Kirishitan (吉利支丹, 切支丹, キリシタン), from Portuguese cristão, meant Christian(s) in Japanese and is today used as a historiographic term for Christians in Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries. This article overviews Christianity in Japan at the time. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Catholic missionary activities in Japan began in 1549, exclusively performed by Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, gained access to Japan. Catholicism was subsequently repressed in several parts of the country and ceased to exist publicly in the 17th century. Events July - Ketts Rebellion Francis Xavier arrives in Japan. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... The term mendicant refers to begging or otherwise relying on charitable donations, and is most widely used for religious followers or ascetics who rely exclusively on charity to survive. ... Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ...

The line of demarcations between Spain and Portugal

The missionary activities of the Catholic orders were initially sponsored by the Iberian kingdoms of Portugal and Spain. Religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. Although at the time of the demarcation, neither nation had any direct contact with Japan, that nation fell into the sphere of the Portuguese. The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas), signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), June 7, 1494, divided the world outside of Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south meridian 370 leagues (1550 km) west of...

A Japanese votive altar, Nanban style. End of 16th century. Guimet Museum.

Portugal and Spain disputed about the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits took a lead in proselytizing in Japan over Spaniards. The fait accompli was approved Pope Gregory XIII's papal bull of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese diocese of Macao. In 1588, the diocese of Funai (Nagasaki) was founded under Portuguese protection. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1019x823, 182 KB) Summary A Japanese Votive Altar. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1019x823, 182 KB) Summary A Japanese Votive Altar. ... The period of Nanban (Southern Barbarian) contacts in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1650, under the promulgation of the Seclusion Laws. ... Guimet in his museum. ... Gregory XIII, born Ugo Boncompagni (January 7, 1502 – April 10, 1585) was pope from 1572 to 1585. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ... Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎市, Nagasaki-shi  , long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. ...

In rivalry with Jesuits, Spain-sponsored mendicant orders snuck into Japan via Manila. While criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in Pope Clement VIII's decree of 1600, which allowed Spanish friars to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and Pope Paul V's decree of 1608, which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their patron. The power struggle between Jesuits and mendicant orders caused a schism within the diocese of Funai. Furthermore, mendicant orders tried in vain to establish a diocese on the Tohoku region that was to be independent from the Portuguese one. Nickname: Pearl of the Orient, City by the Bay, Distinguished and Ever Loyal City Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government... Clement VIII, born Ippolito Aldobrandini (Fano, Italy, February 24, 1536 – March 3, 1605 in Rome) was Pope from January 30, 1592 to March 3, 1605. ... A friar is a member of a religious order of men. ... Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1552 – January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ... Tohoku region, Japan The Tōhoku region (東北地方; Tōhoku-chihō) is a geographical area of Japan. ...

The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England. Theoretically, it was repudiated by Grotius's Mare Liberum. In the early 17th century, Japan built trade relations with the Netherlands and England. Although England withdrew from the operations in ten years under James I due to lack of profitability, the Netherlands continued to trade with Japan and became the only European country that maintained trade relations with Japan until the 19th century. As trade competitors, the Protestant countries engaged in a negative campaign against Catholicism, and it subsequently affected shogunate policies toward the Iberian kingdoms. Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; 10th April 1583 - 28th August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... See James VI of Scotland and I of England James I of Scotland James I of Aragon James I of Sicily James I of Cyprus This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This page is about the Japanese ruler and military rank. ...

Portugal and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate churches from the influence of the Iberian kingdoms. But it was too late for Japan. The organization failed to establish staging points in Japan. The headquarters of the Propaganda fide in Rome, housed by architects Borromini and Bernini: etching by Giuseppe Vasi, 1761 The Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith) is an organ of the Roman Catholic Church responsible for missionary work and related activities. ...

Propagation strategy

The martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1590-1600 tempera painting, Japan.

Jesuits believed that it was very effective to seek to influence people in power and to pass the religion downward to the commoners. At least they needed to gain permission from local rulers to propagate Catholicism within their domains. It is confirmed that as feudal lords converted to Catholicism, the number of believers in their territories was drastically increased. Thus historians presume forced conversion although Christians would claim that massive conversion resulted from influence of their lords' exemplary behavior, not from forced conversion. Although some Jesuits focused the spotlight on exceptional rulers like Takayama Ukon and many martyrs, the vast majority of superficial Christians abandoned Catholicism after persecution. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (502x1301, 133 KB) Summary Tempera painting of the martyr of Saint Sebastian, 1590-1600, Japan. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (502x1301, 133 KB) Summary Tempera painting of the martyr of Saint Sebastian, 1590-1600, Japan. ... This article is about St. ... A 1367 tempera on wood by Niccolò Semitecolo. ... Dom Justo Takayama (1552 - 1615) was a daimyo born in the Yamato Province in Japan during the Tokugawa shogunate. ... Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. ...

