A king of Sennar, 1821

Kingdom of Sennar was a former A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the rulers role was defined in the Quran. The sultan however was not a religious teacher himself. In the Byzantine Empire and... sultanate in the north of Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Halaib Triangle. States Main article: States of Sudan Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al... Sudan, which ruled a substantial area of northeast World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Eurasia. At about 30,244,050 km2 (11,677,240 mi2) including its adjacent islands, it covers 20.3 percent of the total land... Africa between Events January 1 - French troops surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Cordoba. January 31 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. February 29 - Christopher Columbus uses his knowldege of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies. Michelangelo Buonarroti finishes his sculpture of David - August 8... 1504 and Events February 23 - The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. March 25 - Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. July 10 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain. July 28 - Peru declares independence... 1821.

In the fifteenth century the part of For the Star Wars planet, see Nubia (Star Wars). Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom. Nubian Wedding near Aswan, Egypt Its people spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian... Nubia formerly controlled by Makuria (to Arabs al-Mukurra or al-Muqurra) was a kingdom located in what is today Southern Egypt and the Sudan. Its capital was Dongola (or Dunqulah). It was one of a group of successor kingdoms formed after the fall of Kush in about 350AD. By the 6th century AD... Makuria was home to a number of small states and subject to frequent incursions by desert nomads. The situation in Alodia is less well known, but it also seems as though that state had collapsed. The area was reunified under Abdallah Jamma, the gatherer, who came from the eastern regions that had grown wealthy and powerful from the trade on the (Red Sea is also the name of a state in Sudan) Conshelf II in the Red Sea (Sudan) The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew... Red Sea. Abdallah's empire was short lived as in the early sixteenth century the The Funj were an ethnic group in present day Sudan their origins are not clearly known but they moved into Nubia from south of the swamplands in the early sixteenth century, fleeing pressure from the Shilluk. Arriving in Nubia they conquered the empire built up by Abdallah Jamma and set... Funj people under Amara Dunkas arrived from the south, having been driven north by the Shullik. The Funj defeated Abdallah and set up their own kingdom based at Sennar is also an alternate spelling of Shinar, in a Biblical context. Sennar is a town on the Blue Nile in Sudan that is the capital of the state of Sennar. For several centuries it was the capital of the Funj Kingdom of Sennar. Categories: Africa geography stubs | Cities in... Sennar.

The Funj religion had originally been a mix of This article is in need of attention. Please see its listing on Pages needing attention and improve it in any way you see fit. When the issues regarding this page have been resolved, remove this notice and the listing, but please do not remove this notice until the article has... Animism and For other uses of the term Christian, see Christian (disambiguation). Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life, teachings, death by crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament. Although Christians are monotheistic, the one God is thought, by most Christians, to exist in... Christianity. Islam also had an important influence, and in Events April - Battle of Villalors - Forces loyal to Emperor Charles V defeat the Comuneros, a league of urban bourgeois rebelling against Charles in Spain. June 6 - Gustav Vasa becomes King of Sweden, establishing finally its full independence from Denmark. Births April 5 - Blaise de Vigenère Deaths May 23 - Ashikaga... 1523 the Sennar monarchy officially converted to that religion, though many elements of the previous beliefs continued. Sennar expanded rapidly at the expense of neighboring states. Its power was extended over the Al Jazirah Al Jazirah (also Gezira) is one of the 26 states of Sudan. The state lies between the Blue Nile and the White Nilein the east-central region of the country. It has an area of 23,373 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 3,300,000 (2000... Gezira, the Butana, the Bayuda, and southern Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: Shamal Kurdufan (North Kurdufan), Janub Kurdufan (South Kurdufan), and Gharb Kurdufan (West Kurdufan). Geography Kordofan covers an area of some 146,932 km² (56,730 miles²); with an estimated population in 1983... Kordofan. This caused immediate tensions with its neighbours. This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopiya, Amharic ኢትዮጵያ) is a country situated in an area known as the Horn of Africa. It has one of the most... Ethiopia felt much threatened but its internal problems prevent intervention. Newly The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt also saw the new state as a threat and invaded in force, but failed to conquer the area. Instead the Ottoman forces fortified the border and consolidated their hold on northern Nubia. This border would hold until Events February 23 - The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. March 25 - Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. July 10 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain. July 28 - Peru declares independence... 1821.

