The Kingdom of Alba (Gaelic : Rìoghachd na h-Alba) for the purposes of this article pertains to the Kingdom of Scotland between the death of Domnall II in 900, and the death of Alexander III in 1286 which then led indirectly to the Scottish Wars of Independence. The name is one of convenience, as throughout this period the elite and populace of the Kingdom were predominantly Gaelic, or later Gaelic and Scoto-Norman, and differs markedly from the period of the Stewarts, in which the elite of the kingdom were for the most part speakers of English or Lowland Scots. The article concerns only the political history of the Kingdom of Scotland in the High Middle Ages, rather than the culture or society of the country. Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh Government Monarchy Head of State King of Scots Parliament Parliament of Scotland Currency Pound Scots This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707). ... Donald II of Scotland (Domnall mac Causantín) was king of Scotland from 889 to 900. ... Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... Alexander III (September 4, 1241 – March 19, 1286), King of Scots, also known as Alexander the Glorious, ranks as one of Scotlands greatest kings. ... Events Margaret I of Scotland became queen of Scotland, end of Canmore dynasty. ... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of campaigns launched after the English invasion of Scotland in 1296. ... The Goidelic languages (also sometimes called the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) are one of two major divisions of modern-day Insular Celtic languages (the other being the Brythonic languages). ... The term Scoto-Norman (also Scotto-Norman, Franco-Scottish or Franco-Gaelic) is used to described people, families, institutions and archaeological artifacts that were of Norman, Anglo-Norman, French or even Flemish origin, but came to be associated with Scotland in the Middle Ages. ... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Middle English is the name given to an early form of the English language that was in common use from roughly the 12th to the 15th centuries— from after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror in 1066 to around the introduction of the printing press by William Caxton... Scots is an Anglic variety spoken in Scotland, where it is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic spoken by some in the Highlands and Islands (especially the Hebrides). ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ...

Royal court

We do not know the structure of the Scottish royal court in the period before the coming of the Normans to Scotland, before the reign of David I. We know a little more about the court of the later twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In the words of Geoffrey Barrow, this court "was emphatically feudal, Frankish, non-Celtic in character". ^[1] Some of the offices were Gaelic in origin, such as the hostarius (later Usher or Durward), the man in charge of the royal bodyguard, and the rannaire, the Gaelic-speaking member of the court whose job was to divide the food.^[2] Royal court (as distinguished from a court of law) may refer to a number of institutions: A noble court - the household or entourage of a monarch or other ruler The Royal Court of Jersey - the main court of justice of Jersey The Royal Court of Guernsey - the main court of... Usher may refer to: Look up usher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

• Seneschal or dapifer (i.e. the Steward), had been hereditary since the reign of David I. The Steward had responsibility for the royal household and its management.
• The Chancellor was in charge of the royal chapel. The latter was the king's place of worship, but as it happened, was associated with the royal scribes, responsible for keeping records. Usually, the chancellor was a clergyman, and usually he held this office before being promoted to a bishopric.
• The Chamberlain had control and responsibility over royal finances
• The Constable, likewise, hereditary since the reign of David I. The constable was in charge of the crown's military resources.
• The Butler
• The Marshal or marischal. The marischal differed from the constable in that he was more specialized, responsible for and in charge of the royal cavalry forces.

In the thirteenth century, all the other offices tended to be hereditary, with the exception of the Chancellor. The royal household of course came with numerous other offices. The most important was probably the aforementioned hostarius, but there were others such as the royal hunters, the royal foresters and the cooks (dispensa or spence). A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. ... The terms steward or stewardess can refer to a number of different professional roles. ... For other articles with similar names, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... Illustration of a 15th century scribe This is about scribe, the profession. ... A mitre is used as a symbol of the bishops ministry. ... Chamberlain can have several meanings: A chamberlain is an officer in charge of managing the household of a sovereign. ... A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in law enforcement. ... // For other uses see Butler (disambiguation) The butler is a senior servant in a large household. ... Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

Kings of Alba

Domnall II and Causantín II

King Domnall II was the first man to have been called rí Alban (i.e. King of Alba), when he died at Dunnottar in 900.^[3] This meant king of Britain or Scotland. All his predecessors bore the style of either King of the Picts or King of Fortriu. Such an apparent innovation in the Gaelic chronicles is occasionally taken to spell the birth of Scotland, but there is nothing special about his reign that might confirm this. Domnall had the nickname dásachtach. This simply meant a madman, or in early Irish law, a man not in control of his functions and hence without legal culpability.^[4] The reason was possibly the restlessness of his reign, continually spent fighting battles against Vikings. Perhaps he gained his unpopularity by violating the rights of the church, or through high taxes. We do not know. However, his extremely negative nickname makes him an unlikely founder of Scotland. Donald II of Scotland (Domnall mac Causantín) was king of Scotland from 889 to 900. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dunnottar Castle. ... Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ...