Economic activities

The Jesuits in Japan had to maintain economic self-sufficiency because they could not expect stable and sufficient payment from their patron, the King of Portugal. Alternatively, the king allowed Jesuits to engage in Portuguese trade with Japan. Such economic activity can be found in work of Francis Xavier, the pioneer of Catholic missions in Japan. He covered the cost of missionary work by selling pepper obtained in Malacca. From 1550s to the 1570s, Jesuits covered all necessary expense with trade profits and bought land in India. This does not cite its references or sources. ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh State anthem: Melaka Maju Jaya Capital Malacca Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Mohd Khalil Yaakob  - Ketua Menteri Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam History    - Malacca Sultanate 13th century   - Portuguese control 24 August 1511   - Dutch control 1641   - British control 17 March 1824   - Japanese Occupation 1942-1946...

Their officially recognized commercial activity was a fixed-amount entry into the Portuguese silk trade between Macau and Nagasaki. They financed to a certain amount a trade association of Macau, which purchased raw silk in Canton and sold it in Nagasaki. They did not confine their commercial activity to the official one but expanded into unauthorized markets. For the Macau-Nagasaki trade, they dealt silk fabrics, gold, musk and other goods. Sometimes, they even got involved in Spanish trade, which was prohibited by the king of Spain and Portugal and which antagonized Portuguese traders. Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎市, Nagasaki-shi  , long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. ...

It was mainly procurators who brokered Portuguese trade. They resided in Macau and Nagasaki, and accepted purchase commitment by Japanese customers, such as the shogunate, daimyo and wealthy merchants. By brokerage, Jesuits could expect not only rebates but also favorable treatments from the authorities. For this reason, procurator became an important post amongst Jesuits in Japan. Although trade activities by Jesuits ate into Portuguese trade interests, procurators continued brokerage utilizing the authority of the Catholic Church. At the same time, Portuguese merchants required procurators who were familiar with Japanese customs, as they established no permanent trading post in Japan. Probably the most notable procurator was Joao Rodrigues, who approached Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu and even participated in the administration of Nagasaki. Daimyo Matsudaira Katamori visits the residence of a retainer. ... Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting customs duties and for controlling the flow of animals and goods (including personal effects and hazardous items) in and out of a country. ... Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; Kyūjitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (Genpuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ;February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598), was a Sengoku... Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until...

Such commercial activities were contrary to the idea of honorable poverty the the priests held. But some Jesuits at this time placed expansion of the society's influence before the ideal.

Mendicant orders fiercely accused Jesuits of being corrupt and even considered their activity as the primary reason of Japan's ban on Catholicism. Mendicant orders themselves were not necessarily uninvolved in commercial activities, although due to the lack of primary sources it is difficult to uncover their economic situation. A primary source is any piece of information that is used for constructing history as an artifact of its times. ...

Military activities

Missionaries were not reluctant to take a military action if they considered it an effective way to Christianize Japan.

They often associated military action against Japan with the conquest of China. They thought that well-trained Japanese soldiers who had experienced long civil wars would help their countries conquer China. For example, Alessandro Valignano said to the Philippine Governor that it was impossible to conquer Japan because the Japanese were very brave and always received military training but that Japan would benefit them when they would conquer China. Francisco Cabral also reported to the King of Spain that priests were able to send to China two or three thousand Japanese Christian soldiers who were brave and were expected to serve the king with little pay. Alessandro Valignano, circa 1600. ...

The Jesuits provided various kinds of support including military support to Kirishitan daimyo when they were threatened by non-Kirishitan daimyo. Most notable was their support for Omura Sumitada and Arima Harunobu, who fought against the anti-Catholic Ryuzoji clan. In the 1580s, Valignano believed in the effectiveness of military actions and fortified Nagasaki and Mogi. In 1585, Gaspar Coelho asked the Spanish Philippines to send a fleet but the plan was rejected due to shortness of its military capability. Daimyo Matsudaira Katamori visits the residence of a retainer. ... Omura Sumitada (大村純忠, 1533-June 23, 1587) Japanese daimyo lord of the Sengoku period. ... Arima Harunobu (????-1612) Arima Harunobu, the son of Arima Yoshisada, along with being his sucessor. ... Gaspar Coelho was a Portuguese Jesuit missionary. ...

When Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued the first ban on Catholicism in 1587, the Jesuits in Japan, led by Coelho, planned armed resistance. At first, they sought help from Kirishitan daimyo but the daimyo refused. Then they called for a deployment of reinforcements from their homeland and colonies. But this plan was abolished by Valignano. Like Kirishitan daimyo, he realized that a military campaign against the powerful ruler would bring catastrophe to Catholicism in Japan. Valignano survived the crisis by laying all the blame on Coelho. In 1590, the Jesuits decided to stop intervening in struggles between daimyo and to disarm themselves. They only approved secret food and financial aid for Kirishitan daimyo. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; Kyūjitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (Genpuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ;February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598), was a Sengoku... Daimyo Matsudaira Katamori visits the residence of a retainer. ...

It seems that the Jesuits had no military plan during the Edo period since they realized that the Tokugawa shogunate was much stronger and more stable than Toyotomi Hideyoshi's administration. In contrast, mendicant orders relatively openly discussed military options. In 1615, a Franciscan emissary of the Viceroy of New Spain asked the shogun for land to build a Spanish fortress and deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the Iberian colonial powers behind it. It is not, however, beyond suspicion that the Jesuits in fact infiltrated the Franciscans in order to advance the Jesuit agenda against Japan by more innocuous looking means. Edo (Japanese: , literally: bay-door, estuary, pronounced //), once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Japan's policy toward Catholicism

When the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier arrived, Japan was experiencing a nationwide civil war. Neither the emperor nor the Ashikaga shogun could exercise power over the nation. At first, Xavier planned to gain permission for building a mission from the emperor but was disappointed with the devastation of the imperial residence. The Jesuits approached daimyo in southwestern Japan and succeeded in converting some of these daimyo. One reason for their conversion may have been the Portuguese trade in which the Jesuits acted as brokers. The Jesuits recognized this and approached local rulers with trade and exotic gifts.

Monument to Kirishitan martyrs in Nagasaki

The Jesuits attempted to expand their activity to Kyoto and the surrounding regions. In 1559, Gaspar Vilela obtained permission from Ashikaga Yoshiteru to teach Christianity. This license was the same as those given to Buddhist temples, so special treatment cannot be confirmed regarding Jesuits. On the other hand, Emperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568. Anyway, the orders of the emperor and the shogun were not influential. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1722x1162, 587 KB) Monument to Martyrs, Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1722x1162, 587 KB) Monument to Martyrs, Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. ... Megane-bashi (Spectacles Bridge) Nagasaki   listen? (長崎市; -shi, literally long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture located at the south-western coast of Kyushu, Japan. ... Kyoto )   is a city in the central part of the island of HonshÅ«, Japan. ... Ashikaga Yoshiteru (Jp. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion and a philosophy. ... The word temple has different meanings in the fields of architecture, religion, geography, anatomy, and education. ... Emperor ÅŒgimachi (正親町天皇) (June 18, 1517 - February 6, 1593) was the 106th imperial ruler of Japan. ...

Christians refer positively to Oda Nobunaga, who died in the middle of reunification of Japan. He favored the Jesuit missionary Luis Frois and generally tolerated Christianity. But overall, he undertook no remarkable policies toward Catholicism. Actually, Catholic power in his domain was trivial as he did not conquer western Japan, where the Jesuits were based. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Categories: Stub | Portuguese people | Jesuits ...

Buddhist statue with hidden cross on back, used by Christians in Japan to hide their real beliefs

The situation was changed when Toyotomi Hideyoshi reunified Japan. Once he became the ruler of Japan, Hideyoshi began to pay attention to external threats, particularly the expansion of European power in East Asia. The turning point for Catholic missions was the San Felipe incident, where in an attempt to recover his cargo, the Spanish captain of a shipwrecked trading vessel claimed the missionaries were there to prepare Japan for conquest. These claims enraged Hideyoshi and made him suspicious of the foreign religion. He attempted to curb Catholicism while maintaining good trading relations with Portugal and Spain, which might provide military support to Christian Daimyo in the western Japan. In 1587, he banned the ruling class from converting to Catholicism, as he was concerned that divided loyalties might lead to dangerous rebels like the Ikkō-ikki Sect of earlier years. At the same time, he put Nagasaki under his direct control to control Portuguese trade. In 1597, 26 Kirishitan followers were executed in Nagasaki at Hideyoshi's order. He also abolished slavery in Japan and substituted with debt bondage. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 425 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (776 × 1095 pixel, file size: 170 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Buddhist statue with a hidden cross on the back on Clover Garden, Nagasaki, Japan. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 425 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (776 × 1095 pixel, file size: 170 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Buddhist statue with a hidden cross on the back on Clover Garden, Nagasaki, Japan. ... The Japanese Ikkō-ikki ), literally single-minded leagues, were mobs of peasant farmers, monks, Shinto priests and local nobles, who rose up against samurai rule in the 15th and 16th centuries. ... Events 17 January - A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i. ...

