NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kingdom of Georgia

Georgia has one of the world’s richest and oldest histories, stretching back to the prehistoric times. The rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia in c.2000 BC formed the unique Georgian civilization which achieved its renaissance and golden age in 12-13th century. The history of Georgia was marked by invasions and subjugation by foreign empires. However, throughout the long history of turmoil, the Georgian statehood and the Georgian nation has endured and preserved its national identity. The Kura-Araxes culture was a important Chalcolithic (copper-stone age) and bronze age culture that flourished in the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and northwestern Iran from about 4000 B.C. to 2200 B.C. after which they were presumably overrun and absorbed by the Hurrians, who swept down from the... Conquest of Diauehi by King Menua of Urartu Diauehi (Diauhi or Diaokhi; â€œthe Land of the Sons of Diauâ€) was an ancient country in northeastern Anatolia, mentioned in the Urartian inscriptions. ... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: ÎšÎ¿Î»Ï‡Î¯Ï‚, kÅlÂ´kÄ¬s; Georgian: áƒ™áƒáƒšáƒ®áƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... Egrisi (or Kolkheti) known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and Persians as Lazistan was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... The Abkhazian Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Abkhazians refers to an early medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of the Georgians (see Tao-Klarjeti) in 1008. ... Georgia has one of the worldâ€™s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... State motto: áƒžáƒ áƒáƒšáƒ”áƒ¢áƒáƒ áƒ§áƒ•áƒ”áƒšáƒ áƒ¥áƒ•áƒ”áƒ§áƒœáƒ˜áƒ¡áƒ, áƒ¨áƒ”áƒ”áƒ áƒ—áƒ“áƒ˜áƒ—! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR: - Since - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area - Total - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 kmÂ² -- Population - Total (1989) - Density Ranked... The article refers to a bloody crackdown of peaceful demonstration by the Soviet troops in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR on March 9, 1956. ... The April 9 tragedy refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgia on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet demonstration was dispersed by the Soviet army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries. ... Georgia has one of the worldâ€™s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1991-1992) and Abkhazia (1992-1993), as well as the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his subsequent uprising in an attempt to regain power (1991-1993). ... Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence The Rose Revolution (Georgian: áƒ•áƒáƒ áƒ“áƒ”áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒ¡ áƒ áƒ”áƒ•áƒáƒšáƒ£áƒªáƒ˜áƒ) refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ... Georgia has one of the worldâ€™s richest and oldest history, stretching back to the prehistoric times. ... Georgia is divided into two autonomous republics (Georgian: áƒáƒ•áƒ¢áƒáƒœáƒáƒ›áƒ˜áƒ£áƒ áƒ˜ áƒ áƒ”áƒ¡áƒžáƒ£áƒ‘áƒšáƒ˜áƒ™áƒ) and ten regions (Georgian: áƒ›áƒ®áƒáƒ áƒ”). The autonomous republics (Abkhazia and Ajaria) were established during the soviet regime and are recognized by the modern Georgian Constitution. ... The article refers to the history of Georgiaâ€™s autonomous republic of Abkhazia. ... The article refers to the history of Georgiaâ€™s autonomous province of Adjaria. ... Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: ÎšÎ¿Î»Ï‡Î¯Ï‚, kÅlÂ´kÄ¬s; Georgian: áƒ™áƒáƒšáƒ®áƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... (Redirected from 2000 BC) (21st century BC - 20th century BC - 19th century BC - other centuries) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 2064 - 1986 BC -- Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt 2000 BC -- Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya. ... Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization. ... Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... Languages Georgian Religions Georgian Orthodox Christianity, Georgian Catholicism, Islam[7] Related ethnic groups Laz Abkhaz Chechens Ingushs The Georgians (Georgian: , Kartveli Eri) or áƒ¥áƒáƒ áƒ—áƒ•áƒ”áƒšáƒ”áƒ‘áƒ˜ (Kartvelebi) in the Georgian language) are a nation and an ethnic group, originating in the Caucasus. ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) A nation is a community of people who live together in an area (or, more broadly, of their descendants who may now be dispersed); and who regard themselves, or are regarded by others, as sharing some common identity, to which certain...

Antiquity

Neolothic Period

The region was settled sometime between 6000 and 5000 B.C. by a neolithic culture.^[1]^[2]^[3] Numerous excavations in tell settlements of the "Sulaveri-Somutepe-Group" have been conducted since the 1960s.^[4] In the 1970s, archaeological excavations revealed a number of ancient settlements that included houses with galleries, carbon-dated to the 5th millennium BC in the Imiris-gora region of Eastern Georgia. These dwellings were circular or oval in plan, a characteristic feature being the central pier and chimney. These features were used and further developed in building Georgian dwellings and houses of the 'Darbazi' type. In the chalcolithic era of the fourth and third millennia B.C., Georgia and Asia Minor were home to the Kura-Araxes culture, giving way in the second millennium BC. to the Trialeti culture. Archaeological excavations have brought to light the remains of settlements at Beshtasheni and Ozni (4th - 3rd millennium BC), and barrow burials (carbon dated to the 2nd millennium BC) in the province of Trialeti, at Tsalka (Eastern Georgia). Together, they testify to an advanced and well-developed culture of building and architecture. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (632x966, 133 KB) Caucasus durign the Hittites CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Georgia (country) User:Kober... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (632x966, 133 KB) Caucasus durign the Hittites CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Georgia (country) User:Kober... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... Template:A year The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ... // Events 4860 BC - Mount Mazama in Oregon collapses, forming a caldera that later fills with water and becomes Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. ... A Darbazi is an ancient form of a Georgian living room. ... The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos copper stone) period, also known as the Eneolithic (Aeneolithic) or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... The Kura-Araxes culture was a important Chalcolithic (copper-stone age) and bronze age culture that flourished in the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and northwestern Iran from about 4000 B.C. to 2200 B.C. after which they were presumably overrun and absorbed by the Hurrians, who swept down from the... Trialeti is a mountainous area in central Georgia. ... Ezbon (or Ozni) is a biblical character, son of Gad. ... (5th millennium BC â€“ 4th millennium BC â€“ 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) // Events Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potters wheel, 4000... The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. ... The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age. ... Trialeti is a mountainous area in central Georgia. ... Tsalka is a city in southern Georgia, with a population of 22,000, predominantly ethnic Armenians and Greeks, with around 2,000 Azerbaijanis. ...

Between 2100 and 750 B.C., the area survived the invasions by the Hittites, Urartians, Medes, Proto-Persians and Cimmerians. At the same period, the ethnic unity of Proto-Kartvelians broke up into several branches, among them Svans, Zans, Chans and East-Kartvelians. That finally led to the formation of modern Kartvelian languages: Georgian (originating from East Kartvelian vernaculars), Svan, Megrelian and Laz (the latter two originating from Zan dialects). By that time Svans were dominant in modern Svanetia and Abkhazia, Zans inhabited modern Georgian province of Samegrelo, while East-Kartvelians formed the majority in modern eastern Georgia. As a result of cultural and geographic delimitation, two core areas of future Georgian culture and statehood formed in western and eastern Georgia by the end of the 8th century B.C. The first two Georgian states emerged in the west known as the Kingdom of Colchis and in the east as Kingdom of Iberia. Relief of Suppiluliuma II, last known king of the Hittite Empire The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU) in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was... Urartu at its greatest extent 743 BC Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). ... Medea (Medea Proper), ca. ... The Cimmerians (Greek: , Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Russia and Ukraine, in the 8th and 7th century BC. Assyrian records, however, first place them in the region of Azerbaijan in... The South Caucasian languages, also called Georgian or Kartvelian, are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. ... The Megrelian language (Megruli ena in Georgian, Margaluri nina in Megrelian), sometimes called Mingrelian, is a language spoken in northwest Georgia. ... The Laz language (lazuri in Laz; áƒšáƒáƒ–áƒ£áƒ áƒ˜, lazuri, or áƒáƒáƒœáƒ£áƒ áƒ˜, chanuri, in Georgian) is spoken by an ethnic group of the same name on the Southeast shore of the Black Sea. ... The Upper Svanetian village Ushguli Svaneti (also known as Svanetia or Svania in Russian and Western languages) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: ÎšÎ¿Î»Ï‡Î¯Ï‚, kÅlÂ´kÄ¬s; Georgian: áƒ™áƒáƒšáƒ®áƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ...