Domnall's successor Causantín II is more often regarded as a key figure in the formation of Alba.^[5] Causantín reigned for nearly half a century, fighting many battles. When he lost at Brunanburh, he was clearly discredited and retired as a Céli Dé monk at St. Andrews. Despite this, the Prophecy of Berchán is full of praise for the king, and in this respect is in line with the views of other sources. Causantín is credited in later tradition as the man who, with bishop Cellach of St Andrews, brought the northern British church into conformity with that of the larger Gaelic world. No one knows exactly what this means. There had been Gaelic bishops in St Andrews for two centuries, and Gaelic churchmen were amongst the oldest features of northern British Christianity. The reform may have been organizational, or some sort of purge of certain unknown and perhaps disliked legacies of Pictish ecclesiastical tradition. However, other than these factors, it is difficult to appreciate fully the importance of Causantín's reign. Constantine II (874?–952) was king of Scotland from 900 to 942 or 943. ... The Battle of Brunanburh was a West Saxon victory in 937 by the army of king Athelstan and his brother Edmund over the combined armies of Olaf III Guthfrithson, Viking king of Dublin, Constantine, king of Scotland and King Owain of Strathclyde. ... The Culdees formed an ancient monastic order with settlements in Ireland and Scotland. ... The Prophecy of Berchán, is a relatively large historical poem written in the Middle Irish language. ...

Máel Coluim I to Máel Coluim II

The period between the accession of Máel Coluim I and Máel Coluim II are marked by good relations with the Wessex rulers of England, intense internal dynastic disunity and, despite this, relatively successful expansionary policies. Sometime after an English invasion of cumbra land (Old English for either Strathclyde or Cumbria or both) by King Edmund of England in 945, the English king handed the province over to king Máel Coluim I on condition of a permanent alliance. Sometime in the reign of king Idulb (954-62), the Scots captured the fortress called oppidum Eden, i.e. almost certainly Edinburgh.^[6] It was the first Scottish foothold in Lothian. The Scots had probably had some authority in Strathclyde since the later part of the ninth century, but the kingdom kept its own rulers, and it is not clear that the Scots were always strong enough to enforce their authority. In fact, one of Idulb's successors, Cuilén, died at the hands of the men of Strathclyde, perhaps while trying to enforce his authority. King Cináed II (971-95) began his reign by invading Britannia (possibly Strathclyde), perhaps as an early assertion of his authority, and perhaps also as a traditional Gaelic crechríge (lit. "royal prey"), the rite by which a king secured the success of his reign with an inauguration raid in the territory of a historical enemy.^[7] Malcolm I (Máel Coluim mac Domnaill), the son of Donald II of Scotland, became the King of Scotland in 942 or 943 after his cousin King Constantine II of Scotland abdicated and became a monk. ... Malcolm II of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) (c. ... Map of the British Isles circa 802 Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the Kingdom of England. ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Strathclyde (Srath Chluaidh in Gaelic) was one of the regional council areas of Scotland from 1975 to 1996. ... Cumbria is a county in the North West region of England. ... Buwayhid dynasty takes control of Baghdad. ... Indulf (Scottish: Idulb mac Causantín) was king of Scotland from 954 until 962, although there is no record of his coronation, if there ever was one. ... Events King Malcolm I of Scotland is killed in battle against Highlanders. ... Events February 2 - Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ; Dùn Èideann () in Scottish Gaelic) is the capital of Scotland and its second-largest city. ... Lothian (Lowden in Scots, Lodainn in Gaelic) forms a traditional region of Scotland, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills. ... (8th century - 9th century - 10th century - other centuries) Events Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century Viking attacks on Europe begin Oseberg ship burial The Magyars arrive in what is now Hungary, forcing the Serbs and Bulgars south... Culen of Scotland (Cuilén mac Induilb) (also called Cuilean, Colin and Culen the Whelp, a tautology since cuilean means whelp) was king of Scotland from 967 to 971. ... Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim), son of Malcolm I, king of Scotland, succeeded Culen, son of Indulf, who had been slain by the Britons of Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. ... Events Births Deaths Culen of Scotland Categories: 971 ... Events (Erik Segersäll) is succeeded by (Olof Skötkonung), the first baptized ruler of Sweden. ...