Relations with Ethiopia were more strained as both states competed over highlands between their two states. The Ethiopian move of their capital to Gondar (less commonly spelled Gonder) was the old imperial capital of Ethiopia located in Beghemidir province. Established by Emperor Sertse Dingil around the year 1580, it became Ethiopias capital under Emperor Fasiledes almost a half century later. It served as Ethiopias capital until Tewodros II moved the Imperial... Gonder gave them a great deal of influence in these areas. Conflicts with the Shilluk to the south continued, but later the two were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the The Dinka are a people of southern Sudan, inhabiting the swamplands of the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin. They are chiefly a pastoral people, relying on cattle herding at riverside camps in the dry season to growing millet in fixed settlements during the rainy season. They number... Dinka. Under the leadership of Badi II Sennar defeated the Kingdom of Taqali to the west and made that state its vassal.

The armies of Sennar were centred on heavy cavalry. The riders were armoured with For other uses, see Chainmail (disambiguation). David rejects the unaccustomed armour (detail of fol. 28r of the 13th century Morgan Bible) Chainmail (also chain mail, chain maille, or just mail or maille) is a type of armour that consists of small metal rings put together in a pattern to form... chain mail while the horses were covered in thick Science quilt A quilt is a bed covering composed of two layers of fabric and a layer of batting in between, made by the technique of quilting. Many quilts are made with decorative designs; indeed, some quilts are not used as bed covering at all, but are rather made to... quilts and copper headgear. These riders were armed with long The term broadsword was originally used to describe the straight double-edged basket-hilted swords of Europe during the 17th through 19th centuries. Examples of these are the Scots Italian schiavona. Surviving examples of such swords are around 105 cm long (90 cm of which is blade) with a base... broadswords and the toe stirrups they used did not permit the use of The term lance has become a catchall for a variety of different pole weapons based on the spear. While most could still be classified as spears, lances tend to be larger; usually both longer and heavier lances did not have spear tips that broke off and were adapted for mounted... lances. These horsemen were drawn from the nobility. A greater mass of troops were infantry who were composed of The word slave has at least two meanings: People who are owned by others, and live to serve them without pay. See slavery. Slavey (pronounced as SLAY-vi) is a First Nations people around the Great Slave Lake. The name of the people was slaves but was changed due to... slaves. These infantry would also carry swords and be armoured. The armies were a permanent standing force garrisoned in castles and forts throughout the kingdom. Reliance on a standing army meant that the armies fielded by Sennar were usually quite small, but they were effective.

Sennar was heavily divided along geographic and racial/ethnic lines. The society was divided into six racial groups. The blue, the green, the yellow, the red, the green mixed with yellow, and the slaves who were brought from further south. The capital, its prosperity based on trade, had representatives from all over the Middle East and Africa.

There was a sharp division between those who were the heirs of the ancient kingdom of Alodia and the rest of Sennar. The Alodians adopted the mantle of the defeated Abdallah Jamma and came to be known as the Abdallab. In the late sixteenth century they rose in revolt under Ajib the Great. Ajib routed the Kings of Sennar, first making them his vassals and then seizing almost the entire kingdom in Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill pretender Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... 1606. The Sennar monarchy regrouped under Adlan I, defeating Ajib in a pair of decisive battles. Eventually a compromise was reached whereby Ajib and his successors would rule the Sennar province of Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula and formerly sometimes known as El Ordeh) is a city in northern Sudan, on the banks of the Nile. It should not be confused with Old Dongola, an ancient city located 50 miles upstream on the opposite bank. It was also the name of... Dongola with a great deal of autonomy.

