Kirkuk كه‌ركوو, كركوك
Location of Kirkuk in Iraqi map
Country	Iraq
Area	Kurdistan
Population
- Urban	755,700
Time zone	GMT +4 (UTC)

Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Arabic: كركوك, Kirkūk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك, Kerkûk; Syriac: ܐܪܦܗܐ, Arrapha; Persian: کرکوک; Turkish: Kerkük) is a city in northern Iraq and capital of Taamim Governorate. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Image File history File links Kirkuk. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... Kurdistan (Soranî: كوردستان, literally meaning the land of Kurds[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: ) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds. ... Crowded Shibuya, Tokyo shopping district An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... The Kurdish language is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ... Syriac ( Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Kirkuk Governorate (previously: Kirkuk Governorate, Kurdish: Garmiyan, Middle Iranian: Garmakan,) is one of the Governorates of Iraq located in north of the country. ...

The present city of Kirkuk, which lies in the Kurdistan geographical region^[1][2], stands on the site of the ancient Hurrian (Khurrite) and Assyrian capital of Arrapha, which sits near the Khasa River on the ruins of a 5,000-year-old settlement. Arrapha reached great importance under the Assyrians in the 10th and 11th centuries BC. Because of the strategic geographical location of the city, Kirkuk was the battle ground for three empires, Assyria, Babylonia, and Media, who controlled the city at various times.^[3] Kurdistan (Soranî: كوردستان, literally meaning the land of Kurds[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: ) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds. ... The word Hurrian may refer to: An ancient people of the Near East, the Hurrians. ... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... Arrapha (ܐܪܦܐ in Assyrian) (Arabic: ‎) was an ancient Assyrian city, that laed in what is today the city of Kirkuk. ... Dry Khasa River. ... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, was an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ...

Kirkuk is the centre of the northern Iraqi petroleum industry. It is an historically and ethnically mixed city populated by Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, Turkmens and Armenians. It is located at 35.47°N, 44.41°E, in the Iraqi governorate of at-Ta'mim, 250 kilometres (156 miles) north of the capital, Baghdad. The Kirkuk region lies between the Zagros Mountains to the north-east, the Zab River and the Tigris River to the west, the Hamrin Mountains (Arabic: جبل حمرين) to the south, and the Sirwan (Diyala) River to the south-east. The population was estimated at 755,700 in 2003. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... Iraq is divided into 18 governorates or provinces (muhafazah): The current set of governorates were established in 1976. ... At Tamim is a province of the nation of Iraq. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... The Zagros Mountains (Persian: رشته كوه زاگرس), (Kurdish: Çîyayên Zagrosê), make up Iran and Iraqs largest mountain range. ... Zab (Kurdish: Zê, Persian: زاب; Zâb, Syriac: ܙܘܐ; Zawa) is the name given to two separate rivers that flow through Iran, Iraq and Turkey to become the two principal tributaries of the Tigris. ... The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... A mountain range in Iraq that extend from Diyala province, 60 km east of Baghdad, and borders on Iran and extend to oil rich city of Kirkuk, 260 km north of Baghdad. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Map of Mesopotamia showing the Diyala River The Diyala River is a river and tributary of the Tigris that runs through Iran and Iraq. ... Diyala is one of the constituent governorates of the nation of Iraq. ...

Etymology

The city was founded around 2000 BC and derives its name from the old Hurrian word Arabkha which was later changed to Arrapha.^[4] For the history of the kingdom of Mitanni (1500–1300 BC), see Mitanni. ...

After collapse of Assyria the region around Kirkuk was known as Kurkura, which may explain the origin of the Kurdish name Baba Kurkur (Father flame) for the area ^[5]. Under Greek reign it was known as Karkha D-Bet Slokh, which means 'Citadel of the House of Seleucid'^[6] as the Aramaic language was lingua franca of fertile crescent at that era.^[7] Baba Gurgur (بابا كركر) is a large oil field near the city of Kirkuk which was the first to be discovered in Northern Iraq in 1927. ... Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... The Fertile Crescent is a historical crescent-shape region in the Middle East incorporating the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. ...

The region around Kirkuk was known during Parthian and Sassanid periods as Garmakan, which in Persian means the 'Land of Warmth' or the 'Hot Land';^[8] this name is still used by the Kurds in the form of Garmian with the same meaning. Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Garmian, (also: Germiyan, old: Garmakan) is a native regional subdivision of Kurdish regions in northern Iraq. ...

A cuneiform script found in 1927 at the foot of Kirkuk Citadel stated that the city of Erekha of Babylonia was on the site of Kirkuk. Other sources consider Erekha to have been simply one part of the larger Arrapha metropolis. The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. ... Kirkuk Citadel. ...