The reign of Máel Coluim I (942/3–954) also marks the first known tensions between the Scottish kingdom and Moray, the old heartland of the Scoto-Pictish kingdom of Fortriu. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reported that King Máel Coluim "went into Moray and slew Cellach." The same source tells us that king Máel Coluim was killed by the Moravians.^[8] This is the first definite sign of tension between the Cenél nGabráin and Cenél Loairn, two kin-groups claiming descent from different ancestors of Erc. During the reign of Mac Bethad mac Findláich, and his successor Lulach mac Gillai Coemgáin, the Moray based Cenél Loairn ruled all Scotland. Events Kaminarimon, the eight-pillared gate to Japans Kinryuzan Sensouji Temple is erected. ... Events King Constantin II of Scotland retires and becomes a monk, succeeded by his cousin Malcolm I of Scotland Births Deaths Harald I of Norway Categories: 943 ... Events King Malcolm I of Scotland is killed in battle against Highlanders. ... The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. ... Fortriu or the the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Pictish kingdom, and often used synonymously with Pictland in general. ... Gabrán mac Domangairt was king of Dál Riata in the middle of the 6th century. ... Loarn mac Eirc was a legendary king of Dál Riata who may have lived in the 5th century. ... For other uses, see Macbeth (disambiguation). ... Lulach (Lulach mac Gilla Comgain) (c. ...

The reign of Máel Coluim II saw the final incorporation of these territories. The critical year perhaps was 1018, when king Máel Coluim II defeated the Northumbrians at the Battle of Carham. In the same year, King Eogan (or Owain) Calvus (the Bald) died, leaving his kingdom to his overlord Máel Coluim. A meeting with King Knutr of Denmark and England, probably about 1031, seems to have further secured these conquests, although the exact nature of Scottish rule over the Lothian and Scottish Borders area was not fully realized until the reconquest of that province during the Wars of Independence. // Team# 1018 Pike High School Robotics Team Team #1018 FIRST Logo Check Out Our FIRST WIKI Page Events Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire. ... The Battle of Carham was a battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of Northumbria at Carham on Tweed in 1018. ... Events Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba. ... Scottish Borders (often referred to locally as The Borders or The Borderland) is one of 35 local government unitary council areas of Scotland. ... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of campaigns launched after the English invasion of Scotland in 1296. ...

Donnchad I to Alexander I

The Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey, 1855. It was the ceremonial coronation stone of Scotland's Gaelic kings, similar to the Irish Lia Fáil.

The period between the accession of King Donnchad I (1034) and the death of Alexander I (1124) was the last before the coming of the Normans to Scotland. In some respects, the reign of King Máel Coluim III prefigured the changes which took place in the reigns of the French-speaking kings David I and William I, although native reaction to the manner of Donnchad II's accession perhaps put these changes back somewhat. Stone of Scone the Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey. ... Stone of Scone the Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey. ... The Stone of Scone, (pronounced scoon) also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone (though the former name sometimes refers to Lia Fáil) is a block of sandstone historically kept at the now-ruined abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. ... The Abbeys western façade The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often considered one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Lia Fáil is one of two stones named the Stone of Destiny. The other Stone of Destiny sometimes known as the Stone of Scone has recently been removed from the coronation chair of the British monarchs in Westminster Abbey and returned on loan to Scotland. ... Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) (1001 - August 15, 1040) was a son of Crinan the Thane de Mormaer, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Princess Bethoc of Scotland. ... Events April 11 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV. Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. ... Alexander I (Alasdair mac Maíl Coluim) (c. ... Events March 26 - Henry I of Englands forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde. ... Norman conquests in red. ... Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (anglicised Malcolm III) (1030x1038–13 November 1093) was King of Scots. ... King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ... William I the Lion ( known in Gaelic as Uilliam Garm1 or William the Rough), (1142/1143 - December 4, 1214) reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. ... Duncan II (1060?- November 12, 1094) was king of Scotland and a son of Malcolm III and his first wife Ingibiorg and therefore a grandson of Duncan I. For a time he lived as a hostage in England and became king of the Scots after driving out his uncle, Donald...