Sennar was at its peak at the end of the sixteenth century, but over the seventeenth it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The wealth and power of the king had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. In time this power was eroded. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of merchants. These merchants were educated and literate and read widely about Islam ( Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen?) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. Etymology In Arabic, Islām means submission and is described as a Dīn, meaning way of life... Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The king of Sennar had long been regarded as semi-divine, in keeping with ancient traditions, but this idea ran strongly counter to Islam. Many festivals and rituals also persisted from earlier days, a number of which involved consumption of great deals of In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). This sense underlies the term alcoholism ( addiction... alcohol and these traditions were also abandoned. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king was the merchant funded Ulema (Arabic: علماء) is the community of legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia. Their organization and powers vary from Muslim community to community. They are most powerful in Shia Islam where their role is institutionalized, but where they are subordinate to the heirs of... ulema who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice.

In Events Neolin begins to preach. January 4 - Britain declares war on Spain & Naples July 17 - Catherine II becomes empress of Russia upon the murder of Peter III of Russia. Empress Go-Sakuramachi ascends to the throne of Japan British East India Company seizes the port city of Manila, Philippines... 1762 Badi IV was overthrown in a coup launched by Abu Likayik of the red Hamaj from the norteast of the country. Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state.

These internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in Events February 23 - The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. March 25 - Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. July 10 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain. July 28 - Peru declares independence... 1821 the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. Ismails son Tewfik Pasha inherited the title, as did Tewfiks son Abbas. Abbas was deposed by the British in 1914, and the... khedive of The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, See Mehemet Ali (Turkey) for the Turkish foreign minister and regent. Muḩammad `Alī Muḩammad `Alī (many spelling variations, included Turkish Mehmet Ali, are encountered) (1769-August 2, 1849), was a viceroy of Egypt, and is sometimes considered the founder of modern Egypt. Muḩ... Muhammad Ali, led an army into Sennar; he encountered no resistance from the last king, whose realm was promptly absorbed into Ottoman Egypt. The region was subsequently absorbed into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of Sudan between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt. Categories: Stub | History of Sudan ... Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of Sudan on that country's independence in 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 1 - End of Egyptian Condominium in Sudan. January 16 - President Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine January 26 - Italy January 26 - United Kingdom bans heroin January 26 - The last Soviet troops leave the military base in... 1956.

