The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917. 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ...

Storfurstendömet Finland
Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta

Official languages	Swedish and, from 1883, Finnish
Established church	Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox
Capital	Turku (1809-1812) Helsinki (1812-)
Head of state	Grand Duke of Finland
Area	- km² (-)
Population	1 636 900 (1850)
Currency	Before 1840 old Swedish money, Russian money and Finnish 'kopeekka' issued in Turku since 1811. Ruble (1840–1859), Markka as manifestation of quarter ruble (1860–1865), Markka (1865–)
Existed	1809–1917

Edited from former coat of arms on article Grand Duchy of Finland This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... An official language is something that is given a unique status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In English history, the Established Church is the Church of England, the church which is established by the Government, supported by it, and of which the monarch is the titular head; until 1920 it also held the same position in Wales. ... The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is a Lutheran Church and the most common church in Finland. ... The Finnish Orthodox Church is the second official state church of Finland, beside the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. ... Capital - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Location within Finland Turku (Swedish: Åbo  listen?, Latin: Aboa) is a city in Finland, founded in the 13th century. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Helsinki (pronounced with the stress on the first syllable in Finnish: ), or Helsingfors in Swedish  listen?, is the capital of Finland. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Though a term originally coined for Republican presidents, a head of state or chief of state is now universally known as the chief public representative of a nation-state, federation or commonwealth, whose role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions... Grand Duke of Finland, more correctly Grand Prince of Finland, (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas, Swedish: Storfurste av Finland) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808. ... This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1998 Russian Federation one rouble coin. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... The markka or mark was the currency used in Finland from 1861 until January 1, 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (€). The currency code used for the markka was FIM, and the usual familiar notation was a postfix mk. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The markka or mark was the currency used in Finland from 1861 until January 1, 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (€). The currency code used for the markka was FIM, and the usual familiar notation was a postfix mk. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... In the past, many states, countries, nations, lands, or territories have been in existence. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ...

History

An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/1563), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably. The new title Grand Duke of Finland did not result in any increase of Finnish autonomy. (During the next two centuries, the title was used by some of John's successors on the throne, but not all (e.g. his brother Charles IX used King of the Finns instead). Usually it was just a subsidiary title of the King, used only at very formal occasions. However, in 1802 as an indication of resolve to keep Finland within Sweden in face of increased Russian pressure, King Gustav IV Adolf gave the title to his new-born son, Prince Carl Gustaf, who died three years later.) Finland Proper, Varsinais-Suomi or Egentliga Finland, is a historical province in south western Finland. ... A grand duchy is a form of principality, monarchy which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state. ... Prince Albert of Monaco on the left represents a principality where he wields adminisitrative authority. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... John III of Sweden or Johan III of the Royal House of Vasa, was the king of Sweden (1568-1592). ... In Sweden, Duke is considered a royal title, and is only given to members of the Royal House (currently Bernadotte). ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ... Events February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans March - Peace of Amboise. ... Grand Duke of Finland, more correctly Grand Prince of Finland, (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas, Swedish: Storfurste av Finland) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808. ... Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550 – 1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. ... 1802 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Gustav IV Adolf (1778-1837), king of Sweden, of the house Holstein-Gottorp, was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, and born at Stockholm on November 1, 1778. ...

During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Finland became a true autonomous grand duchy as a part of the Russian Empire. For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively great autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental. The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. ... The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled. ... The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. ... March 29 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), Emperor of Russia (reigned March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825), King of Poland (reigned 1815–1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of... The Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Freden i Fredrikshamn in Swedish and Haminan rauha in Finnish ) was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on September 17, 1809. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... A grand duchy is a form of principality, monarchy which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats Russian War. ... Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt (March 31, 1757 – August 19, 1814) was a Swedish courtier and diplomat. ...