King Donnchad I's reign was a military failure. He was defeated by the native English in at Durham in 1040, and was subsequently toppled. Donnchad had only been related to previous rulers through his mother Bethoc, daughter of Máel Coluim II, who had married Crínán, the lay abbot of Dunkeld (and probably Mormaer of Atholl too). At a location mysteriously called Bothgofnane, the Mormaer of Moray, Mac Bethad mac Findláich defeated and killed Donnchad, and took the kingship for himself.^[9] After Mac Bethad's successor Lulach, another Moravian, all kings of Scotland were Donnchad's ancestors. For this reason, Donnchad's reign is often remembered positively, while Mac Bethad is villanised. Eventually, William Shakespeare gave fame to this medieval equivalent of propaganda by further immortalising both men in his play Macbeth. Mac Bethad's reign however was successful enough that he had the security to go on pilgrimage to Rome. Statistics Population: 42,939 (2001) Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NZ274424 Administration District: City of Durham Shire county: Durham Region: North East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Durham Historic county: Durham Services Police force: County Durham Ambulance service: North East Post office and telephone... Events March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred. ... Bethoc (Beatrix, Beatrice) MacKenneth, Princess of Scotland, born 984 at Atholl, Perth, Scotland; date of death is uncertain. ... Crínán of Dunkeld (died 1045) was the lay abbot of the diocese of Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl. ... Dunkeld (Dùn Chailleann in Scottish Gaelic) is a small town in Strathtay, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 15 miles north of Perth on the A9 road into the Scottish Highlands and on the opposite (north) side of the River Tay from the Victorian village of Birnam. ... The Mormaer of Mormaerdom of Atholl refers to a medieval comital Gaelic lordship straddling the highland and lowland district of northern Perthshire . ... The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. ... For other uses, see Macbeth (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information. ... Scene from Macbeth, depicting the witches conjuring of an apparition in Act IV, Scene I. Painting by William Rimmer This article is on Shakespeares play, for other meanings see Macbeth (disambiguation). ... For other uses of the word pilgrimage, see Pilgrimage (disambiguation). ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ...

It was Máel Coluim III, who acquired the nickname (as did his successors) Cenn Mór (Great Chief), and not his father Donnchad, who did more to create the successful dynasty which ruled Scotland for the following two centuries. Part of the success was the huge number of children he had. Through two marriages, firstly to the Norwegian Ingebjørg Finnsdottir, and secondly to the Anglo-Hungarian princess Margaret Ætheling, Máel Coluim had perhaps a dozen children. Máel Coluim and, if we believe later hagiography, his wife, introduced the first Benedictine monks to Scotland. However, despite having a royal Anglo-Saxon wife, Máel Coluim spent more of his reign conducting slave raids against the English, adding to the woes of that people in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England and the Harrying of the North, as Marianus Scotus tells us: Stained glass window image of Saint Margaret of Scotland in the small chapel at Edinburgh Castle Saint Margaret of Scotland, also known by her Anglo-Saxon name Margaret Ætheling (c. ... Dozen is another word for the number twelve. ... A Benedictine is a person who follows the Rule of St Benedict. ... The famous parade helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to King Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625. ... Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings The Norman conquest of England was the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. ... The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, King of England, in the winter of 1069–1070 in order to subjugate the north of his newfound English kingdom (primarily Northumbria and the Midlands) as part of the Norman Conquest of England. ... Marianus Scotus (1028-1082 or 1083), chronicler (who must be distinguished from his namesake Marianus Scotus, d. ...

Máel Coluim died in one of these raids, in 1093. In the aftermath of his death, the Norman rulers of England began their interference in the Scottish kingdom. This interference was prompted by Máel Coluim's raids and attempts to forge claims for his successors to the English kingship. He had married the sister of the native English claimant to the English throne, Edgar Ætheling, and had given most of his children by this marriage Anglo-Saxon royal names. Moreover, he had given support to many native English nobles, including Edgar himself, and had been supporting native English insurrections against their French rulers. In 1080, King William the Conqueror sent his son on an invasion of Scotland. The invasion got as far as Falkirk, on the boundary between Scotland-proper and Lothian, and Máel Coluim submitted to the authority of the king, giving his oldest son Donnchad as a hostage. This submission perhaps gives the reason why Máel Coluim did not give his last two sons, Alexander and David, Anglo-Saxon royal names. // Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... Edgar Ætheling[1], also known as Edgar the Outlaw, (c. ... --86. ... Falkirk (An Eaglais Bhreac in Scottish Gaelic) is a town in central Scotland. ...

Máel Coluim's natural successor was Domnall Bán, as Máel Coluim's sons were young and Domnall was Máel Coluim's brother. However, the Norman state to the south sent Máel Coluim's son Donnchad to take the kingship. In the ensuing conflict, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us that: Donald III of Scotland (c. ... The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the English and their settlement in Britain. ...