Early Georgian Kingdoms of Cholchis and Iberia

A second Georgian tribal union emerged in the 13 th century BC on the Black Sea coast under the Kingdom of Colchis in western Georgia.^[5] The ancient Greeks knew of Colchis, and it featured in the Greek legend of Jason and the Argonauts, who travelled there in search of the Golden Fleece. Starting around 2000 BC, northwestern Colchis was inhabited by the Svan and Zan peoples of the Kartvelian tribes. Another important ethnic element of ancient Colchis were Greeks who between 1000 and 550 BC established many trading colonies in the coastal area, among them Naessus, Pitiys, Dioscurias, Guenos, Phasis (modern Poti), Apsaros, and Rhizos (modern Rize in Turkey). In the eastern part of Georgia there was a struggle for the leadership among the various Georgian confederations during the 6th – 4th centuries BC which was finally won by the Kartlian tribes from the region of Mtskheta. According to the Georgian tradition, the Kingdom of Kartli (known as Iberia in the Greek-Roman literature) was founded around 300 BC by Parnavaz I, the first ruler of the Parnavazid dynasty. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1312x894, 314 KB) Kingdom of Cholchis and Iberia CopyrightÂ© Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tbilisi Georgia (country) Colchis Caucasian Iberia... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1312x894, 314 KB) Kingdom of Cholchis and Iberia CopyrightÂ© Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tbilisi Georgia (country) Colchis Caucasian Iberia... In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: ÎšÎ¿Î»Ï‡Î¯Ï‚, kÅlÂ´kÄ¬s; Georgian: áƒ™áƒáƒšáƒ®áƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ... The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ... Jason (Greek: Î™Î¬ÏƒÏ‰Î½, Etruscan: Easun) is a hero of Greek mythology who led the Argonauts in the search of the Golden Fleece. ... The Argo, by Lorenzo Costa In Greek mythology, the Argonauts (Ancient Greek: ) were a band of heroes who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest for the Golden Fleece. ... Jason returns with the golden Fleece on an Apulian red-figure calyx krater, ca. ... Svans — the inhabitants of Svaneti region — are ethnic Georgians (one of the local culture-groups of ethnically subdivided Georgian people), and are the indigenous population of this province. ... Zan is also a town in Chad. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ...

Between 653 and 333 BC, both Colchis and Iberia survived successive invasions by the Median Empire, and later the Persian Empire. At the end of the 3d century B.C southern Iberia witnessed the invading armies of Alexander the Great, who established a vast Greco-Macedonian empire to the south of the Caucasus. Neither Iberia nor Colchis were incorporated into the empire of Alexander or any of the successor Hellenistic states of the Middle East. However, the culture of ancient Greece still had a considerable influence on the region, and Greek was widely spoken in the cities of Colchis. In Iberia Greek influence was less noticeable and Aramaeic was widely spoken. This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ... Alexander the Great (Greek: ,[1] Megas Alexandros; July 356 BCâ€“June 11, 323 BC), also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon (336â€“323 BC), was one of the most successful military commanders in history. ...

Between the early 2nd century BC and the late 2nd century A.D. both Colchis and Iberia, together with the neighboring countries, become an arena of long and devastating conflicts between major and local powers such as Rome, Armenia and the short-lived Kingdom of Pontus. In 189 BC the rapidly growing Kingdom of Armenia took over more than half of Iberia, conquering the southern and southeastern provinces of Gogharena, Taokhia and Genyokhiaas, as well as some other territories. Between 120 and 63 BC, Armenia’s ally Mithridate VI Eupator of Pontus, conquered all of Colchis and incorporated it into his kingdom, embracing almost all of Asia Minor as well as the eastern and northern Black Sea coastal areas. Image File history File links Ake_of_Colchis_strater. ... Image File history File links Ake_of_Colchis_strater. ... Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Traditional rural Pontic house A man in traditional clothes from Trabzon, illustration Pontus is the name which was applied, in ancient times, to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the main), by... The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (sometimes referred to as Armenia Minor) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... A silver coin depicting Mithradates VI of Pontus. ...

Roman Conquest of Iberia and Colchis

This close association with Armenia brought upon the country an invasion (65 BC) by the Roman general Pompey, who was then at war with Mithradates VI of Pontus, and Armenia; but Rome did not establish her power permanently over Iberia. Nineteen years later, the Romans again marched (36 BC) on Iberia forcing King Pharnavaz II to join their campaign against Albania. Image File history File links Iberocaucasian6538. ... Image File history File links Iberocaucasian6538. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC - 60s BC - 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC Years: 70 BC 69 BC 68 BC 67 BC 66 BC 65 BC 64 BC 63 BC 62... Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Pompey, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir [1] (Classical Latin abbreviation: CNÂ·POMPEIVSÂ·CNÂ·FÂ·SEXÂ·NÂ·MAGNVS[2], Gnaeus or Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (September 29, 106 BCâ€“September 29, 48 BC), was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman republic. ... Mithridates VI of Pontus, (132 BC- 63 BC), called Eupator Dionysius, was the king of Pontus in Asia Minor and one of Romes most formidable and successful enemies. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC 38 BC 37 BC 36 BC 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC... Parnavaz II (Bartom) (known as Pharnabazius to Romans) (d. ...

During this time Armenia and Pontus were actively expanding at the expense of Rome, taking over its Eastern Mediterranean possessions. However, the success of the anti-Roman alliance did not last long. As a result of the brilliant Roman campaigns of Pompey and Lucullus from the west, and the Parthian invasion from the south, Armenia lost a significant part of its conquests by 65 BC, devolving into a Roman-Parthian dependency. At the same time, the Kingdom of Pontus was completely destroyed by the Romans and all its territory including Colchis were incorporated into the Roman Empire as her provinces. The former Kingdom of Colchis was reorganized by the Romans into the province of Lazicum ruled by Roman legati. The following 600 years of Georgian history were marked by struggle between Rome and Parthia (Iran) who were fighting long wars against each other for the domination in the Middle East including Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Albania, and Iberia. In the 2nd century AD, Iberia strengthened her position in the area, especially during the reign of King Pharsman II who achieved full independence from Rome and reconquered some of the previously lost territories from declining Armenia. In the early 3rd century, Rome had to give up Albania and most of Armenia to Sassanid Iran. The province of Lazicum was given a degree of autonomy that by the end of the century developed into full independence with the formation of a new Kingdom of Lazica-Egrisi on the territories of smaller principalities of the Zans, Svans, Apsyls, and Sanyghs. This new Western Georgian state survived more than 250 years until in 562 when it was absorbed by the Byzantine Empire. Pompey, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir [1] (Classical Latin abbreviation: CNÂ·POMPEIVSÂ·CNÂ·FÂ·SEXÂ·NÂ·MAGNVS[2], Gnaeus or Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (September 29, 106 BCâ€“September 29, 48 BC), was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman republic. ... Lucius Licinius Lucullus (c. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: Ø§Ø´Ú©Ø§Ù†ÛŒØ§Ù† AshkÃ¢niÃ¢n) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... The Pontus region. ... Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Egrisi (or Kolkheti) known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and Persians as Lazistan was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Empire (Persian: â€Ž Sasanian) is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226 - 651). ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...

Adoption of Christianity

The western Georgian Kingdom of Iberia became one of the first states in the world to convert to Christianity in 327^[6]^[7]^[8] AD, when the King of Iberia Mirian II established it as the official state religion. However, the date varies based on numerous accounts and historical documents, which indicate Iberia adopting Christianity as a state religion in AD 317,^[9] 324,^[10] etc. According to Georgian chronicles, St. Nino of Cappadocia converted Georgia to Christianity in AD 330 during the time of Constantine the Great. By the middle of the 4th century though, both Lazica (formerly the Kingdom of Colchis) and Iberia adopted Christianity as their official religion. During the 4th and most of the 5th centuries, Iberia (know also as the Kingdom of Kartli) was under Persian control. The Kingdom was abolished and the country was ruled by the governors appointed by the Shahs. At the end of the 5th century though, Prince Vakhtang I Gorgasali orchestrated an anti-Persian uprising and restored Iberian statehood, proclaiming himself the King. After this, the armies of Vakhtang launched several campaigns against both Persia and the Byzantine Empire. However, his struggle for the independence and unity of the Georgian state did not have lasting success. After Vakhtang’s death in 502, and the short reign of his son Dachi (502-514), Iberia was reincorporated into Persia as a province once again. However this time the Iberian nobility were granted the privilege of electing the governors, who in Georgian were called erismtavari. By the late 7th century, the Byzantine-Persian rivalry for the Middle East had given way to Arab conquest of the region. Image File history File links AABR003757. ... Image File history File links AABR003757. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Events September 1 - start of first indiction cycle Christianity was adopted as a state religion of Georgia. ... Mirian II (3rd century AD), Saint King Mirian was the king of Kartli (Iberia) in the Eastern Georgia. ... Saint Nino (Georgian: , Greek: ), Equal to the Apostles and the Enlightener of Georgia, (c. ... Map showing Cappadocia as a province of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great Photo of a 15th Century map showing Capadocia. In ancient geography, Cappadocia (or Capadocia) (from Persian: Katpatuka meaning the land of beautiful horses, Greek: ÎšÎ±Ï€Ï€Î±Î´Î¿ÎºÎ¯Î±; see also List of traditional Greek place names; Turkish Kapadokya) was an... Constantine. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (king or emperor) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... Saint King Vakhtang I Gorgasali ( 440- 502) was the Georgian king (mepe) of Kartli ( Iberia) in 452- 502 who led a lengthy anti-Persian liberation war and founded Tbilisi, Georgia’s modern capital city. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Medieval Georgia