From 7th century when Muslim Arabs conquered the area up to the medieval era Arab writers used the name 'Kirkheni' to refer to the city.^[9] Some Arabs used the name Bajermi or Jermakan.^[10]

The Turkmen of Kirkuk believe that the word Kirkuk started to be used for the first time by the Turkmen State Kara Koyunlu (1375 – 1468). According to Turkmen tradition, the name of the city comes from their word Kerk, meaning 'beauty'.^[11] The Karakoyunlu or the Black Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: Qaraqoyunlular/Karakoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled what is today Azerbaijan, including present-day northwestern Iran and Iraq from 1375 to 1468. ...

History

Kirkuk Citadel

Originally the city was founded by Hurrian-related Zagros-Taurus dwellers who were known as Karda, Qurtie or Guti by lowland-dwellers of Southern Mesopotamia. Ancient Kirkuk named Arraphkha, was capital of Kingdom of Gutium which is mentioned in cuneiform records about 2400 BC, and roughly corresponds to much of Kurdistan. ^[12] Image File history File links Citadel. ... Image File history File links Citadel. ... Kirkuk Citadel. ... The word Hurrian may refer to: An ancient people of the Near East, the Hurrians. ...

The small Hurrian kingdom of Arraphka which modern Kirkuk represents its capital^[13] was situated along the southeastern edge of the area under Aryan Mittanian domination.^[14] From 1500 to 1360 BC all kings of Assyria were vassals of kingdom of Mittani.^[15] Assyria's revolt against the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani probably led to fall of the kingdom in the 14th BC century and ultimately contributed to Mittani empires’s collapse. The city reached great prominence in the 10th and 11th centuries BC under Assyrian rule. However in 6th BC, Assyria was conquered by a union of Medes, remaining Hurrian-related tribes, and Babylonians.^[16] After Medes Achaemenids had the region under their dominion; In Parthian, and Sassanid eras Kirkuk was capital of a local kingdom called Garmakan, (Kurdish: Garmiyan). The Mitanni (also, more correctly, Mittani) was the name of the Hurrian population in West Asia in the second millennium BC, around the Khabur River in upper Mesopotamia, and, most notably, to a ruling dynasty of maybe Indo-Aryan origin who dominated that population during the 15th and 14th centuries... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Babylonia was an ancient state in Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Dynasty was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire, including Cyrus II the Great, Darius I and Xerxes I. At the height of their power, the Achaemenid rulers of Persia ruled over territories roughly emcompassing some parts of todays Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon... Reproduction of a Parthian warrior as depicted on Trajans Column The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Origins Bust of Parthian soldier, Esgh-abad Museum, Turkmenia. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Garmian, (also: Germiyan, old: Garmakan) is a native regional subdivision of Kurdish regions in northern Iraq. ...

In the 7th century AD, with Arab invasion of Sassanid empire, the region fell into Muslims control. Up to the end of the 14th century AD, Kirkuk often administratively and economically belonged to Daquq and they were both at the same time in contact with Arbil and Sharazor and their extensions. In the medieval era the city was part of and since 16th century capital of the ancient wilayet of Sharazor. Sharazor (also: Sharazur, Shahrazor, Shahrazur, Shahrezour, Shehrizor, land of Zor and City of Zor) was name of a historic Wilayet and a city situated to the south and east of Iraqi Kurdistan; // The name of Sharazor is formed of two words: Shar or shahr meaning: land, region, city; and Zor...

The principal Arab extended families in the city of Kirkuk were: the Tikriti and the Hadidi (Arabic: الحديدي). The Tikriti family was the main Arab family in Kirkuk coming from Tikrit in 1600s. Other Arab tribes who settled in Kirkuk during the Ottoman Period are the Al-Ubaid (Arabic: العبيد) and the Al-Jiburi (Arabic: الجبور). The Al-Ubaid came from just northwest of Mosul when they were forced out of the area by other Arab tribes. They settled in the Hawija district in Kirkuk in 1935 during the government of Yasin al-Hashimi. ^[17] Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... Looking north along the Tigris towards Saddams Presidential palace in April 2003 Tikrit (تكريت, TikrÄ«t also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located 140 km northwest of Baghdad on the Tigris river (at 34. ... One of the Arab Tribes in Iraq. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... Looking north along the Tigris towards Saddams Presidential palace in April 2003 Tikrit (تكريت, TikrÄ«t also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located 140 km northwest of Baghdad on the Tigris river (at 34. ... November 5, 1605 â€” The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... Look up Ottoman, ottoman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... One of the Arab Tribes in Iraq settled around Kirkuk area. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... One of Arab Tribes in Iraq that scattered throughoutDiyala, Babil, Al Qadisyah, Zab River, Yusufiyah. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Tigris River and bridge in Mosul Mosul (Arabic: ‎ , Kurdish: Mûsil, Syriac: NînÄ›wâ, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of Ninawa Governorate. ... Most Iraqis identify strongly with a tribe (ashira), and nearly half of Iraqis are more loyal to their clans or tribes than to the national government. ... Hawija is a Sunni Arab town near Kirkuk south of Baghdad. ... Yasin al-Hashimi (1894 – 1937) (Arabic: ياسين الهاشمى ) was an Iraqi politician who served twice as that countrys prime minister. ...