Donnchad was killed the same year, 1094, and Domnall III resumed sole kingship. However, the Norman state send another of Máel Coluim's sons, Edgar to take the kingship. Anglo-Norman policy worked, because thereafter all kings of Scotland succeeded, not without opposition of course, under a system very closely corresponding with the primogeniture that operated in the French-speaking world. The reigns of both Edgar and his brother and successor Alexander are comparatively obscure. The former's most notable act was to send a camel (or perhaps an elephant) to his fellow Gael Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland.^[12] When Edgar died, Alexander took the kingship, while his youngest brother David became Prince of "Cumbria" and ruler of Lothian. // Events May - El Cid completes his Christian reconquest of Valencia, Spain from the Muslims. ... Edgar of Scotland (Etgair mac Maíl Coluim) (1074 – January 8, 1107 ), was king of Scotland from 1097 to 1107. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Species Camelus bactrianus Camelus dromedarius Camels are even-toed ungulates in the genus Camelus. ... For other uses, see Elephant (disambiguation). ... Muircheartach Ua Briain was a high king of Ireland (1101-1118 AD). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Norman Kings: David I to Alexander III

Book of Deer, Folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke; a list of priviledges and legends were written legends in Gaelic and Latin in the margins, in lowland Buchan in the reign of David I.

The period between the accession of David I and the death of Alexander III was marked by dependency upon and relatively good relations with, the Kings of the English. It was also a period of historical expansion for the Scottish kingdom, and witnessed the successful imposition of royal authority across most of the modern country. The period was one of a great deal of historical change, and much of the modern historiographical literature is devoted to this change (especially G.W.S. Barrow), part of a more general phenomenon which has been called the "Europeanisation of Europe".^[13] More recent works though, while acknowledging that a great deal of change did take place, emphasise that this period was in fact also one of great continuity (e.g. Cynthia Neville, Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun, and others). Indeed, the period is subject to many misconceptions. For instance, English did not spread all over the Lowlands (see language section), and neither did English names; and, moreover even by 1300, most native lordships remained in native Gaelic hands, with only a minority passing to men of French or Anglo-French origin; furthermore, the Normanisation and imposition of royal authority in Scotland was not a peaceful process, but in fact cumulatively more violent than the Norman Conquest of England; additionally, the Scottish kings were not independent monarchs, but vassals to the King of the English, although not "legally" for Scotland north of the Forth. Download high resolution version (531x705, 93 KB)Page from the Book of Deer. ... Download high resolution version (531x705, 93 KB)Page from the Book of Deer. ... Folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke. ... The Mormaer or Mormaerdom of Buchan was the first Mormaerdom in the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots to pass into the hands of a foreign famlily. ... Alexander III (September 4, 1241 – March 19, 1286), King of Scots, also known as Alexander the Glorious, ranks as one of Scotlands greatest kings. ... Events February 22 - Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII. March 10 - Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of Englanddo (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. ...

The important changes which did occur include the extensive establishment of burghs (see section), in many respects Scotland's first urban institutions; the feudalisation, or more accurately, the Francization of aristocratic martial, social and inheritance customs; the de-Scotticisation of ecclesiastical institutions; the imposition of royal authority over most of modern Scotland; and the drastic drift at the top level from traditional Gaelic culture, so that after David I, the Kingship of the Scots resembled more closely the kingship of the French and English, than it did the lordship of any large-scale Gaelic kingdom in Ireland. A sign in Linlithgow, Scotland. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... Francization is the process of giving a French character to something (a word, an organization) or someone. ...

After David I, and especially in the reign of William I, Scotland's King's became ambivalent about, if not hostile towards, the culture of most of their subjects. As Walter of Coventry tells us: Walter of Coventry (fl. ...

The ambivalence of the kings was matched to a certain extent by their subjects. In the aftermath of William's was capture at Alnwick in 1174, the Scots turned on their king's English-speaking and French-speaking subjects. William of Newburgh related the events: For the parish in New Brunswick, see Alnwick, New Brunswick Alnwick (pronounced ) is a small market town in north Northumberland, in the north-east of England. ... Events Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China. ... William of Newburgh (1136?-1198?), also known as Nubrigensis, was a 12th century English historian, and monk, from Yorkshire. ...

Walter Bower, writing a few centuries later albeit, wrote about the same event: Walter Bower or Bowmaker (1385-1449), Scottish chronicler, was born about 1385 at Haddington, East Lothian. ...

