in 1241); through deeds such as these, John acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. Eleanor the Fair Maid of Brittany ( 1184â€“1241) was the daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ...

In the meantime, John had remarried, on August 24, 1200, Isabelle of Angoulême, who was twenty years his junior. She was the daughter of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angouleme. John had kidnapped her from her fiancée, Hugh IX of Lusignan. Isabelle eventually produced five children, including two sons (Henry and Richard), and three daughters (Joan, Isabella and Eleanor). August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France Births Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (approximate date). ... Isabella of Angouleme (c. ... Henry III (October 1, 1207 â€“ November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. ... Richard (5 January 1209 - 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (bef. ... Joan of England was the name of four female members of the medieval English royal family (later, retroactively, known as the Plantagenet dynasty). ... The wedding of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella. ... Eleanor of England (also called Eleanor Plantagenet1 and Eleanor of Leicester) was born in the year 1215, in Gloucester. ...

In 1205, John married off his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great, building an alliance in the hope of keeping peace within England and Wales so that he could recover his French lands. The French king had declared most of these forfeit in 1204, leaving John only Gascony in the southwest. Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ( 1173â€“April 11, 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd and eventually ruler of much of Wales. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Gascony (French: Gascogne, pronounced ; Gascon: Gasconha, pronounced ) is an area of southwest France that constituted a royal province prior to the French Revolution. ...

John is given a great talent for lechery by the chroniclers of his age, and even allowing some embellishment, he did have many illegitimate children. Matthew Paris accuses him of being envious of many of his barons and kinsfolk, and seducing their more attractive daughters and sisters. Roger of Wendover describes an incident that occurred when John became enamoured with Margaret, the wife of Eustace de Vesci and an illegitimate daughter of King William I of Scotland. Her husband substituted a prostitute in her place when the king came to Margaret's bed in the dark of night; the next morning, when John boasted to Vesci of how good his wife was in bed, Vesci confessed and fled. Self portrait of Matthew Paris from a manuscript of his chronicle (London, British Library, MS Royal 14. ... Roger of Wendover (d. ... William I (William the Lion, William Leo, William Dunkeld or William Canmore), (1142/1143 - December 4, 1214) reigned as King of Scotland from 1165 to 1214. ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typically manual stimulation, oral sex, sexual intercourse, or anal sex) for cash or other kind of return, generally indiscriminately with many persons. ...

Besides Joan, the wife of Llywelyn Fawr, his illegitimate daughter by a woman named Clemence, John had a son named Richard Fitz Roy by his first cousin, a daughter of his uncle Hamelin de Warenne. By another mistress, Hawise, John had Oliver FitzRoy, who accompanied the papal legate Pelayo to Damietta in 1218, and never returned. By an unknown mistress (or mistresses) John fathered: Geoffrey FitzRoy, who went on expedition to Poitou in 1205 and died there; John FitzRoy, a clerk in 1201; Henry FitzRoy, who died in 1245; Osbert Gifford, who was given lands in Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sussex, and is last found alive in 1216; Eudes FitzRoy, who accompanied his half-brother Richard on Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1241; Bartholomew FitzRoy, a member of the order of Friars Preachers; Maud FitzRoy, Abbess of Barking, who died in 1252; Isabel FitzRoy, wife of Richard Fitz Ives; and Philip FitzRoy, found living in 1263. Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ( 1173–April 11, 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd. ... Richard Fitz Roy (died 1246) or de Warenne, Baron of Chilham, Kent, was the illegitimate son of King John of England. ... Hamelin de Warenne (d. ... Pelayo (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Damietta is a port in Dumyat, Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the Nile delta, about 200 kilometres north of Cairo. ... // Events Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade. ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... // Events The town of Riga was chartered as a city. ... Events Rebellion against king Sancho II of Portugal in favor of his brother Alphonso. ... Suffolk (pronounced suffuk) is a large traditional and administrative county in the East Anglia region of eastern England. ... Sussex is a traditional county in south-eastern England, corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ... Events Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... Richard (5 January 1209 - 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (bef. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ...

As far as the administration of his kingdom went, John functioned as an efficient ruler, but he won the disapproval of the English barons by taxing them in ways that were outside those traditionally allowed by feudal overlords. The tax known as scutage, payment made instead of providing knights (as required by Feudal law), became particularly unpopular. John was a very fair-minded and well informed king, however, often acting as a Judge in the Royal Courts, and his justice was much sought after. Also, John's employment of an extremely able Chancellor and certain clerks resulted in the first proper set of records - the pipe rolls. A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... The tax of scutage or escuage in the law of England involved the pecuniary commutation, under the feudal system, of the military service due from the holder of a knights fee. ... A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ...