Unification of the Georgian State

The first decades of the 9th century saw the rise of a new Georgian state in Tao-Klarjeti. Ashot Courapalate of the royal family of Bagrationi liberated from the Arabs the territories of former southern Iberia, including the Principalities of Tao and Klarjeti, as well as the Earldoms of Shavsheti, Khikhata, Samtskhe, Trialeti, Javakheti and Ashotsi, which were formally a part of the Byzantine Empire, under the name of “Curopalatinate of Iberia”. In practice, however, the region functioned as a fully independent country with its capital in Artanuji. The hereditary title of Curopalate was kept by the Bagrationi family, whose representatives ruled Tao-Klarjeti for almost a century. Curopalate David Bagrationi expanded his domain by annexing the city of Theodossiopolis (Karin, Karnukalaki) and the Armenian province of Basiani, and by imposing a protectorate over the Armenian provinces of Kharqi, Apakhuni, Mantsikert, and Khlat, formerly controlled by the Kaysithe Arab Emirs. Image File history File links Bagrat_III_of_Georgia_(Gelati_mural). ... Image File history File links Bagrat_III_of_Georgia_(Gelati_mural). ... Bagrat III (ca. ... The Bagratuni or Bagrationi or Bagratid royal dynasty (Armenian: Ô²Õ¡Õ£Ö€Õ¡Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶ÕµÕ¡Ö Ô±Ö€Ö„Õ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ ÕÕ¸Õ°Õ´ or Bagratunyac Arqayakan Tohm, Georgian: áƒ‘áƒáƒ’áƒ áƒáƒ¢áƒ˜áƒáƒœáƒ—áƒ áƒ¡áƒáƒ›áƒ”áƒ¤áƒ áƒ“áƒ˜áƒœáƒáƒ¡áƒ¢áƒ˜áƒ or Bagrationta Samepo Dinastia) is a royal family whose ascendancy in Transcaucasia lasted for more than a millenium, since the 8th century until the early 19th century. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... Ashot I Kuropalates (end of the 8th cent. ... The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... ÅžavÅŸat (Shavsheti (áƒ¨áƒáƒ•áƒ¨áƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜) in Georgian) is a district of Artvin Province of Turkey. ... Trialeti is a mountainous area in central Georgia. ... Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia, whith Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... ArdanuÃ§ is a district of Artvin Province of Turkey. ...

The first united Georgian monarchy was formed at the end of the 10th century when Curopalate David invaded the Earldom of Kartli-Iberia. Three years later, after the death of his uncle Theodosius the Blind, King of Egrisi-Abkhazia, Bagrat III inherited the Abkhazian throne. In 1001 Bagrat added Tao-Klarjeti (Curopalatinate of Iberia) to his domain as a result of David’s death. In 1008-1010, Bagrat annexed Kakheti and Ereti, thus becoming the first king of a united Georgia in both the east and west. David of Tao as depicted on a bas-relief from the Oshki Monastery. ... Theodosius III the Blind (also known as Theodosius the Sorrowed), was King of the Abkhazians from circa 975 to 978. ... Bagrat III (ca. ...

The second half of the 11th century was marked by the disastrous invasion of the Seljuk Turks, who by the end of the 1040s had succeeded in building a vast nomadic empire including most of Central Asia and Persia. In 1071, the Seljuk army destroyed the united Byzantine-Armenian and Georgian forces in the battle of Mantsikert. By 1081, all of Armenia, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and most of Georgia had been conquered and devastated by the Seljuks. In Georgia, only the mountainous areas of Abkhazia, Svanetia, Racha, and Khevi-Khevsureti remained out of Seljuk control and served as a relatively safe havens for numerous refugees. The rest of the country was dominated by the conquerors who were engaged in destroying the cities and fortresses, looting the villages, and massacring both the aristocracy and the farming population. In fact, by the end of the 1080s, Georgians were outnumbered in the region by the invaders. Image File history File links Geokingsdesign. ... Image File history File links Geokingsdesign. ... The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in modern Turkish SelÃ§uklular; in Persian Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚ÙŠØ§Ù† SaljÅ«qiyÄn; in Arabic Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚ SaljÅ«q, or Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ø¬Ù‚Ø© al-SalÄjiqa) were a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... Malazgirt (formerly also called Manzikert) is a town in MuÅŸ in eastern Turkey, with a population of 23 697 (year 2000) (??of 68 990). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... The Upper Svanetian village Ushguli Svaneti (also known as Svanetia or Svania in Russian and Western languages) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country. ... Racha (Ratcha is a more correct spelling) (Georgian: áƒ áƒáƒáƒ, RaÄa) is a historic province in Georgia, in the mountainous northwestern part of the country. ... Khevi (Georgian: áƒ®áƒ”áƒ•áƒ˜) is a small historical-geographic area in northeastern Georgia. ... Khevsureti mountains Fortress village Shatili Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. ...

Although they were subsequently beset by various other invaders, principally Arabs, Mongols, Persians, and Turks, the Georgians retained a greater or lesser degree of independence for over 1,000 years. Thus after 1008, all Georgian principalities were united into the unified Kingdom of Georgia (1008-1466) under the Bagrationi dynasty, which had been established by Ashot I (Ashot the Great) in the end of the 8th century. The Arabs (Arabic: Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named FÃ¢rsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Events Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized. ... Events ChimÃº Empire conquered by troops of the Inca End of term for Regent of Sweden JÃ¶ns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. ... The Bagratuni or Bagrationi or Bagratid royal dynasty (Armenian: Ô²Õ¡Õ£Ö€Õ¡Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶ÕµÕ¡Ö Ô±Ö€Ö„Õ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ ÕÕ¸Õ°Õ´ or Bagratunyac Arqayakan Tohm, Georgian: áƒ‘áƒáƒ’áƒ áƒáƒ¢áƒ˜áƒáƒœáƒ—áƒ áƒ¡áƒáƒ›áƒ”áƒ¤áƒ áƒ“áƒ˜áƒœáƒáƒ¡áƒ¢áƒ˜áƒ or Bagrationta Samepo Dinastia) is a royal family whose ascendancy in Transcaucasia lasted for more than a millenium, since the 8th century until the early 19th century. ... Ashot I Bagratuni was an Armenian prince who, with Ashot II, oversaw Armenias second golden age (862â€“977). ...

King David IV the Builder and Georgian Reconquista

The struggle against the Seljuk invaders in Georgia was led by the young King David IV of the Bagrationi royal family, who inherited the throne in 1089 at the age of 16 after the abdication of his father George II Bagrationi. Soon after coming to power, David created the regular army and peasant militia in order to be able to resist Seljuk colonization of his country. The First Crusade (1096-1099) and the Crusaders’ offensive against Seljuk Turks in Anatolia and Syria favored David’s successful campaigns in Georgia. By the end of 1099 David had stopped paying tribute to the Seljuks and had liberated most of the Georgian lands, with the exception of Tbilisi and Ereti. In 1103 he reorganized the Georgian Orthodox Church and closely linked it with the state by appointing as Catholicos (Arch-Bishop) a Crown Chancellor (Mtsihnobart Ukhutsesi) of Georgia. In 1103–1105 the Georgian army took over Ereti and made successful raids into still Seljuk-controlled Shirvan. Between 1110 and 1118 David took Lori, Samshvilde, Rustavi and other fortresses of lower Kartli and Tashiri, thus turning Tbilisi into an isolated Seljuk enclave. Image File history File links Kingdaviddesign. ... Image File history File links Kingdaviddesign. ... The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in modern Turkish SelÃ§uklular; in Persian Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚ÙŠØ§Ù† SaljÅ«qiyÄn; in Arabic Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚ SaljÅ«q, or Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ø¬Ù‚Ø© al-SalÄjiqa) were a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... A fresco from Gelati Monastery depicting David the Builder holding his will and a model of the monastery David IV also known as David the Builder (Georgian: áƒ“áƒáƒ•áƒ˜áƒ— áƒáƒ¦áƒ›áƒáƒ¨áƒ”áƒœáƒ”áƒ‘áƒ”áƒšáƒ˜, Davit Ag(h)mashenebeli) (1073 â€“ January 24, 1125), from the House of Bagrationi, was King of Georgia from (1089 to 1125). ... Coordinates: - Governing Mayor Giorgi Gigi Ugulava Area - City 372 kmÂ² (143. ... The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church is one of the worlds most ancient Christian Churches, founded in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew. ... Catholicos (plural Catholicoi) is a title used by the head bishop of any of certain Eastern churches. ... Shervan or Shirvan was a former Persian province in Caucasus, a state ruled by the Shervanshahs and the birthplace of the Persian poet Khaqani. ...

In 1118-1119, having considerable amounts of free, unsettled land as a result of the withdrawal of Turkish nomads, and desperately needing qualified manpower for the army, King David invited some 40 000 Kypchak warriors from North Caucasus to settle in Georgia with their families. In 1120 the ruler of Alania recognized himself as King David’s vassal and afterwards sent thousands of Alans (allegedly modern day Ossetians) to cross the main Caucasus range into Georgia, where they settled in Kartli. The Georgian Royal army also welcomed mercenaries from Germany, Italy, and Scandinavia (all those westerners were defined in Georgia as “the Franks”) as well as from Kievan Rus. Kypchaks (also Kipchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western Kypchaks were also named Kuman, Kun and Polovtsian (pl. ... North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ...