Rulers of Sennar

• Amara Dunqas Events January 20 - Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive right to trade with the New World. April 21 - Battle of Cerignola. French under the Duc de Nemours, who is killed. Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms. May 10 - Cayman Islands and he names... 1503- Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. March 30 - Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury May 23 - King Henry VIII of England marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled. Catherine refuses to accept and continues to believe herself the wife of... 1533/ Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. June 9 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River. July 7 - First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick. Cambridge University Press given Royal... 4 (AH 940)
• Nayil Events January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. March 30 - Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury May 23 - King Henry VIII of England marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled. Catherine refuses to accept and continues to believe herself the wife of... 1533/ Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. June 9 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River. July 7 - First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick. Cambridge University Press given Royal... 4 (AH 940)- Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. The first book in Slovenian, Cattechismus and Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany. Nostradamus first almanac is written. Helsinki, the capital of Finland is found by Gustav Vasa. Births April 22 - Edward de Vere, 17th Earl... 1550/ Events Russia, Reforming Synod of the metropolite Macaire, Orthodoxy: introduction of a calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code ( Stoglav ) Major outbreak of the sweating sickness in England. Foundation of the National University of Saint Mark in Lima,_Peru. Births September 19 - King Henry III of France Boris... 1 (AH 957)
• Abd al-Qadir I Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. The first book in Slovenian, Cattechismus and Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany. Nostradamus first almanac is written. Helsinki, the capital of Finland is found by Gustav Vasa. Births April 22 - Edward de Vere, 17th Earl... 1550/ Events Russia, Reforming Synod of the metropolite Macaire, Orthodoxy: introduction of a calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code ( Stoglav ) Major outbreak of the sweating sickness in England. Foundation of the National University of Saint Mark in Lima,_Peru. Births September 19 - King Henry III of France Boris... 1 (AH 957)- Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. June - Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain in his war against France. August 10 - Battle of St. Quentin - French forces under Marshal Anne de Montmorency are decisively defeated by the Spanish under Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy. Montmorency himself is... 1557/ Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. April 24 - Mary I of Scotland marries Francis II... 8 (AH 965)
• Abu Sakikin Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. June - Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain in his war against France. August 10 - Battle of St. Quentin - French forces under Marshal Anne de Montmorency are decisively defeated by the Spanish under Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy. Montmorency himself is... 1557/ Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. April 24 - Mary I of Scotland marries Francis II... 8 (AH 965)- Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots. May 13 - Battle of Langside: the forces of Mary Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart... 1568
• Dakin Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. Again Catherine de Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots. May 13 - Battle of Langside: the forces of Mary Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart... 1568- Events January 12 - The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar Beginning of the Eighth War of Religion in France (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) August 8 - John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in quest for the North West Passage. August 17 - Capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces under... 1585/ Events November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned. The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne of Japan. Toyotomi Hideyoshi becomes grand minister of Japan. William Harrison becomes canon of Windsor. Luis Barahona de Soto publishes Primera parte de... 6 (AH 994)
• Dawra Events January 12 - The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar Beginning of the Eighth War of Religion in France (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) August 8 - John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in quest for the North West Passage. August 17 - Capture of Antwerp by Spanish forces under... 1585/ Events November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned. The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne of Japan. Toyotomi Hideyoshi becomes grand minister of Japan. William Harrison becomes canon of Windsor. Luis Barahona de Soto publishes Primera parte de... 6 (AH 994)- Events February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is executed. July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony. August 19 - Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund Vasa as their king October 20 - Battle of Coutras... 1587/ Events May 12 - Day of the Barricades in Paris. Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee. May 28 - The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May... 8 (AH 996)
• Tayyib Events February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is executed. July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony. August 19 - Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund Vasa as their king October 20 - Battle of Coutras... 1587/ Events May 12 - Day of the Barricades in Paris. Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee. May 28 - The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May... 8 (AH 996)- Events June - Capture of Zutphen by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau. July - Capture of Deventer by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau. August - September - Maurice maneuvers cautiously against the Duke of Parma near Arnhem. September 14 - Capture of Hulst by Maurice. October 21 - Capture of Nijmegen by Maurice. October... 1591
• Unsa I Events June - Capture of Zutphen by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau. July - Capture of Deventer by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau. August - September - Maurice maneuvers cautiously against the Duke of Parma near Arnhem. September 14 - Capture of Hulst by Maurice. October 21 - Capture of Nijmegen by Maurice. October... 1591- Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England in Westminster Abbey July 17 or July 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh arrested for treason. July... 1603/ Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy Othello is presented for... 4 (AH 1012)
• Abd al-Qadir II Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England in Westminster Abbey July 17 or July 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh arrested for treason. July... 1603/ Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy Othello is presented for... 4 (AH 1012)- Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill pretender Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... 1606
• Adlan I Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill pretender Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... 1606- Events November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeares romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time. Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden Denmark attacks Sweden King James Version of the Bible first published in England George Abbot becomes archbishop of Canterbury Johannes and David Fabricius... 1611/ Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Antonius Magiruss Koock-boeck ofte Familieren kevken-boeck is published. Popular uprising in Moscow expels Polish troops. Trial of the witches in Pendle, Lancashire is held. December 28 - Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when it... 2 (AH 1020)
• Badi I Events November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeares romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time. Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden Denmark attacks Sweden King James Version of the Bible first published in England George Abbot becomes archbishop of Canterbury Johannes and David Fabricius... 1611/ Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Antonius Magiruss Koock-boeck ofte Familieren kevken-boeck is published. Popular uprising in Moscow expels Polish troops. Trial of the witches in Pendle, Lancashire is held. December 28 - Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when it... 2 (AH 1020)- Events Dirk Hartog lands on an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Roman Catholic Church Births May 24 - John Maitland, Duke of... 1616/ Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). Francesco Andreinis The Penitent Magdalene is published. February 27 - Peace is reached between Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War. Sweden gains Ingermanland and Karelia. Births January 6... 7 (AH 1025)