Opposition to the Scottish kings in this period was indeed hard. The first instance is perhaps the revolt of Óengus of Moray, the Mormaer of Moray, the crushing of which led to the colonisation of Moray by foreign burgesses, and Franco-Flemish and Anglo-French aristocrats. Rebellions continued throughout the twelfth century and into the thirteenth. Important resistors to the expansionary Scottish kings were Somairle mac Gillai Brigte, Fergus of Galloway, Gille Brigte, Lord of Galloway and Harald Maddadsson, along with two kin-groups known today as the MacHeths and the Meic Uilleim.^[17] The latter claimed descent from king Donnchad II, through his son William, and rebelled for no less a reason than the Scottish throne itself. The threat was so grave that, after the defeat of the MacWilliams in 1230, the Scottish crown ordered the public execution of the baby girl who happened to be the last MacWilliam. This was how the Lanercost Chronicle relates the fate of this last MacWilliam: Óengus of Moray is the last Mormaer or King of Moray, which he ruled from some unknown date until his death in 1130. ... The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Fergus of Galloway was King, or Lord, of Galloway from an unknown date (probably in the 1110s), until his death in 1161. ... Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (†1185), also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc, and most famously known in French sources as Gilbert, was Lord of Galloway (from 1161 with Uchtred; 1174 alone, to 1185). ... The Lewis chessmen an iconic image of Scandinavian Scotland in Harald Maddadssons time. ... The MacHeths were a Gaelic kindred who raised several rebellions against the Scotto-Norman kings of Scotland in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... The Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams) were the Gaelic descendants of William fitz Duncan, grandson of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, king of Scots. ... Duncan II (1060?- November 12, 1094) was king of Scotland and a son of Malcolm III and his first wife Ingibiorg and therefore a grandson of Duncan I. For a time he lived as a hostage in England and became king of the Scots after driving out his uncle, Donald... Events Kingdom of Leon unites with the Kingdom of Castile. ... The Lanercost Chronicle is a northern English and Scottish history covering the years 1201 to 1346. ...

Many of these resistors collaborated, and drew support not just in the peripheral Gaelic regions of Galloway, Moray, Ross and Argyll, but also from eastern "Scotland-proper", Ireland and Mann. By the end of the twelfth century, the Scottish kings had acquired the authority and ability to draw in native Gaelic lords outside their previous zone of control in order to do their work, the most famous examples being Lochlann, Lord of Galloway and Ferchar mac in tSagairt. Motto: Quocunque Jeceris Stabit  (Latin) Whithersoever you throw it, it will stand Anthem: Isle of Man National Anthem Capital Douglas Largest city Douglas English, Manx Government Crown Dependency (UK)   - Lord of Mann Elizabeth II  - Lieutenant Governor Paul Haddacks  - Chief Minister Donald Gelling  - First Deemster Michael Kerruish  - President of Tynwald Noel... Lochlann or Lachlan, (d. ... Fearchar of Ross or Ferchar mac in tSagairt (Fearchar mac an t-sagairt, often anglicized as Farquhar MacTaggart), was the first Mormaer or Earl of Ross (1223-1251) we know of from the thirteenth century, whose career brought Ross into the fold of the Scottish kings for the first time...