In 1121, the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud declared Jihad on Georgia and sent a strong army under one of his famous generals Al-Ghazee to fight the Georgians. Although significantly outnumbered by the Turks, the Georgians managed to defeat the invaders at the Didgori battle, and in 1122 they took over Tbilisi, making it Georgia’s capital. Three years later the Georgians conquered Shirvan. As a result, the mostly Christian-populated Ghishi-Kabala area in western Shirvan (a relic of the once prosperous Albanian Kingdom) was annexed by Georgia while the rest of already Islamicized Shirvan became Georgia’s client-state. In the same year a large portion of Armenia was liberated by David’s troops and fell into Georgian hands as well. Thus in 1124 David also became the King of Armenians, incorporating Northern Armenia into the lands of the Georgian Crown. In 1125 King David died, leaving Georgia with the status of a strong regional power. In Georgia, King David is called Agmashenebeli (English: the builder). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (800x678, 103 KB)Map of Europe in 1300s CopyrightÂ©2004 Andras Bereznay Source: Historical maps File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (800x678, 103 KB)Map of Europe in 1300s CopyrightÂ©2004 Andras Bereznay Source: Historical maps File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Jiaad, Djihad, or Cihad, (Arabic: â€Ž ) as an Islamic term, literally means struggle or holy war in the way of God or striving hard in Gods cause and is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it occupies no official status...

David Agmashenebeli’s successors (Kings Demeter I, David V and George III) continued the policy of Georgia’s expansion by subordinating most of the mountain clans and tribes of North Caucasia and further securing Georgian positions in Shirvan. However, the most glorious sovereign of Georgia of that period was definitely Queen Tamar (David’s great-granddaughter).

Queen Tamar the Great and the Golden Age 1184 -1213

The reign of Queen Tamar represented the peak of Georgia’s might in the whole history of the nation. In 1194-1204 Tamar’s armies crushed new Turkish invasions from the south-east and south and launched several successful campaigns into Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. As a result, most of Southern Armenia, including the cities of Karin, Erzinjan, Khelat, Mush and Van, came under Georgian control. Although it was not included in the lands of the Georgian Crown, and was left under the nominal rule of local Turkish Emirs and Sultans, Southern Armenia became a protectorate of the Kingdom of Georgia. Image File history File links Tamari2150. ... Image File history File links Tamari2150. ... Tamar (Georgian: áƒ—áƒáƒ›áƒáƒ áƒ˜; 1160â€“1213), from the House of Bagrationi, was Queen of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1184 to 1213. ... Karin is a common feminine given name in various Germanic languages (geographically including Germany, Scandinavia, and Holland), Japanese, and in some French-speaking areas. ... Erzincan (also Erzingan or Erzinjan) is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. ... Shows the Location of the Province MuÅŸ MuÅŸ (alternative transliteration: Mush) is a province in eastern Turkey. ... A van is a vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people. ...

The temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 to the Crusaders left Georgia as the strongest Christian state in the whole East Mediterranean area. The same year Queen Tamar sent her troops to take over the former Byzantine Lazona and Paryadria with the cities of Atina, Riza, Trebizond, Querasunt, Amysos, Kotyora, Heraclea and Sinopa. In 1205, the occupied territory was transformed into the Empire of Trebizond and Tamar's relative Prince Alexios Komnenos was crowned as Emperor. The Empire of Trebizond was heavily dependent on Georgia for more than two hundred years. In 1210 Georgian armies invaded northern Persia (modern day Iranian Azerbaijan) and took the cities of Marand, Tabriz, Ardabil, Zanjan and Qazvin, placing part of the conquered territory under a Georgian protectorate. This was the maximum territorial extent of Georgia throughout her history. Queen Tamar was addressed as “The Queen of Abkhazians, Kartvels, Rans, Kakhs and Armenians, Shirvan-Shakhine and Shakh-in-Shakhine, The Sovereign of the East and West”. Georgian historians often refer to her as “Queen Tamar the Great”. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x1205, 79 KB) Kingdom of Georgia under Queen Thamar, 12th century CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x1205, 79 KB) Kingdom of Georgia under Queen Thamar, 12th century CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey. ... Heraclea was the name of a large number of ancient cities founded by the Greeks. ... The Empire of Trebizond and other states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The Empire of Trebizond (Greek: Î’Î±ÏƒÎ¯Î»ÎµÎ¹Î¿Î½ Ï„á¿†Ï‚ Î¤ÏÎ±Ï€ÎµÎ¶Î¿ÏÎ½Ï„Î±Ï‚) was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople by... Alexios I Megas Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (Greek: Î‘Î»ÎÎ¾Î¹Î¿Ï‚ Î‘Î„ ÎœÎÎ³Î±Ï‚ ÎšÎ¿Î¼Î½Î·Î½ÏŒÏ‚, Alexios I Megas KomnÄ“nos), (c. ... Marand is among major cities in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Ardabil (in Persian: Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø¨ÛŒÙ„; also known as Ardebil; ancient name: Artavil) is a historical city in north-western Iran. ... Zanjan Province ... Qazvin may refer to: Qazvin (city) Qazvin province Note: Qazvin province was created in 1996; older references to Qazvin are invariably to the city. ...

The period between the early 12th and the early 13th centuries, and especially the era of Tamar the Great, can truly be considered as the golden age of Georgia. Besides the political and military achievements, it was marked by the development of Georgian culture, including architecture, literature, philosophy and sciences.

Mongol invasion and decline of the Georgian Kingdom

In the 13th century, the South Caucasus and Asia Minor faced the invasion of the Mongols. 20 years later, in spite of the fierce resistance on behalf of the united Georgian-Armenian forces and their allies, the whole area including most of Georgia, all Armenian lands and Central Anatolia fell to the Mongols. The Mongol rule was accompanied by devastation of the land, destruction, mass murder and extremely high tribute imposed on the population. Armed resistance and uprisings were put down with extreme cruelty. The medieval kingdom of Georgia first clashed with the advancing Mongol armies in 1220. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1338x1283, 336 KB)Kingdom of Georgia during the Mongol invasion CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1338x1283, 336 KB)Kingdom of Georgia during the Mongol invasion CopyrightÂ©2004 Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... The name Mongols (Mongolian: Mongol) specifies one or several ethnic groups. ...

In 1243, Queen Rusudan of Georgia signed a peace treaty with the Mongols in accordance with which Georgia was losing all her client-states, ceded western Shirvan, Nakhichevan and some other territories and agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols as well as to let them occupy and de-facto rule more than half of the remaining territory. Although Mongol-occupied Tbilisi remained an official capital of the kingdom, the Queen refused to return there and stayed in Kutaisi until her death in 1245. In addition to all the above hardships, even the part of the kingdom that remained free of the Mongols started disintegrating: The Crown started losing control over the warlords of Samtskhe (southern provinces of Georgia) who established their own relations with the Mongols and by the year 1266 practically seceded from Georgia. Queen Rusudan (in Georgian: áƒ áƒ£áƒ¡áƒ£áƒ“áƒáƒœáƒ˜) (ca. ... The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: NaxÃ§Ä±van Muxtar RespublikasÄ±, Armenian: Õ†Õ¡ÕÕ«Õ»Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Ô»Õ¶Ö„Õ¶Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Russian: ÐÐ°Ñ…Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÐ²Ð°Ð½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐ²Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°, Persian:Ø¬Ù…Ù‡ÙˆØ±ÛŒ Ø®ÙˆØ¯Ù…Ø®ØªØ§Ø± Ù†Ø®Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†, Turkish: NahÃ§Ä±van Ã–zerk Cumhuriyeti), known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. ... Kutaisi (Georgian: ; ancient names: Aea/Aia, Kutatisi, KutaÃ¯ssi ) is Georgias second largest city in the western province of Imereti. ... Samtskhe-Javakheti (Georgian: ) is a region in southern Georgia, with Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ...

The period between 1259 and 1330 was marked by the struggle of the Georgians against the Mongol Ilkhan Empire for the full independence. The first anti-Mongol uprising started in 1259 under the leadership of King David Narine who in fact waged his war for almost thirty years. The Anti-Mongol strife went on under the Kings Demeter II (1270 - 1289) and David VIII (1293 - 1311). Finally, it was King George V the Magnificent (1314 - 1346) who managed to play on the decline of the Ilkhan Empire, stopped paying tribute to the Mongols, restored the pre-1220 state borders of Georgia and even returned the Empire of Trebizond into Georgia’s sphere of influence. Image File history File links Rusudandesign. ... Image File history File links Rusudandesign. ... Queen Rusudan (in Georgian: áƒ áƒ£áƒ¡áƒ£áƒ“áƒáƒœáƒ˜) (ca. ... The Empire of Trebizond and other states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The Empire of Trebizond (Greek: Î’Î±ÏƒÎ¯Î»ÎµÎ¹Î¿Î½ Ï„á¿†Ï‚ Î¤ÏÎ±Ï€ÎµÎ¶Î¿ÏÎ½Ï„Î±Ï‚) was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople by...