• Rabat I Events Dirk Hartog lands on an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria Collegium Musicum founded in Prague Nicolaus Copernicus De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Roman Catholic Church Births May 24 - John Maitland, Duke of... 1616/ Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). Francesco Andreinis The Penitent Magdalene is published. February 27 - Peace is reached between Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War. Sweden gains Ingermanland and Karelia. Births January 6... 7 (AH 1025)- Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. April - A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide. June 6 - The invading Manchu... 1644/ Events February 15 - English Civil War: New Model Army is founded officially June 14 - English Civil War: Battle of Naseby - 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers June 28 - English Civil War - the Royalists lose Carlisle July 2: Fight at Alford, Aberdeenshire October 8: Jeanne Mance... 5
• Badi II Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. April - A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide. June 6 - The invading Manchu... 1644/ Events February 15 - English Civil War: New Model Army is founded officially June 14 - English Civil War: Battle of Naseby - 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers June 28 - English Civil War - the Royalists lose Carlisle July 2: Fight at Alford, Aberdeenshire October 8: Jeanne Mance... 5- Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. October 12 - A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of involving herself in politics. August 31 - Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in... 1681
• Unsa II Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. October 12 - A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of involving herself in politics. August 31 - Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in... 1681- Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. June 10 - Salem Witch Trials: three women hanged for witchcraft. August 19 - Salem Witch Trials: three women and four men are hanged for... 1692
• Badi III Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. June 10 - Salem Witch Trials: three women hanged for witchcraft. August 19 - Salem Witch Trials: three women and four men are hanged for... 1692- Events Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded. Crieff, Scotland was burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. Kangxi Dictionary was published this year. This dictionary laid the fundamental of most references to Han characters studies nowadays. Ongoing events... 1716
• Unsa III Events January 23 - The Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) Births November 30 - Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, later Princess of Wales. Deaths January 12 - John Flamsteed, astronomer... 1719- Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. February 29 - Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden resigns. The Tuscarora fled North Carolina as a result of European colonisation Edmond Halley appointed... 1720
• Nul Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. February 29 - Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden resigns. The Tuscarora fled North Carolina as a result of European colonisation Edmond Halley appointed... 1720- Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. Partitioned Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia November 16 – China expels foreign missionaries Königsberg founded... 1724
• Badi IV Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. Partitioned Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia November 16 – China expels foreign missionaries Königsberg founded... 1724- Events Neolin begins to preach. January 4 - Britain declares war on Spain & Naples July 17 - Catherine II becomes empress of Russia upon the murder of Peter III of Russia. Empress Go-Sakuramachi ascends to the throne of Japan British East India Company seizes the port city of Manila, Philippines... 1762
• Nasir Events Neolin begins to preach. January 4 - Britain declares war on Spain & Naples July 17 - Catherine II becomes empress of Russia upon the murder of Peter III of Russia. Empress Go-Sakuramachi ascends to the throne of Japan British East India Company seizes the port city of Manila, Philippines... 1762- Events Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen exhibits the Mechanical Turk, a chess-playing machine May 14 - Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey and begin the settlement of California. Famine in Bengal kills 10 million people, a third... 1769
• Isma'il Events January 9 - Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London) May 10 - John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for the North Briton severely criticizing King George III. This action provokes rioting in London Secretary of State for colonies appointed in Britain Massachusetts Assembly dissolved for refusing to... 1768- Events Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen exhibits the Mechanical Turk, a chess-playing machine May 14 - Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey and begin the settlement of California. Famine in Bengal kills 10 million people, a third... 1769
• Adlan II This article is about the year 1776. For the musical, see 1776 (musical) Events January 10 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense March 17 - American Revolutionary War: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts after George Washington places artillery overlooking the city. March 28 - Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the... 1776- 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - First nationwide United States election January 21 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts January 23 - Georgetown College becomes the first... 1789
• Awkal 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). Events In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharpthe Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others. January 11 - William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus. February... 1787- 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 1 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published. January 2 - Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 4th U.S. state. January 9 - Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution... 1788
• Tayyib II 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 1 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published. January 2 - Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 4th U.S. state. January 9 - Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution... 1788- 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address. January 30 - The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne. February 1 - In New York City the Supreme Court of... 1790
• Badi V 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address. January 30 - The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne. February 1 - In New York City the Supreme Court of... 1790
• Nawwar 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address. January 30 - The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne. February 1 - In New York City the Supreme Court of... 1790- Events January 25 - The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada March 3 - The U.S. Congress passes a resolution calling for the establishment of the United States Mint (U.S. Mint not created until next year). March... 1791
• Badi VI Events January 25 - The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada March 3 - The U.S. Congress passes a resolution calling for the establishment of the United States Mint (U.S. Mint not created until next year). March... 1791- Events February-October - Irish Rebellion of 1798 April 7 - The Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain April 26 - France annexes Geneva May 24 - Irish nationalists rebel against British occupation forces believing that French troops were... 1798
• Ranfi Events February-October - Irish Rebellion of 1798 April 7 - The Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain April 26 - France annexes Geneva May 24 - Irish nationalists rebel against British occupation forces believing that French troops were... 1798- 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804
• Agban 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804- Events January 11 - Michigan Territory is created. February 15 - Harmony Society officially formed March 1 - Justice Samuel Chase acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate April 27 - United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The Shores of Tripoli). May 26 - In Milans cathedral... 1805
• Badi VII Events January 11 - Michigan Territory is created. February 15 - Harmony Society officially formed March 1 - Justice Samuel Chase acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate April 27 - United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The Shores of Tripoli). May 26 - In Milans cathedral... 1805- Events February 23 - The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries founds the first pharmacy college. March 25 - Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Greek War of Independence. July 10 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain. July 28 - Peru declares independence... 1821