Such accommodation assisted expansion to the Scandinavian-ruled lands of the west. Uilleam, the native Mormaer of Ross, was a pivotal figure in the expansion of the Scottish kingdom into the Hebrides, as was Alan MacRuadridh, the key pro-Scottish Hebridean chief, who married his daughter to Uilleam, the Mormaer of Mar. The Scottish king was able to draw on the support of Alan, Lord of Galloway, the master of the Irish Sea region, and was able to make use of the Galwegian ruler's enormous fleet of ships. The Mormaers of Lennox forged links with the Argyll chieftains, bringing a kin-group such as the Campbells into the Scottish fold. Cumulatively, by the reign of Alexander III, the Scots were in a strong position to annex the remainder of the western seaboard, which they did in 1265, with the Treaty of Perth. Orkney too was coming into the Scottish fold. In the twelfth century, Mormaer Matad's son Harald was established on the Orkney Earldom. Thereafter, the Orkney earl (also Mormaer of Caithness) was just as much a Scottish vassal as a Norwegian one. Descendents of the Gaelic Mormaers of Angus ruled Orkney for much of the thirteenth century. In the early fourteenth century, another Scottish Gaelic noble, Maol Íosa V of Strathearn became Earl of Orkney, although formal Scottish sovereignty over the Northern Isles did not come for more than another century. Uilleam I of Ross was the first successor of Ferchar mac an tSagairt, as Mormaer of Ross, with his comital dates traditionally given as 1251-1274. ... The Mormaer or Mormaerdom of Fife refers to a medieval Gaelic lordship in northern Scotland, roughly between the Oykell and the Beauly. ... The Hebrides The Hebrides comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, and in geological terms are composed of the oldest rocks in the British Isles. ... Uilleam of Mar - Uilleam mac Dhonnchadha (William, Duncans son) - was perhaps the greatest of the Mar mormaers, ruling Mar from 1244 to 1276. ... The Mormaer or Mormaerdom of Mar was a comparatively long-lasting Mormaerdom in the north-eastern part of the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots. ... Alan FitzRoland (c. ... Relief map of the Irish Sea. ... The Mormaer or Mormaerdom of Lennox was the long-lasting native Mormaerdom in the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots. ... Campbell Clan Badge - In heraldry, a snarling Boars head may represent what are seen as the positive qualities of the boar, namely courage and fierceness in battle. ... For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. ... The Treaty of Perth ended military conflict between Norway under Magnus the Law-mender and Scotland under Alexander III over the sovereignty of the Western Isles, the Isle of Mann and Caithness. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Matad of Atholl was Mormaer of Atholl, 1130s-1153/9. ... The Lewis chessmen an iconic image of Scandinavian Scotland in Harald Maddadssons time. ... Earl of Orkney - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Mormaer or Mormaerdom of Angus was the third Mormaerdom in the High Medieval Kingdom of the Scots to pass into the hands of a foreign famlily. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... Maol Íosa V of Strathearn (also Maol Íosa of Orkney) was the last of the native Gaelic family of Strathearn mormaers. ... The Northern Isles are a chain of islands off the north coast of Scotland. ...

The conquest of the west, the creation of the Mormaerdom of Carrick in 1186 and the absorption of the Lordship of Galloway after the Galwegian revolt of 1135 meant that the number and proportion of Gaelic speakers under the rule of the Scottish king actually increased, and perhaps even doubled, in the so-called Norman period. It was the Gaels and Gaelicised warriors of the new west, and the power they offered, that enabled King Robert I (himself a Gaelicised Scoto-Norman of Carrick) to emerge victorious during the Wars of Independence, which followed soon after the death of Alexander III. Events John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... The Lords of Galloway ruled Galloway from about 1138 to 1234. ... Gille Ruadh was the Galwegian leader who led the revolt against King Alexander II of Scotland. ... Events January - Byland Abbey founded Stephen of Blois succeeds King Henry I. Empress Maud, daughter of Henry I and widow of Henry V opposed Stephen and claims the throne as her own Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr. ... Robert I, the Bruce, in a conjectural drawing Robert I, (Roibert a Briuis in medieval Gaelic, Raibeart Bruis in modern Scottish Gaelic and Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys in Norman French), usually known in modern English today as Robert the Bruce (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), was... The term Scoto-Norman (also Scotto-Norman, Franco-Scottish or Franco-Gaelic) is used to described people, families, institutions and archaeological artifacts that were of Norman, Anglo-Norman, French or even Flemish origin, but came to be associated with Scotland in the Middle Ages. ... The ex-comital district of Carrick today forms part of South Ayrshire, Scotland. ... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of campaigns launched after the English invasion of Scotland in 1296. ...

Notes

1. ↑ , Barrow, Robert Bruce, (1998), p. 7.
2. ↑ , Barrow, Kingship and Unity, p. 34.
3. ↑ , AU, s.a. 900; A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 395
4. ↑ , Chronicle of the Kings of Alba; A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p.445.
5. ↑ , Kelly, Early Irish Law, (1998), p.92.
6. ↑ , e.g. BBC documentary In Search of Scotland, ep. 2.
7. ↑ , Hudson, Celtic Kings, (1994), p. 89
8. ↑ , ibid. pp. 95-6
9. ↑ , A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 452.
10. ↑ , Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 124.
11. ↑  , A.O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 23, & n. 1.
12. ↑ , Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS. E, s.a. 1093; A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, (1908), p. 118
13. ↑ , Annals of Inisfallen, s.a. 1105-1107/7, available here;
14. ↑ , Bartlett, The Making of Europe (1993).
15. ↑ , Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria, ed. W. Stubbs, (Rolls Series, no. 58), ii. 206.
16. ↑ , William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, in R. Howlett (ed.) Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, (Rolls Series, no. 82), Vol. I, pp 186-187.
17. ↑ , Walter Bower, Scottichronicon, VIII. 22., 30-40.
18. ↑ , Normanists tend to sideline or downplay opposition amongst the native Scots to Canmore authority, but much work has been done on the topic recently, especially R. Andrew McDonald, , Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058-1266, (East Linton, 2003)
19. ↑ , Chronicle of Lanercost, 40-1, quoted in McDonald, Outlaws, p. 46.