In 1386-1403 the Kingdom of Georgia faced eight Turco-Mongolic invasions under the leadership of Tamerlane that probably happened to be the most destructive cataclysm in the whole history of the nation. All over Georgia except Abkhazia and Svanetia, the cities and towns fell in ruins, tens of thousands were brutally slaughtered and even more enslaved and deported. The country was devastated and sliding into anarchy. For the chess engine Tamerlane, see Tamerlane. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... Svaneti (áƒ¡áƒ•áƒáƒœáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜. Also known as Svanetia or Svania in Russian and Western languages) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of the country. ...

Ottoman invasion of Georgia

In 15th century the whole area changed dramatically in all possible aspects: linguistic, cultural, political, etc. During that period the Kingdom of Georgia turned into an isolated, fractured Christian enclave, a relic of the faded East Roman epoch surrounded by Muslim, predominantly Turco-Iranian-Arabic world.

By the middle of the 15th century, most of Georgia’s old neighbor-states disappeared from the map within less than a hundred years. All of Armenia for example, fell under the Turkic tribes of Aq-Qoyunloo, Kara-Qoyunloo and Ertena and diminished Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia fell to the Mamluks. East Roman (Byzantine) Empire lost all her possessions and compressed itself to several isolated feeble enclaves. The most important of them being Constantinople and Philadelphia. The Empire of Trebizond was also rapidly diminishing losing territories and any political will for survival. West European Crusaders completely lost the 350 years-long battle for Palestine and Syria and were forced to evacuate all their possessions except Cyprus and other Mediterranean islands. New Muslim state formations were quite aggressive and kept expanding and bothering Georgian Kingdom by testing its forces in border skirmishes and raids deep into its territory. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, signaled the death of the Byzantine Empire and the end of East Roman Era that lasted more than one thousand years. This event was more than just moral shock for Georgia. The capture of Constantinople sealed the Black Sea and cut the remnants of Christian states of the area from Europe and the rest of Christian world. The only connection with the West could only go through semi-isolated Genoese colonies of the Crimea. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x1260, 312 KB) Kingdom of Georgia in 15 century CopyrightÂ© Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Georgia (country) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x1260, 312 KB) Kingdom of Georgia in 15 century CopyrightÂ© Andrew Andersen Source: Atlas of Conflicts File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): History of Georgia (country) ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (ÎšÎ¹Î»Î¹ÎºÎ¯Î±) was the name of a region, now known as Ã‡ukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... Map of Constantinople. ... Alasehir, Turkey, began as perhaps one of the first ancient cities with the name Philadelphia. ... Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ†Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð² ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ðµ - Prosperity in unity Anthem: ÐÐ¸Ð²Ñ‹ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‹ Ñ‚Ð²Ð¾Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑˆÐµÐ±Ð½Ñ‹, Ð Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ...

Annexation of Georgia by the Russian Empire

In 1769-1772, a handful of Russian troops of General Totleben battled against Turkish invaders in the Georgian kingdoms of Imereti and Kartl-Kakheti. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1140x1520, 263 KB) Erekle II of Georgia This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1140x1520, 263 KB) Erekle II of Georgia This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1772 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... The Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti was created in 1762 by unification of two Eastern Georgian kingdoms, which existed independently since the disintegration of Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century. ...

In 1783 Russia and the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (which was devastated by Turkish and Persian invasions ) signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, according to which Kartl-Kakheti was to protection by Russia. 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti was created in 1762 by unification of two Eastern Georgian kingdoms, which existed independently since the disintegration of Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century. ... The Treaty of Georgievsk established the protectorate of the Russian Empire on the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (in the eastern Georgia) and an alliance between the two countries in 1783. ... The Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti was created in 1762 by unification of two Eastern Georgian kingdoms, which existed independently since the disintegration of Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century. ...

On January 8, 1801 Tsar Paul I of Russia signed a decree on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire^[11]^[12] which was confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on September 12, 1801.^[13]^[14] The Georgian envoy in Sankt Petersburg Garsevan Chavchavadze reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Alexander Kurakin.^[15] In May 1801 Russian General Carl Heinrich Knorring dethroned the Georgian heir to the throne David Batonishvili and deployed a government headed by General Ivan Petrovich Lasarev.^[16] January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Paul I of Russia by Vladimir Borovikovsky Paul I of Russia (Russian: ; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1, 1754-March 23, 1801) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. ... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ€ I ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡) (December 23, 1777â€“December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801-1 December 1825 and King of Poland from 1815â€“1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Prince Garsevan Chavchavadze Prince Garsevan Chavchavadze (Georgian: ) (July 20, 1757, - April 7, 1811) was a Georgian politician and diplomat primarily known as a Georgian ambassador to Imperial Russia. ... Portrait of Alexander B. Kurakin, by Vladimir Borovikovsky. ... Batonishvili (“a son of the lord” in Georgian) was a title of princes and princesses in medieval Georgia, e. ...

A part of the Georgian nobility didn't accept the decree until April 1802 when General Knorring compassed the nobility in Tbilisi's Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the imperial crown of Russia. Those who disagreed were arrested temporarily.^[17] --69. ...

The country was fully absorbed into the Russian Empire by 1804. In the summer 1805 Russian troops on the river Askerani and near Zagam defeated the Persian army, saving Tbilisi from its attack. In 1810, the kingdom of Imereti (Western Georgia) was annexed by the Russian Empire after the suppression of King Solomon II's resistance.^[18] From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars against Turkey and Iran, several formerly Georgian territories were annexed to the Russian Empire. These areas (Batumi, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe, Poti, and Abkhazia) now represent the majority of the territory of the present state of Georgia. Image File history File links Solomon-I.gifâ€Ž source: www. ... Image File history File links Solomon-I.gifâ€Ž source: www. ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... Anthem: God Save the Tsar! The Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Saint Petersburg Language(s) Russian Government Monarchy Emperor - 1721-1725 Peter the Great (first) - 1894-1917 Nicholas II (last) History - Established 22 October, 1721 - February Revolution 2 April, 1917 Area - 1897 22,400,000 km2 8,648,688 sq... Solomon II (1772-1815) was the last king of Imereti from 1789 to 1810 and the last Georgian ruler from the Bagrationi dynasty. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A general view of Batumi Batumi (Georgian: , formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... Artvin is a city in north-eastern Turkey. ... Akhaltsikhe (old name - Lomsia and AhÄ±ska) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare (Province) of Samtskhe-Javakheti. ... Poti is a city in the Samegrelo province in the west of the Republic of Georgia. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official...

Georgian dissatisfaction with Tsarist autocracy and Armenian economic domination led to the development of a national liberation movement in the second half of the 19th century. A large-scale peasant revolt occurred in 1905 which led to political reforms that eased the tensions for a period. During this time, the Marxist Social Democratic Party became the dominant political movement in Georgia, occupying all the Georgian seats in the Russian State Duma established after 1905. Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili (also known as Joseph Stalin), a Georgian Bolshevik, became a leader of the revolutionary (and anti-Menshevik) movement in Georgia. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÌÐ¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°ÌÐ»-Ð”ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÌÑ‡Ð°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ = Ð Ð¡Ð”Ð ÐŸ), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. ... For other uses, see State Duma (disambiguation). ... â€œStalinâ€ redirects here. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. ...

National awakening

After the long period of Russian annexation and eventual abolition of Georgian monarchy and autocephalous status of the Georgian church by the Russian empire, Georgia plunged into cultural and national disintegration. Georgian churches and monasteries were governed by the Russian clergy who outlawed the Georgian liturgy and desecrated medieval Georgian frescos on various churches all across Georgia^[19] Between the years of 1855 to 1907, the Georgian patriotic movement was launched under the leadership of Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, world renowned poet, novelist and orator. Chavchavadze financed new Georgian schools and supported the Georgian national theatre. In 1877 he launched the newspaper Iveria which played an important part in reviving Georgian national consciousness. His strive for national awakening was welcomed by the leading Georgian intellectuals of that time, Giorgi Tsereteli, Ivane Machabeli, Akaki Tsereteli, Niko Nikoladze, Alexander Kazbegi, Iakob Gogebashvili, etc. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (709x1056, 112 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ilia Chavchavadze Akaki Tsereteli History of Georgia (country) ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (709x1056, 112 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ilia Chavchavadze Akaki Tsereteli History of Georgia (country) ... Coordinates: - Governing Mayor Giorgi Gigi Ugulava Area - City 372 kmÂ² (143. ... Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, known as Saint Ilia the Righteous, (October 27, 1837-August 30, 1907) was a prominent figure of new Georgian literature, famous public benefactor, jurist, leader of the Georgias National-liberation movement in 1861-1907. ... Giorgi kdfj;a (October 8, 1904-September 9, 1973) was a distinguished Georgian scientist and public benefactor, founder of the well-known Georgian scientific school of Oriental Studies and Arabist of world renown, founder of the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Tbilisi State University (TSU), founder and first Director... Ivane machabeli translated shekaspeare from English into Gorgian language. ... Akaki Tsereteli, Prince (1840-1915) was a prominent Georgian poet and national liberation movement figure. ... Niko Nikoladze. ... Kazbegi wrote a famous novel entitled The Patricide (1883). ...