Hamaj regents

• Abu Likayik - Events Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen exhibits the Mechanical Turk, a chess-playing machine May 14 - Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey and begin the settlement of California. Famine in Bengal kills 10 million people, a third... 1769- Events February 9 - American Revolutionary War: British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion March 23 - American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech - give me liberty or give me death in Williamsburg, Virginia. April 14 - American Revolutionary War: Massachusetts Governor Gage is secretly ordered by the British to enforce the Coercive... 1775/ This article is about the year 1776. For the musical, see 1776 (musical) Events January 10 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense March 17 - American Revolutionary War: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts after George Washington places artillery overlooking the city. March 28 - Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the... 6
• Badi walad Rajab - Events February 9 - American Revolutionary War: British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion March 23 - American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech - give me liberty or give me death in Williamsburg, Virginia. April 14 - American Revolutionary War: Massachusetts Governor Gage is secretly ordered by the British to enforce the Coercive... 1775/ This article is about the year 1776. For the musical, see 1776 (musical) Events January 10 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense March 17 - American Revolutionary War: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts after George Washington places artillery overlooking the city. March 28 - Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the... 6- Events January 16 - Sweden, and Russia. March 26 - The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain May 12 - American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces. August 16 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden - The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina... 1780
• Rajab Events January 16 - Sweden, and Russia. March 26 - The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain May 12 - American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces. August 16 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden - The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina... 1780- 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events May 21 - Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris August 8 - Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. September 2 – Hurricane in England Choctaw Treaty Chickasaw... 1786/ 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). Events In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharpthe Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others. January 11 - William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus. February... 7
• Nasir 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events May 21 - Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris August 8 - Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. September 2 – Hurricane in England Choctaw Treaty Chickasaw... 1786/ 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). Events In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharpthe Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others. January 11 - William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus. February... 7- 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 1 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published. January 2 - Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 4th U.S. state. January 9 - Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution... 1788

References

• R.S. O'Fahey and J.L Spaulding Kingdoms of the Sudan