John is also accredited with the founding of the modern Royal Navy. In 1203 he ordered all shipyards (including inland places such as Gloucester) in England to be responsible for at least one ship, with places such as the newly-built Portsmouth being responsible for several. He made Portsmouth the new home of the Navy (the Anglo-Saxon kings, such as Edward the Confessor, had had royal harbours at Sandwich, Kent.) By the end of 1204, he had 45 large galleys available to him, and from then on an average of 4 new ones every year. He also created an Admiralty of 4 Admirals, responsible for various parts of the new Navy. It was during John's reign that big improvements were made in ship design, including the addition of sails and removable forecastles. He also created the first big transport ships, called buisses, from which originates the word "bus." Everything known about this Navy comes from the pipe-rolls and is completely ignored by the chroniclers and pre-revisionist historians. The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. ... Gloucester (pronounced ) is a city and district in south-west England, close to the Welsh border. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... Edward the Confessor or Edward III (c. ... Location within the British Isles Arms of Sandwich Town Council Sandwich is an historic town in Kent, south-east England. ... TheBus, established by Mayor Frank Fasi, is Honolulus only public transit system. ...

When Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III. The monks of Christ Church chapter in Canterbury claimed the sole right to elect Hubert's successor, but both the English bishops and the King had an interest in the choice of successor to this powerful office. When their dispute could not be settled, the monks secretly elected one of their members as Archbishop and later a second election imposed by John resulted in another candidate. When they both appeared in Rome, Innocent disavowed both elections and his candidate, Stephen Langton, was elected over the objections of John's observers. Innocent thus disregarded the king's rights in selection of his own vassals. John was supported in his position by the English barons and many of the English bishops and refused to accept Langton. Hubert Walter (died July 13, 1205), chief justiciar of England and archbishop of Canterbury, was a relative of Ranulf de Glanvill, the great justiciar of Henry II, and rose under the eye of his kinsman to an important position in the Curia Regis. ... Arms of the see of Canterbury The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior clergyman of the established Church of England and symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... Innocent III, nÃ© Lotario de Conti (Gavignano, near Anagni, ca. ... A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. ... Christ Church is the name of various churches and cathedrals, usually Protestant, named after Jesus Christ himself. ... Location within the British Isles St Peters St, Canterbury, from the West Gate, 1993 Canterbury is a cathedral city in the county of Kent in southeast England. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1290 kmÂ² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1... Stephen Langton (c 1150 â€“ July 9, 1228) was Archbishop of Canterbury and is believed to be the first person to divide the Bible into defined chapters. ...

John expelled the Canterbury monks in July 1207 and the Pope ordered an interdict against the kingdom. John immediately retaliated by seizure of church property for failure to provide feudal service, and the fight was on. The pious of England were theoretically left without the comforts of the church, but over a period they became used to it. The pope, meanwhile, realized that too long a period without church services could lead to loss of faith, and gave permission for some churches to hold Mass behind closed doors in 1209. In 1212, they allowed last rites to the dying. While the interdict was a burden to many, it did not result in rebellion against John. Download high resolution version (800x1120, 197 KB)John of England signs Magna Carta Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it... Download high resolution version (800x1120, 197 KB)John of England signs Magna Carta Image from Cassells History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Scan by Tagishsimon, 23rd June 2004 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it... Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... The pope is the Catholic Patriarch and Bishop of Rome, and leader of the Catholic Church. ... The word interdict usually refers to an ecclesiastical penalty in the Roman Catholic Church. ... Events Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218) the Franciscans are founded. ... Events The first Great Fire of London burns most of the city to the ground Battle of Navas de Tolosa Childrens crusade Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain In Japan, Kamo no ChÅmei writes the HÅjÅki, one of the great works of classical Japanese... The Anointing of the Sick is one of the sacraments of Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Oriental Orthodoxy, and is also practiced in some Protestant churches. ...

In November of 1209 John himself was excommunicated, and, in February 1213, Innocent threatened stronger measures unless John submitted. The papal terms for submission were accepted; in addition, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to God and the Saints Peter and Paul for a feudal service of 1000 marks annually, 700 for England and 300 for Ireland. With this submission, John gained the valuable support of his papal overlord in his dispute with the English barons, some of whom rebelled against him after he was excommunicated. Excommunication is a religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... Events September 12 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester defeats Peter II of Aragon, the king of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. ... God is the Supreme Being believed to exist in monotheistic religions as the creator of the Universe. ... Saint Peter, also known as Peter, Simon ben Jonah/BarJonah, Simon Peter, Cephas and Kephaâ€”original name Simon or Simeon (Acts 15:14)â€”was one of the twelve original disciples or apostles of Jesus. ... The name Saint Paul may refer to one of several possible meanings or references, though it is most commonly used to refer to the Biblical Paul of Tarsus. ...