After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed hegemony over Japan, in 1600. Like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he disliked Christian activities in Japan but gave priority to trade with Portugal and Spain. He secured Portuguese trade in 1600. He negotiated with Manila to establish trade with the Philippines. The trade promotion made his policies toward Catholicism inconsistent. At the same time, in an attempt to wrest control of the Japan trade from the Catholic countries, Dutch and British traders advised the Shogunate that Spain did indeed have territorial ambitions, and that Catholicism was Spain's principal means. The Dutch and British promised, in distinction, that they would limit themselves to trading and would not conduct missionary activities in Japan. Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu The Tokugawa clan crest This is a Japanese name; the family name is Tokugawa Tokugawa Ieyasu (previously spelled Iyeyasu) January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until... Nickname: Pearl of the Orient, City by the Bay, Distinguished and Ever Loyal City Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Manila Coordinates: 14°35 N 121° E Country Philippines Region National Capital Region Districts 1st to 6th districts of Manila Barangays 897 Incorporated (city) June 10, 1574 Government...

The Tokugawa shogunate finally decided to ban Catholicism, in 1614. This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The immediate cause of the prohibition was a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but there were also other reasons behind it. The shogunate was concerned about possible invasion by Iberian colonial powers, as they did in the New World and the Philippines. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the Toyotomi clan. On the other hand, some Jesuits cited "reasons of state" as the key factor; they realized superiority of state politics over religion in Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. ... Events April 5 - In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. ... A vavasour, (also vavasor, Old French vavassor, vavassour, French vavasseur, LL. vavassor, probably from vassus vassorum vassal of the vassals) is a term in Feudal law. ... The Toyotomi family was powerful in the late Sengoku period in Japan. ...

Christian view of Kirishitan history

Non-religious researchers find it difficult to understand the motivations behind martyrdom. Instead of giving detailed accounts, they merely point out the rate of martyrdoms; the number of Christians at their peak is estimated at 500,000 whereas there were likely around 1,000 known martyrs during the missionary period. In contrast, Christians attach a great importance to martyrdom and persecution, noting the countless more people dispossessed of their land and property leading to subsequent death in poverty.

Picture of Christ used to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers

The Japanese government used Fumie to reveal practicing Catholics and sympathizers. Fumie were pictures of the Virgin Mary and Christ. Government officials made everybody trample on these pictures. People reluctant to step on the pictures were identified as Catholics and were sent to Nagasaki. The policy of Japanese government (Edo) was to turn them from their faith, Catholicism. However, if the Catholics refused to change their religion, they were tortured. But as many of them still refused to abandon their faith, they were killed by the government. Execution took place at Nagasaki's Mount Unzen, where many were dumped into the volcano^{[citation needed]}. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 516 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (763 × 887 pixel, file size: 157 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fumie (踏み絵): Jesus relief as a tile to step on, exhibited in Clover Garden, Nagasaki, Japan. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 516 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (763 × 887 pixel, file size: 157 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Fumie (踏み絵): Jesus relief as a tile to step on, exhibited in Clover Garden, Nagasaki, Japan. ... A fumie (踏み絵) was a likeness of Jesus or Mary upon which the religious authorities of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan required suspected Christians to step in order to prove that they were not members of that outlawed religion. ... Saint Mary and Saint Mary the Virgin both redirect here. ... Christ is the English of the Greek word (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎市, Nagasaki-shi  , long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. ... Mount Unzen (雲仙岳) is an active volcano near the city of Shimabara in Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. ... For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...

The Shimabara Rebellion, led by a young Christian boy named Amakusa Shiro Tokisada, took place in 1637. The Rebellion broke out over economic desperation and government oppression, but later assumed a religious tone. About 27,000 people joined the uprising, but it was crushed by the shogunate after a sustained campaign. They are not considered martyrs by the Catholic Church since they took up arms for materialist reasons. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The article incorporates text from OpenHistory. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ...

