The Kingdom of Germany was a medieval state^[1] which grew out of that of East Francia in the tenth century, when the term regnum Teutonicum first came into informal use. The character of the eastern partition of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 was never very Frankish. By the High Middle Ages, the German character of the united stem duchies was generally recognised. As the other various states of the Carolingian then Holy Roman Empire removed themselves from its orbit, leaving solely Germany, her kings holding the imperial title and struggling for it,^[2] the German state became synonymous with the Empire and in the time of the Renaissance, the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" united the two concepts of empire and kingdom. Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... Geopolitical divisions according to the Treaty of Verdun. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... During the Early Middle Ages, the stem duchies formed the major divisions of the eastern Carolingian kingdom (roughly the region of modern Germany). ... Map of Carolingian Empire The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ...

The term rex Teutonicorum, or "king of the Germans", first came into use during the Investiture Controversy as a polemical tool against the Emperor Henry IV by Pope Gregory VII in the late eleventh century.^[3] In the twelfth century, in order to stress the imperial and transnational character of their office, the emperors began to employ the title rex Romanorum or "king of the Romans" on their election (by German bishops and noblemen). The royal titles of Germany, Italy, and Burgundy, which traditionally had their own courts, laws, and chanceries, remained with the Holy Roman Emperors until the end (1806). The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... Henry IV (November 11, 1050 — 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Emperor from 1084, until his abdication in 1105. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ... King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum) was a title used by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire before their coronation by the Pope, and later also by the heir designate of the Empire. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

See also

• List of German monarchs
• Holy Roman Emperor

This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ...

Notes

References

• Gillingham, J. The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages (900–1200). Historical Association Pamphlets, General Series, no. 77. London: Historical Association, 1971.
• Robinson, I. S. "Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum 1077–1080." The English Historical Review, Vol. 94, No. 373. (Oct., 1979), pp 721-756.
• Fuhrmann, Horst. "Quis Teutonicos constituit iudices nationum? The Trouble with Henry." Speculum, Vol. 69, No. 2. (Apr., 1994), pp 344-358.
• Averkorn, Raphaela. The Process of Nationbuilding in Medieval Germany. A Brief Overview.