The Georgian inteligencia made the statement which supported Prince Chavchavadzes aims for Georgian independence by declaring:

"Our patriotism is of course of an entire different kind: it consists solely in a sacred feeling towards our mother land: ... in it there is no hate for other nations, no desire to enslave anybody, no urge to impoverish anybody. Out patriots desire to restore Georgia's right to self-government and their own civic rights, to preserve their national characteristics and culture, without which no people can exist as a society of human beings. "^[20]

The last decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a Georgian literary revival in which there emerged writers of a stature unequalled since the Golden Age of Rustaveli seven hundred years before. Ilia Chavchavadze himself excelled alike in lyric and ballad poetry, in the novel, the short story and the essay. Apart from Ilia, the most universal literary genius of the age was Akaki Tsereteli, known as "the immortal nightingale of the Georgian people." Along with Niko Nikoladze and Iaskog Gogebashvili, these literary figures of Georgia contributed significantly in national revival and of the Georgian culture therefore designated by the people as the founding fathers of modern Georgia. Image File history File links Akaki_Tsereteli. ... Image File history File links Akaki_Tsereteli. ... Shota Rustaveli, an artistic notion of the poet by Sergo Kobuladze (1937). ... Akaki Tsereteli, Prince (1840-1915) was a prominent Georgian poet and national liberation movement figure. ...

The Democratic Republic of Georgia, 1918 - 1921

The Russian Revolution of October 1917 plunged Russia into a bloody civil war during which several outlying Russian territories declared independence. Georgia was one of them, proclaiming the establishment of the independent Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) on May 26, 1918. The new country was ruled by the Menshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party, which established a multi-party system in sharp contrast with the "dictatorship of the proletariat" established by the Bolsheviks in Russia. It was recognised by Soviet Russia (Treaty of Moscow (1920)) and the major Western powers in 1921 Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... Image File history File links Red_Army_in_Tiflis;_Feb_25_1921. ... Image File history File links Red_Army_in_Tiflis;_Feb_25_1921. ... The 11th Soviet Red Army was a contingent of the then newly created Russian Red Army improvised by the Bolsheviks. ... Coordinates: - Governing Mayor Giorgi Gigi Ugulava Area - City 372 kmÂ² (143. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Green Army (Peasants and Nationalists) Black Army (Anarchists) Commanders Leon Trotsky Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel Alexander Antonov, Nikifor Grigoriev Nestor Makhno Strength 5,427,273 (peak) +1,000,000 Casualties 939,755... Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Leaders of the Menshevik Party at Norra Bantorget in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917. ... The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÌÐ¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°ÌÐ»-Ð”ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÌÑ‡Ð°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ = Ð Ð¡Ð”Ð ÐŸ), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... The dictatorship of the proletariat is a term employed by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program that refers to a transition period between capitalist and communist society in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. The term refers to a... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... State motto: Russian: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 kmÂ² 13% Population - Total - Density Ranked 1st in the... The Democratic Republic of Georgia The Treaty of Moscow (Russian: , Georgian: , Moskovis khelshekruleba), signed between Soviet Russia (RSFSR) and the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) in Moscow on May 7, 1920, granted Georgia de jure recognition of independence in exchange of the promise not to grant asylum on Georgian soil... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ...

In February, 1921 the Red Army invaded Georgia and after a short war occupied the country. The Georgian government was forced to flee. Guerilla resistance in 1921-1924 was followed by a large-scale patriotic uprising in August, 1924. Colonel Kakutsa Cholokashvili was one of the most prominent guerilla leaders in this phase. Red Army flag The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Ð Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‡Ðµ-ÐšÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐšÑ€Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐÑ€Ð¼Ð¸Ñ, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... Combatants â€¢ Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic â€¢ Republic of Turkey â€¢ Georgian SSR â€¢ Democratic Republic of Georgia Commanders â€¢ Anatoli Gekker â€¢ Mikhail Velikanov â€¢ Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze â€¢ KazÄ±m Karabekir â€¢ Giorgi Kvinitadze â€¢ Giorgi Mazniashvili â€¢ Valiko Jugheli Strength ~50,000 (Red Army) ~35,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 5,500 Soviet soldiers Unknown, dead estimated... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Kakutsa Cholokashvili (right) and Gen. ...

Georgia under the Soviet Union, 1921 - 1990

Georgia was forcibly incorporated into the Transcaucasian SFSR comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. The Soviet Government forced Georgia to cede several areas to Turkey (the province of Tao-Klarjeti and part of Batumi province), Azerbaijan (the province of Hereti/Saingilo), Armenia (the Lore region) and Russia (part of the Black Sea seacost and a northeastern corner of Khevi, eastern Georgia). Soviet rule was harsh: about 50,000 people were executed and killed in 1921-1924, more than 150,000 were purged under Stalin and his secret police chief, the Georgian Lavrenty Beria in 1935-1938, 1942 and 1945-1951. In 1936, the TFSSR was dissolved and Georgia became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x1123, 725 KB)The Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (900x1123, 725 KB)The Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from November 1918 to May 1920. ... The Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was a short-lived (1922-1936) Soviet republic, consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, which were traditionally known as the Transcaucasian Republics in the Soviet Union. ... Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ... A general view of Batumi Batumi (Georgian: , formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and capital of Adjara, an autonomous republic in southwest Georgia. ... Hereti was a historic province in eastern Georgia. ... Saingilo (áƒ¡áƒáƒ˜áƒœáƒ’áƒ˜áƒšáƒ in Georgian) was a historic part of Georgia (Kingdom of Iberia) from ancient time. ... Lori is a common given name or dimunitive form of Laura or Lorraine. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Khevi (Georgian: áƒ®áƒ”áƒ•áƒ˜) is a small historical-geographic area in northeastern Georgia. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (Georgian: áƒšáƒáƒ•áƒ áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜ áƒ‘áƒ”áƒ áƒ˜áƒ; Russian: Ð›Ð°Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¹ ÐŸÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ñ; (29 March 1899 â€“ 23 December 1953), was a Soviet politician and chief of the Soviet security and police apparatus. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... State motto: áƒžáƒ áƒáƒšáƒ”áƒ¢áƒáƒ áƒ§áƒ•áƒ”áƒšáƒ áƒ¥áƒ•áƒ”áƒ§áƒœáƒ˜áƒ¡áƒ, áƒ¨áƒ”áƒ”áƒ áƒ—áƒ“áƒ˜áƒ—! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR: - Since - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area - Total - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 kmÂ² -- Population - Total (1989) - Density Ranked...

Reaching the Caucasus oilfields was one of the main objectives of Hitler's invasion of the USSR in August 1941, but the armies of the Axis powers did not get as far as Georgia. The country contributed almost 700,000 fighters (350,000 were killed) to the Red Army, and was a vital source of textiles and munitions. However, a number of Georgians fought on the side of the German armed forces, forming the Georgian Legion. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Combatants Germany, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler, Ion Antonescu, C.G.E. Mannerheim, Benito Mussolini, MiklÃ³s Horthy, Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Georgian Legion on parade displaying flag of Independent Georgia, Germany 1943. ...

Stalin's successful appeal for patriotic unity eclipsed Georgian nationalism during the war and diffused it in the years following. Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization was followed by a general criticism of the whole Georgian people and culture. On March 9, 1956, hundreds of Georgian students were killed when they demonstrated against Khrushchev. Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (69th in leap years). ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The article refers to a bloody crackdown of peaceful demonstration by the Soviet troops in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR on March 9, 1956. ...

The decentralisation program introduced by Khrushchev in the mid-1950s was soon exploited by Georgian Communist Party officials to build their own regional power base. A thriving capitalist shadow economy emerged alongside the official state-owned economy, making Georgia one of the most economically successful Soviet republics but unfortunately also greatly increasing corruption. // Recovering from World War II and its aftermath, the economic miracle emerged in West Germany and Italy. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÑƒÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÌÐ·Ð° = ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the Russian...