The Annals of Ulster are a chronicle of medieval Ireland. ... Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, or Scottish Chronicle, is a short written chronicle of the Kings of Alba, covering the period from the time of King Cináed I mac Ailpín (d. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, invariably known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, employing 26,000 staff in the UK alone and with a budget of £4 billion. ... The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the English and their settlement in Britain. ... // Events Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland. ... The Annals of Inisfallen are a chronicle of the medieval history of Ireland. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. ...

References

Primary sources

• Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
• Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500-1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991)
• Gerald of Wales, The History and Topography of Ireland, tr. John O’ Meary, (London, 1982)
• Guillaume le Clerc, Fergus of Galloway, tr. D.D.R. Owen, (London, 1991)
• Skene, William F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts and Scots: And Other Memorials of Scottish History, (Edinburgh, 1867)

Giraldus Cambrensis (c. ... William Forbes Skene (1809–1892), Scottish historian and antiquary, was the second son of Sir Walter Scotts friend, James Skene (1775–1864), of Rubislaw, near Aberdeen, and was born on June 7 1809. ...

Secondary sources

• Bannerman, John, "MacDuff of Fife," in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), pp.20-38
• Bannerman, John, “The Kings Poet”, in The Scottish Historical Review, V. LXVIII, (1989)
• Barron, Evan MacLeod, The Scottish War of Independence: A Critical Study, 2nd Edition, (Inverness, 1934)
• Barrow, G.W.S., The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History, (Oxford, 1980)
• Barrow, G.W.S., Feudal Britain, (London, 1956)
• Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 2003)
• Barrow, G.W.S., Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000-1306, (Edinburgh. 1981)
• Barrow, G.W.S., “The Reign of William the Lion”, in Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages, (London, 1992), pp. 67-89
• Barrow, G.W.S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1988)
• Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950-1350, (London, 1993).
• Broun, Dauvit “Defining Scotland and the Scots Before the Wars of Independence,” in Image and Identity: the Making and Remaking of Scotland through the Ages, in. D. Broun, R. Finlay & M. Lynch (eds.), (Edinburgh 1998), pp. 4-17
• Broun, Dauvit, "Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity", in Innes Review 48 (1997), pp. 112-24, reprinted in Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots, eds. Broun and Clancy (1999), pp. 95-111
• Broun, Dauvit, “Gaelic Literacy in Eastern Scotland between 1124 and 1249” in Huw Pryce (ed.), Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies, (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 183-201.
• Broun, Dauvit, The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, (Woodbridge 1999)
• Broun, Dauvit & Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.),Spes Scottorum: Hope of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 1999)
• Broun, D., "The Welsh identity of the kingdom of Strathclyde, ca 900-ca 1200", in Innes Review 55 (2004), pp. 111-80.
• Davies, R.R., The First English Empire: Power and Identity in the British Isles 1093-1343, (Oxford, 2000)
• Driscoll, Steven, Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland AD 800-1124, (Edinburgh, 1996)
• Ferguson, William, The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Enquiry, (Edinburgh, 1998)
• Gillingham, John, The Angevin Empire, (London, 1984)
• Gillingham, John, The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity and Political Values, (Woodbridge, 2000)
• Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland, (Westport, 1994)
• Lynch, Michael, Scotland: A New History, (Edinburgh, 1992)
• McDonald, R. Andrew, "Old and new in the far North: Ferchar Maccintsacairt and the early earls of Ross" in Steve Boardman and Alasdair Ross (eds.) The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, c.1200-1500, (Dublin/Portland, 2003)
• McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058-1266, (East Linton, 2003)
• MacLeod, W., Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland: c.1200-1650, (Oxford, 2004)
• Neville, Cynthia J., Native Lorship in Medieval Scotland: The Earldoms of Strathearn and Lennox, c. 1140-1365, (Portland/Dublin, 2005)
• Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000)
• Owen, D.D.R., The Reign of William the Lion: Kingship and Culture, 1143-1214, (East Linton, 1997)
• Roberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997)
• Stringer, Keith J., "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100-1300", in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History, (Oxford, 2005), pp. 38-76
• Young, Alan, "Buchan in the 13th century" in Alexander Grant & Keith J. Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community Essays Presented to G.W.S Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993)

External links

Primary sources

• Annals of Tigernach
• Annals of Ulster
• Chronicon Scotorum

Secondary sources

• MacQueen "Laws and Languages"