Many Japanese were deported to Macau or to the Spanish Philippines. Many Macanese and Japanese Mestizo are the mixed-race descendants of the deported Japanese Catholics. 400 were officially deported by the government to Macau and Manila, but thousands of Japanese were pressured into moving voluntarily. There were about 10,000 Macanese, and about 3,000 Japanese moved to Manila. Broadly, Macanese (Traditional Chinese: ; literally people of Macau) refers to the people of Macau. ... Mestizo (Portuguese, Mestiço; French, Métis: from Late Latin mixticius, from Latin mixtus, past participle of miscere, to mix) is a term of Spanish origin used to designate people of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry. ...

The Catholic Remnant in Japan was driven underground as the "Hidden Christians". Some priests, however, remained in Japan illegally, including eighteen Jesuits, seven Franciscans, seven Dominicans, one Augustinian, five seculars and an unknown number of Jesuit irmao and dojuku. Kakure Kirishitan (隠れキリシタン, Japanese for Hidden Christian) is a modern term for a member of a sect of Japanese Roman Catholicism that went underground after the Shimabara Rebellion in the 1630s. ...

As this time corresponds to the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants in Germany, it is possible that the checking of Catholic power in Europe reduced the flow of funds to the Catholic missions in Japan, which could be why they failed at this time and not before. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Rediscovery and Return

In 1865, some of Japanese who lived in Urakami village near Nagasaki visited Ōura Church. There, they met a French priest of the Paris Foreign Missions Society (fr:Missions étrangères de Paris), Bernard Thadee Petitjean, and confessed their families had kept Kirishitan faith - some for nearly 250 years. Some of Kirishitans returned to Roman Catholicism and prayed at the church in secret. The Edo Shogunate still banned Christianity, however, and heavily persecuted the religion in 1867, the last year of its rule. The succeeding Meiji government continued in this vein, instituting Shinto as the spiritual basis for its new regime. As a result of this official, 'Japanese' religion, imported faiths became heavily suspect. In the west, Europe and the U.S. began to vocally criticize the persecution. The Japanese government realized that it must lift the ban in order to attain its interests. In 1873 the ban was lifted, and many Kirishitans surfaced, some returning to the Roman Catholic Church to help construct Urakami Cathedral, completed in 1895. Those who remained apart from the Catholic Church became known as Hanare Kirishitans, retaining their own traditional beliefs. 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Urakami Tenshudo (Catholic Church in Nagasaki) destroyed by the atomic bomb, the bell of the church having toppled off. ... ÅŒura Church ÅŒura Church ) is a Catholic church in Nagasaki, Japan. ... The Society of Foreign Missions of Paris (French: Missions Étrangères de Paris, short M.E.P.) is a roman catholic missionary order. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Meiji (明 bright, brilliant æ²» reign, government) may refer to: Meiji Restoration, the revolution that ushered in the Meiji Era Meiji period - the period in Japanese history when the Meiji Emperor reigned Emperor Meiji of Japan - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who reigned during Meiji Era Meiji Constitution - ie. ... Shinto ) is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Urakami Cathedral, one of Nagasakis prominent landmarks, stands on a hill amid the rubble of a residential district east of ground zero. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Hanare Kirishitans are Christians who, after the Roman Catholic Church was allowed back into Japan in the 1800s during the Meiji Restoration, did not rejoin the church and continued to practice their hidden version of Christianity. ...

See also

• Kakure Kirishitan ("hidden Christian") were the Japanese communities that kept a rest of Christianity in spite of persecution. Their isolation led to drifting from the foreign version of the religion.
• Nanban trade period
• Nippo jisho
• Martyrdom of the 26 Saints of Japan
• Tomas Araki
• Japanese words of Portuguese origin

Kakure Kirishitan (隠れキリシタン, Japanese for Hidden Christian) is a modern term for a member of a sect of Japanese Roman Catholicism that went underground after the Shimabara Rebellion in the 1630s. ... The Nanban Trade Period (Jp:南蛮貿易時代, Lit. ... The Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書, literally the “Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary”) or Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam was a Japanese to Portuguese dictionary published in Nagasaki, Japan in 1603. ... The incident known as the Martydom of the 26 Saints of Japan was a execution of Kirishitan which took place in Nagasaki on February 5, 1597. ... Many Japanese words of Portuguese origin entered the Japanese language when Portuguese Jesuit priests introduced Christian ideas, Western science and technology, among other things to the Japanese during the Muromachi period (15-16th century). ...

External links

• History of the Japanese Catholic Church by the Daughters of St. Paul convent; Tokyo, Japan
• Pilgrimage Sites and Churches in Nagasaki by TCA (Think Catholic Asia) Japan located inside Nagasaki Catholic Center