Although corruption was hardly unknown in the Soviet Union, it became so widespread and blatant in Georgia that it came to be an embarrassment to the authorities in Moscow. The country's interior minister between 1964 and 1972, Eduard Shevardnadze, gained a reputation as a fighter of corruption and engineered the removal of Vasil Mzhavanadze, the corrupt First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party. Shevardnadze ascended to the post of First Secretary with the blessings of Moscow. He was an effective and able ruler of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving the official economy and dismissing hundreds of corrupt officials. Soviet power and Georgian nationalism clashed in 1978 when Moscow ordered revision of the constitutional status of the Georgian language as Georgia's official state language. Bowing to pressure from massive street demonstrations on April 14, 1978 Moscow approved Shevardnadze's reinstatement of the constitutional guarantee the same year. April 14 was established as a Day of the Georgian Language. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Vasil Mzhavanadze (also Vasily; Georgian: ; Russian: ; Kutaisi, 20 September (O.S. 7 September) 1902 - 5 September 1988) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian SSR from September 1953 to September 28, 1972 and a member of the CPSUs Politburo from June 29, 1957 to December... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105 in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Shevardnadze's appointment as Soviet Foreign Minister in 1985 caused him to be replaced as Georgian leader by Jumber Patiashvili, a conservative and generally ineffective Communist who coped poorly with the challenges of Perestroika. Towards the end of the late 1980s there were increasingly violent clashes between the Communist authorities, the resurgent Georgian nationalist movement and nationalist movements in Georgia's minority-populated regions (notably South Ossetia). On April 9, 1989, Soviet troops were used to break up a peaceful demonstration at the government building in Tbilisi. Twenty Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded and poisoned. The event radicalised Georgian politics, prompting many - even some Georgian communists - to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The 1980s refers to the years of and between 1980 and 1989. ... National anthem Unknown Official languages Ossetian, with Russian having and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Tskhinvali Capitals coordinates 42Â°14â€²N 43Â°58â€²E President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Yury Morozov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 1991-11-28 none... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Post-communist Georgia, 1990 - 2003

Opposition pressure on the communist government was manifested in popular demonstrations and strikes, which ultimately resulted in an open, multiparty and democratic parliamentary election being held on October 28, 1990. They were won by the "Round Table" coalition headed by the leading dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who became the head of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. On March 31, 1991 Gamsakhurdia wasted no time in organising a referendum on independence, which was approved by 98.9% of the votes. Formal independence from the Soviet Union was declared on April 9, 1991, although it took some time before it was widely recognised by outside powers such as the United States and European countries. Gamsakhurdia's government strongly opposed any vestiges of Russian dominance, such as the remaining Soviet military bases in the republic, and (after the collapse of the Soviet Union) his government declined to join the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Image File history File links TL026642. ... Image File history File links TL026642. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The President of Georgia (ge: áƒ¡áƒáƒ¥áƒáƒ áƒ—áƒ•áƒ”áƒšáƒáƒ¡ áƒžáƒ áƒ”áƒ–áƒ˜áƒ“áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜) is the head of the state and commander-in-chief of Georgia. ... James Addison Baker III (born 28 April 1930 in Houston, Texas) served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia[1] (Georgian: áƒ–áƒ•áƒ˜áƒáƒ“ áƒ™áƒáƒœáƒ¡áƒ¢áƒáƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜áƒœáƒ”áƒ¡ áƒ«áƒ” áƒ’áƒáƒ›áƒ¡áƒáƒ®áƒ£áƒ áƒ“áƒ˜áƒ, IPA: ) (March 31, 1939 â€” December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who became the first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. ... The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was the first National Parliament of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era (in 1990 - 1992). ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is very long. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Member states 11 member states 1 associate member Working language Russian Executive Secretary Vladimir Rushailo Formation December 21, 1991 Official website http://cis. ...

Gamsakhurdia was elected president on May 26, 1991 with 86% of the vote. He was subsequently widely criticised for what was perceived to be an erratic and authoritarian style of government, with nationalists and reformists joining forces in an uneasy anti-Gamsakhurdia coalition. A tense situation was worsened by the large amount of ex-Soviet weaponry available to the quarreling parties and by the growing power of paramilitary groups. The situation came to a head on December 22, 1991, when armed opposition groups launched a violent military coup d'etat, besieging Gamsakhurdia and his supporters in government buildings in central Tbilisi. Gamsakhurdia managed to evade his enemies and fled to the breakaway Russian republic of Chechnya in January 1992. May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , NoxÃ§iyÃ§Ã¶), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Nokhchiyn, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

The new government invited Eduard Shevardnadze to become the head of a State Council - in effect, president - in March 1992, putting a moderate face on the somewhat unsavoury regime that had been established following Gamsakhurdia's ouster. In August 1992, a separatist dispute in the Georgian autonomous republic of Abkhazia escalated when government forces and paramilitaries were sent into the area to quell separatist activities. The Abkhaz fought back with help from paramilitaries from Russia's North Caucasus regions and alleged covert support from Russian military stationed in a base in Gudauta, Abkhazia and in September 1993 the government forces suffered a catastrophic defeat which led to them being driven out and the entire Georgian population of the region being expelled. Around 14,000 people died and another 300,000 were forced to flee. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... Gudauta is a town in Georgia’s breakaway region Abkhazia. ...

Ethnic violence also flared in South Ossetia but was eventually quelled, although at the cost of several hundred casualties and 100,000 refugees fleeing into Russian-controlled North Ossetia. In south-western Georgia, the autonomous republic of Ajaria came under the control of Aslan Abashidze, who managed to rule his republic from 1991 to 2004 as a personal fiefdom in which the Tbilisi government had little influence. Image File history File links 0000359910-021. ... Image File history File links 0000359910-021. ... National anthem Unknown Official languages Ossetian, with Russian having and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Tskhinvali Capitals coordinates 42Â°14â€²N 43Â°58â€²E President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Yury Morozov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 1991-11-28 none... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area - Total - % water 2,900 kmÂ² n/a Population - Total (1989) - Density 392,432 135. ... Aslan Abashidze Aslan Abashidze (Georgian: áƒáƒ¡áƒšáƒáƒœ áƒáƒ‘áƒáƒ¨áƒ˜áƒ«áƒ”) (born July 20, 1938) was the leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Georgia from 1991 to May 5, 2004. ...

On September 24, 1993, in the wake of the Abkhaz disaster, Zviad Gamsakhurdia returned from exile to organise an uprising against the government. His supporters were able to capitalise on the disarray of the government forces and quickly overran much of western Georgia. This alarmed Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and units of the Russian Army were sent into Georgia to assist the government. Gamsakhurdia's rebellion quickly collapsed and he died on December 31, 1993, apparently after being cornered by his enemies. In a highly controversial agreement, Shevardnadze's government agreed that it would join the CIS as part of the price for military and political support. September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Shevardnadze narrowly survived a bomb attack in August 1995 that he blamed on his erstwhile paramilitary allies. He took the opportunity to imprison the paramilitary leader Jaba Ioseliani and ban his Mkhedrioni militia in what was proclaimed as a strike against "mafia forces". However, his government - and his own family - became increasingly associated with pervasive corruption that hampered Georgia's economic growth. He won presidential elections in November 1995 and April 2000 with large majorities, but there were persistent allegations of vote-rigging. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jaba (or Dzhaba) Ioseliani (July 10, 1926-March 4, 2003) was a Georgian politician, bank robber and leader of the paramilitary Mkhedrioni organisation. ... The Mkhedrioni is a paramilitary group and political organisation in the Republic of Georgia, outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union of Patriots political party. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The war in Chechnya caused considerable friction with Russia, which accused Georgia of harbouring Chechen guerrillas. Further friction was caused by Shevardnadze's close relationship with the United States, which saw him as a counterbalance to Russian influence in the strategic Transcaucasus region. Georgia became a major recipient of U.S. foreign and military aid, signed a strategic partnership with NATO and declared an ambition to join both NATO and the EU. In 2002, the United States sent hundreds of Special Operations Forces to assist the local military fight guerrilla fighters. See War on Terrorism/Pankisi Gorge. Perhaps most significantly, the country secured a $3 billion project to build a pipeline carrying oil from Azerbaijan to Turkey via Georgia (the so-called "Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan" or BTC pipeline). For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Special forces or special operations forces is a term used to describe relatively small military units raised and trained for reconnaissance, unconventional warfare and special operations. ... The Pankisi Gorge is a region of the former Soviet republic of Georgia, near the border with the breakaway Russian province of Chechnya. ...