The history of the Grand Duchy can briefly be characterized as:

• 1809–1862: fifty years of consolidation, during which the Grand Duchy's authorities succeeded in convincing the Russian court of not only their but of all Finns' loyalty
• 1863–1898: thirty-five years of increased independence, including the re-establishment of the Diet of Finland and the elevation of Finnish from a language for simple people to a national language equal to Swedish
• 1899–1917: twenty years of attempted russification, although ultimately unsuccessful, nevertheless detrimental for Finland's relationship with the Soviet Union

The Tsar ruled Finland, through his governor and a native Senate appointed by him. The country nevertheless enjoyed a high degree of autonomy, until its independence in 1917. In 1917, after the February Revolution in Russia, Finland's government worked towards securing Finland's autonomy in domestic matters and possibly even its increase. On December 6, 1917, shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Finland declared its independence. The new elected monarch (Väinö I) was to be king instead of Tsar, marking the new status of the nation, but he never reigned until republic was proclaimed. The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,  listen; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... 1917 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The February Revolution can also refer to the overthrow of the French Monarchy in February, 1848. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... The Finnish declaration of independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on December 6, 1917. ... Prince Frederick of Hesse (May 1, 1868 - May 28, 1940), Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin, Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen, brother-in-law to Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and elected king of Finland (October 9, 1918). ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ...

Politics

The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland. The Senate of Finland was the highest governing body of the Grand Duchy. In St. Petersburg Finnish matters were represented by the Finnish Minister Secretary of State. From 1863 and onwards the Diet of Finland convened regulalry. Grand Duke of Finland, more correctly Grand Prince of Finland, (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas, Swedish: Storfurste av Finland) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808. ... The Governor-General of Finland was the head of the Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, between 1808 and 1917. ... The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. ...

Counties

Main article: Counties in Finland The Counties of Finland was the administrative division of Finland from 1634 to 1997. ...

The administrative division introduced during the Swedish era in 1634 was continued with little changes. Events Moses Amyrauts Traite de la predestination is published Curaçao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Académie française The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden Market in London English establish a settlement...

• Uusimaa County Uudenmaan lääni / Nylands län
• Häme County Hämeen lääni / Tavastehus län
• Turku and Pori County Turun ja Porin lääni / Åbo och Björneborgs län
• Viipuri County Viipurin lääni / Viborgs län
• Mikkeli County Mikkelin lääni / St. Michels län
• Kuopio County Kuopion lääni / Kuopio län
• Vaasa County Vaasan lääni / Vaasa län
• Oulu County Oulun lääni / Uleåborg län

Åbo and Björneborg County, Åbo och Björneborgs län or Turun ja Porin lääni, was a county of Sweden from 1634 to 1808, named after the cities of Åbo and Björneborg. ...

Geography

Main article: Geography of Finland Download high resolution version (351x753, 170 KB)Edited from former map on article File links The following pages link to this file: Grand Duchy of Finland Categories: Images with unknown copyright status ... The Geography of Finland differs from that of other Nordic countries. ...

Heraldry

Main articles: Flag of Finland, Coat of Arms of Finland Flag ratio: 11:18 The Flag of Finland hearkens back to the beginning of the 20th century, and is modelled on the Danish flag, the Dannebrog. ... The Coat of Arms of Finland were granted at the burial of Gustav Vasa in 1560 and still remain the arms of the Republic of Finland. ...

The arms were granted at the burial of Gustav Vasa in 1560 and still remain the arms of the Republic of Finland. Gustav I of Sweden, Gustav Vasa or Gustav Eriksson Vasa (1496 - 1560), became king of Sweden in 1523 and was the first monarch of the house of Vasa. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ...

In the 1860s talk about a Finnish Flag started in the fennoman movement. In 1863 numerous proposals were presented for a national flag. [1] The two main proposals were flags based on red/yellow and blue/white. Unfortunately the flag proposals never had a chance to be presented to the Diet so none of them ever became an official flag. That didn't stop people from using different designs for flags of their own choosing. Events and trends Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). ... The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. ...

Miscellaneous topics

• Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
• Transportation in the Grand Duchy of Finland