Having successfully put down the Welsh Uprising of 1211 and settling his dispute with the papacy, John turned his attentions back to his overseas interests. The European wars culminated in defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, which forced the king to accept an unfavourable peace with France. This finally turned the barons against him, and he met their leaders at Runnymede, near London, on June 15, 1215, to sign the Great Charter called, in Latin, Magna Carta. Because he had signed under duress, however, John received approval from his overlord the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons' War. The Battle of Bouvines, July 27, 1214, was the first great international conflict of alliances among national forces in Europe. ... Detail from the Magna Carta Memorial Map sources for Runnymede at grid reference: SU 998 727 Runnymede is a water meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey. ... Part of the London skyline viewed from the South Bank London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7,421,328 and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... // Events A certified copy of the Magna Carta June 15 - King John of England forced to put his seal to the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the kings power. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The First Barons War (1215â€“1217) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of rebellious barons and King John. ...

Death

In 1216, John, retreating from an invasion by Prince Louis of France (whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne), crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and lost his most valuable treasures, including the Crown Jewels to the unexpected incoming tide. This dealt him a terrible blow, which affected his health and state of mind, and he succumbed to dysentery, dying on October 18 or 19, at Newark in Lincolnshire. Numerous, if fictitious, accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale or poisoned plums. He was buried in Worcester Cathedral in the city of Worcester. His nine-year-old son succeeded him and became King Henry III of England, and although Louis continued to claim the English throne, the barons switched their allegiance to the new king, forcing Louis to give up his claim and sign the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217. Events Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ... Louis VIII the Lion (French: Louis VIII le Lion) (September 5, 1187 â€“ November 8, 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226. ... The Wash, as seen looking west from Heacham, Norfolk The Wash is also the name of a 2001 film. ... Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ... Coronation Chair and Regalia of England The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the coronation ceremony and at various other state functions. ... Dysentery is an illness involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in Leap years). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Newark (also Newark-on-Trent) is a town in Nottinghamshire, located on the River Trent. ... Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... A plan of Worcester Cathedral made in 1836. ... The city of Worcester (pronounced Wuh-ster) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... Henry III (October 1, 1207 â€“ November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. ... The Treaty of Lambeth was signed in 1217 by Louis VIII of France, ending his campaign in the First Barons War, and his claim to the throne of England. ... Events April 9 - Peter of Courtenay crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III May 20 - First Barons War, royalist victory at Lincoln. ...

*Footnote: Newark now lies within the County of Nottinghamshire, close to its long boundary with Lincolnshire. Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. ...

Alleged illiteracy

For a long time, schoolchildren have learned that King John had to approve Magna Carta by attaching his seal to it because he could not sign it, lacking the ability to read or write (ignoring the fact that King John had a large library he treasured until the end of his life.) This textbook inaccuracy resembled that of textbooks which claimed that Christopher Columbus wanted to prove the earth was round. Whether the original authors of these errors knew better and oversimplified because they wrote for children, or whether they had been misinformed themselves, in unknown. As a result of these writings, generations of adults remembered mainly two things about "wicked King John," both of them wrong. (The other "fact" was that, if Robin Hood had not stepped in, Prince John would have embezzled the money raised to ransom King Richard. The fact is that John did embezzle the ransom money, by creating forged seals, and Robin Hood may or may not have actually existed. In any case, the real life source for the legend lived at least half a century before Richard was king. ) Christopher Columbus (conjectural image by Sebastiano del Piombo). ... Embezzlement is the fraudulent conversion of property from a property owner. ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ...

In fact, King John did sign the draft of the Charter that the negotiating parties hammered out in the tent on Charter Island at Runnymede on 15–18 June 1215, but it took the clerks and scribes working in the royal offices some time after everyone went home to prepare the final copies, which they then sealed and delivered to the appropriate officials. In those days, legal documents were sealed to make them official, not signed. (Even today, many legal documents are not considered effective without the seal of a notary public or corporate official, and printed legal forms such as deeds say "L.S." next to the signature lines. That stands for the Latin locus signilli ("place of the seal"), signifying that the signer has used a signature as a substitute for a seal.) When William the Conqueror (and his wife) signed the Accord of Winchester (Image) in 1072, for example, they and all the bishops signed with crosses, as illiterate people would later do, but they did so in accordance with current legal practice, not because the bishops could not write their own names. June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... An Embossed Notary Seal A notary public is an officer who can administer and give oaths, and perform certain other acts varying from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. ... William I ( 1028 â€“ 9 September 1087), was King of England from 1066 to 1087, and as Guillaume II was Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087. ... Events William I of England invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake. ...