Georgia after Shevardnadze

A powerful coalition of reformists headed by Mikhail Saakashvili, Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania united to oppose Shevardnadze's government in the November 2, 2003 parliamentary elections. The elections were widely regarded as being blatantly rigged; in response, the opposition organised massive demonstrations in the streets of Tbilisi. After two tense weeks, Shevardnadze resigned on November 23, 2003 and was replaced as president on an interim basis by Burjanadze. Rose Revolution: Demonstration at the Mayors Office, Freedom Square, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2003 Government of Georgia Official Photo Source: http://www. ... Rose Revolution: Demonstration at the Mayors Office, Freedom Square, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2003 Government of Georgia Official Photo Source: http://www. ... Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence The Rose Revolution (Georgian: áƒ•áƒáƒ áƒ“áƒ”áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒ¡ áƒ áƒ”áƒ•áƒáƒšáƒ£áƒªáƒ˜áƒ) refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ... Freedom Square under Construction Freedom Square (formerly known as Lenin Square) is located in the center of Tbilisi at the end of Rustaveli Avenue. ... Mikhail Saakashvili briefing the press at UN headquarters Mikhail Saakashvili (Georgian: áƒ›áƒ˜áƒ®áƒ”áƒ˜áƒš áƒ¡áƒáƒáƒ™áƒáƒ¨áƒ•áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜) (born December 21, 1967, in Tbilisi) is a Georgian jurist and politician and the current President of Georgia. ... Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: áƒœáƒ˜áƒœáƒ áƒ‘áƒ£áƒ áƒ¯áƒáƒœáƒáƒ«áƒ”) (born on July 16, 1964) is a Georgian jurist and politician. ... Zurab Zhvania Zurab Zhvania (Georgian: áƒ–áƒ£áƒ áƒáƒ‘ áƒŸáƒ•áƒáƒœáƒ˜áƒ) (December 9, 1963â€“February 3, 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician and former Speaker of the Georgian Parliament. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: áƒœáƒ˜áƒœáƒ áƒ‘áƒ£áƒ áƒ¯áƒáƒœáƒáƒ«áƒ”) (born on July 16, 1964) is a Georgian jurist and politician. ...

On January 4, 2004 Mikhail Saakashvili won the Presidential Elections with a huge majority of 96% of the votes cast. Constitutional amendments were rushed through Parliament in February strengthening the powers of the President to dismiss Parliament and creating the post of Prime Minister. Zurab Zhvania was appointed Prime Minister. Nino Burjanadze the interim President, became Speaker of Parliament. January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Zurab Zhvania Zurab Zhvania (Georgian: áƒ–áƒ£áƒ áƒáƒ‘ áƒŸáƒ•áƒáƒœáƒ˜áƒ) (December 9, 1963â€“February 3, 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician and former Speaker of the Georgian Parliament. ... Nino Burjanadze Nino Burjanadze (Georgian: áƒœáƒ˜áƒœáƒ áƒ‘áƒ£áƒ áƒ¯áƒáƒœáƒáƒ«áƒ”) (born on July 16, 1964) is a Georgian jurist and politician. ...

The new president faces many problems on coming to office. More than 230,000 internally displaced persons put an enormous strain on the economy. Peace in the separatist areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, overseen by Russian and United Nations peacekeepers and international organizations, remains fragile and will require years of economic development and negotiation to overcome local enmities. Considerable progress has been made in negotiations on the Ossetian-Georgian conflict, and negotiations are continuing in the Georgia-Abkhazia conflict. Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. ... National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... National anthem Unknown Official languages Ossetian, with Russian having and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Tskhinvali Capitals coordinates 42Â°14â€²N 43Â°58â€²E President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Yury Morozov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 1991-11-28 none... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Map of Ossetia Ossetia is a region in the northern Caucasus Mountains, inhabited by the Ossetians. ...

After the Rose Revolution relations between the Georgian government and semi-separatist Ajarian leader Aslan Abashidze deteriorated rapidly thereafter, with Abashidze rejecting Saakashvili's demands for the writ of the Tbilisi government to run in Ajaria. Both sides mobilised forces in apparent preparations for a military confrontation. Saakashvili's ultimatums and massive street demonstrations forced Abashidze to resign and flee Georgia. Image File history File links 4215325442. ... Image File history File links 4215325442. ... Mikhail Saakashvili briefing the press at UN headquarters Mikhail Saakashvili (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი) (born December 21, 1967), Georgian jurist and politician, is the President of Georgia. ... The President of Georgia (ge: áƒ¡áƒáƒ¥áƒáƒ áƒ—áƒ•áƒ”áƒšáƒáƒ¡ áƒžáƒ áƒ”áƒ–áƒ˜áƒ“áƒ”áƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜) is the head of the state and commander-in-chief of Georgia. ... Aslan Abashidze Aslan Abashidze (Georgian: áƒáƒ¡áƒšáƒáƒœ áƒáƒ‘áƒáƒ¨áƒ˜áƒ«áƒ”) (born July 20, 1938) was the leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Georgia from 1991 to May 5, 2004. ... Official language Georgian Capital Batumi ISO code GE.AJ Head of the Government Levan Varshalomidze Area - Total - % water 2,900 kmÂ² n/a Population - Total (1989) - Density 392,432 135. ...

Relations with Russia remain problematic due to Russia's continuing political, economic and military support to separatist governments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Russian troops still remain garrisoned at two military bases and as peacekeepers in these regions. The separatist question is still unresolved but Saakashvili's public pledge to resolve the matter has already provoked criticism from the separatist regions and Russia. National anthem Aiaaira Official languages Abkhaz, with Russian having co-official status and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates President Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 23 July 1992 none Currency Russian ruble Official... National anthem Unknown Official languages Ossetian, with Russian having and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Tskhinvali Capitals coordinates 42Â°14â€²N 43Â°58â€²E President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Yury Morozov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 1991-11-28 none...

Georgia remains a very poor country by European standards, not least because of its widespread corruption. The Georgian Government is committed to economic reform in cooperation with the IMF and World Bank, and stakes much of its future on the revival of the ancient Silk Road as the Eurasian corridor, using Georgia's geography as a bridge for transit of goods between Europe and Asia. Saakashvili has pledged to improve the economy in general and specifically to raise pay and pensions, as well as to crack down on corruption and retrieve the ill-gotten gains of figures in the previous government. In August 2004, several clashes occurred in South Ossetia. The flag of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring foreign exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... The Silk Road Silk Route redirects here. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... National anthem Unknown Official languages Ossetian, with Russian having and widespread use by government and other institutions Political status De facto independent Capital Tskhinvali Capitals coordinates 42Â°14â€²N 43Â°58â€²E President Eduard Djabeevich Kokoity Prime Minister Yury Morozov Independence â€“ Declared â€“ Recognition From Georgia 1991-11-28 none...

Integration into the NATO and the EU remains the main goal of Georgia's foreign policy. On October 29, 2004, the North Atlantic Council (NAC) of the NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia (IPAP). Georgia is the first among the NATO’s partner countries to manage this task successfully. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... North Atlantic Council is the most senior political governing body of NATO. The NAC can be held at the Permanent Representative Level (PermReps), or can be comprised of member states Ministers of State, Defense, or Heads of State. ... NAC is an acronym that can stand for: N-acetylcysteine Net Access Corporation, a/k/a NAC.NET National Action Committee on the Status of Women, Canada National Administrative Council National Airways Corporation, New Zealand National Agency Check National Aquatic Centre, Dublin, Ireland National Automotive Center National Arts Centre, Ottawa... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ...

Georgia continues to support the coalition forces in Iraq. On November 8, 2004, 300 extra Georgian troops were sent to Iraq. The Georgian government committed to send a total of 850 troops to Iraq to serve in the protection forces of the U.N. Mission. Along with increasing Georgian troops in Iraq, the US will train additional 4 thousand Georgian soldiers within frames of the Georgia Train-and-Equip Program (GTEP). Image File history File links 42-15325358. ... Image File history File links 42-15325358. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP) was the US-sponsored 18-month, $64-million plan designed to increase the capabilities of the Georgian armed forces as part of the Global War on Terrorism. ...

In February, 2005 Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania died, and Zurab Nogaideli was appointed as the new Prime Minister. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Zurab Zhvania Zurab Zhvania (Georgian: áƒ–áƒ£áƒ áƒáƒ‘ áƒŸáƒ•áƒáƒœáƒ˜áƒ) (December 9, 1963â€“February 3, 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician and former Speaker of the Georgian Parliament. ... Zurab Nogaideli (Georgian: ზურაბ ნოღაიდელი; born October 22, 1964) is a Georgian politician, the Prime Minister of Georgia. ...

On 9-10 May 2005 Georgia was visited by the US President George W. Bush, who met Mikheil Saakashvili and a group of Georgian parliamentarians, and addressed tens of thousands of the Georgian people at Tbilisi Freedom Square [1]. May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (130th in leap years). ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Mikhail Saakashvili briefing the press at UN headquarters Mikhail Saakashvili (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი) (born December 21, 1967), Georgian jurist and politician, is the President of Georgia. ... Freedom Square under Construction Freedom Square (formerly known as Lenin Square) is located in the center of Tbilisi at the end of Rustaveli Avenue. ...

Saakashvili is still (2006) under significant pressure to deliver on his promised reforms. Organisations such as Amnesty International have serious concerns over human rights [2], and discontent over unemployment, pensions and corruption, and the continuing dispute over Abkhazia, have greatly diminished Saakashvili's popularity in the country. For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) comprising a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights.[1] Founded in the UK in 1961, AI compares actual practices of human rights with internationally accepted standards and demands compliance where these...

Georgia's relationships with Russia are at it lowest point in modern history due to Georgian-Russian espionage controversy and related events. Russian officers arrested on charges of espionage paraded in Tbilisi before being handed over to the OSCE The 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy began when the Government of Georgia arrested four Russian officers on charges of espionage, on September 27, 2006. ...

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