Henry II had at first intended that John would receive an education to go into the Church, which would have meant Henry did not have to give him any land. In 1171, however, Henry began negotiations to betroth John to the daughter of Count Humbert III of Savoy (who had no son yet and so wanted a son-in-law.) After that, talk of making John a clergyman ceased. John's parents had both received a good education—Henry spoke some half dozen languages, and Eleanor had attended lectures at what would soon become the University of Paris—in addition to what they had learned of law and government, religion, and literature. John himself had received one of the best educations of any king of England. Some of the books the records show he read included: De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei by Hugh of St. Victor, Sentences by Peter Lombard, The Treatise of Origen, and a history of England—potentially Wace's Roman de Brut, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. // Events Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate, restoring Sunni rule in Egypt. ... Humbert III (b. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The Sorbonne is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris or the University of Paris in its entirety. ... Aphorism Critical legal studies Jurisprudence Law (principle) Legal research Letter versus Spirit List of legal abbreviations Legal code Natural justice Natural law Philosophy of law Religious law External links Find more information on Law by searching one of Wikipedias sibling projects: Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School... Hugh of St. ... Peter Lombard (c. ... Origen ( 182â€“ 251) was a Christian scholar and theologian and one of the most distinguished of the Fathers of the early Christian Church. ... Wace (c. ... Geoffrey of Monmouth was a clergyman and one of the major figures in the development of British history. ... Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum BritanniÃ¦ (English: The History of the Kings of Britain) was written around 1136. ...

Notes

According to records of payment made to King John's bath attendant, William Aquarius, the king bathed on average about once every three weeks, which cost a considerable sum of 5d to 6d each, suggesting an elaborate and ceremonial affair. Although this may seem barbaric by modern standards, it was civilised compared to monks who were expected to bathe three times a year, with the right not to bathe at all if they so chose. By contrast, King John dressed very well in coats made of fur from sable and ermine and other exotic furs such as polar bear. Binomial name Martes zibellina Linnaeus, 1758 The sable, a small quadruped, closely akin to the martens, and known by the zoological names of Martes zibellina or Mustela zibellina, originated in Siberia and has achieved fame for its fur, which is integrated into various clothes fashions (for example a Shtreimel). ... The ermine (Mustela erminea) is a dark brown weasel, with a distinctive black-tipped tail. ... Binomial name Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774 The Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus), also known as white bear or northern bear, is a large bear native to the Arctic. ...

Depictions in fiction

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Philip JosÃ© Farmer (born January 26, 1918) is an American author, principally known for his science fiction and fantasy novels and short stories. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Riverworld is a fictional universe and the setting for a series of science fiction books written by Philip JosÃ© Farmer. ... The Sheriff of Nottingham was historically the office responsible for law and order in Nottinghamshire, directly appointed by the Lord Mayor of Nottingham. ... ... Robin Hood is the archetypal English folk hero, an outlaw who, in modern versions of the legend, stole from the rich to give to the poor. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Robin Hood was a animated film by Walt Disney Studios, first released in the United States on November 8, 1973. ... Anthropomorphism, also referred to as personification or prosopopeia, is the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, forces of nature, and others. ... Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Kamelion, voiced by Gerald Flood (from The Kings Demons Kamelion is a fictional character, in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ... The Master is a supporting fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Main article: History of Doctor Who Doctor Who first appeared on BBC television at 5:15 p. ... William Goldman (born August 12, 1931) is an American novelist, playwright and two-time Academy Award-winning screenwriter. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The Lion in Winter is a 1966 Broadway play by James Goldman. ...

References

External link

Categories: 1166 births | 1216 deaths | Natives of Oxfordshire | House of Anjou | Heirs to the English & British thrones | English monarchs | Dukes of Normandy | Earls in the Peerage of England Richard I (September 8, 1157 â€“ April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... Henry III (October 1, 1207 â€“ November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. ... The persons who held the title of Duke of Aquitaine (French: Duc dAquitaine}, which became part of France in 1449 but was an independent duchy before that date, with the years they held it, were: See also: Dukes of Aquitaine family tree External Links Columbia Encyclopedias Entry for... This is a list of counts and dukes of Maine, France. ... Philip II (French: Philippe II), called Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste) (August 21, 1165 â€“ July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. ... The Duke of Normandy is a title held (or claimed) by various Norman, English, French and British rulers from the 10th century. ... Ireland in the century prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169 is probably best described as a national kingdom lacking a settled monarchy, the kingship being disputed by three regional dynasties. ... Henry III (October 1, 1207 â€“ November 16, 1272) is one of the least-known British monarchs, considering the great length of his reign. ...

Contents

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