Tomb of Daniel at Kirkuk Citadel

The time of occupation of the Kirkuk area by the Safavid Dynasty during the reign of Shah Ismail I in the 16th century AD is the time when the settlement of Turkmen in the area began. The Safavid tried to impose the Shi'a faith on the Kurds, in an attempt to replace the Sunni Muslim whom they did not trust. According to the Turkmen themselves, they migrated to Iraq during the Umayyads and Abbasid eras because they were in demand by these rulers as a result of their prowess in battle. However, they acknowledge that this period of their residence in Iraq was one of introduction rather than settlement and therefore the Turkmen of that era were integrated into the existing population. They believe that real settlement began during the Seljuq era when Toghrul entered Iraq in 1055 with his army composed mostly of Oghuz Turks. Kirkuk remained under the control of the Seljuq Empire for 63 years. The Turkmen settlement in Kirkuk was further expanded later during the Ottoman Era. However the Iraqi historian Abdul-Razzak Al-Hassani (Arabic: عبدالرزاق الحسني) asserts that the Turkmen of this region are: "part of the forces of Sultan Murad IV, who recaptured Iraq from the Safavid in 1638, and remained in these parts to protect this route between the southern and northern Ottoman Wilayahs".^[18] Image File history File links Daniel. ... Image File history File links Daniel. ... A tomb believed to be the last resting place for the prophet Daniel which is located within the Kirkuk Citadel in the city of Kirkuk, Iraq. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid State. ... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the... Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, AbbāsÄ«yÅ«n) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of... ToÄŸrül (TuÄŸril or Toghrïl Beg; ca 990 - September 4, 1063) was the third ruler of the Seljuk dynasty. ... The Oghuz Turks (also with various alternate spellings, including Oguz, OÄŸuz, Ouz, Okuz, Oufoi, Guozz, Ghuzz and Uz) are regarded as one of the major branches of Turkic peoples. ... The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of... Abdul Razzak Al-Hassani, an Iraqi historian, wrote a book titled The Political History of Iraq (in the Arabic language). ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Murad IV (Arabic: مراد الرابع) (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. ... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... A wilāyah (Arabic: ولاية) or vilayet (Turkish: vilâyet) or (ولایت in Persian) is an administrative division, usually translated as province. ...

Oil field

In 1927 a huge oil gusher was discovered at Baba Gurgur near Kirkuk. The Kirkuk oil field was brought into use by the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) in 1934 and has ever since remained the basis of northern Iraqi oil production with over ten billion barrels (1.6 km³) of proven remaining oil reserves as of 1998. After about seven decades of operation, Kirkuk still produces up to one million barrels a day, almost half of all Iraqi oil exports. The facilities have been frequently sabotaged during the fighting between Iraqi forces and the Kurds. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Baba Gurgur (بابا كركر) is a large oil field near the city of Kirkuk which was the first to be discovered in Northern Iraq in 1927. ... The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), until 1929 called Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), was an oil company jointly owned by by some of the worlds largest oil companies, which had virtual monopoly on all oil exploration in Iraq from 1925 to 1961. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... The barrel is the name of several units of measurement. ... This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. ... Look up million in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Some analysts believe that poor reservoir-management practices during the Saddam Hussein years may have seriously, and even permanently, damaged Kirkuk's oil field. One example showed an estimated 1.5 billion barrels of excess fuel oil being reinjected. Other problems include refinery residue and gas-stripped oil. Fuel oil reinjection has increased oil viscosity at Kirkuk making it more difficult and expensive to get the oil out of the ground.^[19] An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ...

Overall, between April 2003 and late December 2004 there were an estimated 123 attacks on Iraqi energy infrastructures, including the country's 4,350 mile-long pipeline system. In response to these attacks, which have cost Iraq billions of US dollars in lost oil-export revenues and repair costs, the US military set up the Task Force Shield to guard Iraq's energy infrastructure and the Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline in particular. In spite of the fact that little damage was done to Iraq's oil fields during the war itself, looting and sabotage after the war ended was highly destructive and accounted for perhaps eighty percent of the total damage.^[20] The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Task Force Shield was set up by the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 to provide security for Iraqs critical oil infrastructure. ... A 600 mile dual pipeline is Iraqs largest crude oil export line. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lunt, to rob), sacking, or plundering is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war [1], natural disaster [2], rioting [3], or terrorist attack... German supply train blown up by the Armia Krajowa during World War II Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ...

The discovery of vast quantities of oil in the region after World War I provided the impetus for the annexation of the former Ottoman Wilayah of Mosul (of which the Kirkuk region was a part), to the Iraqi Kingdom, established in 1921. Since then and particularly from 1963 onwards, there have been continuous attempts to transform the ethnic make-up of the region. “The Great War” redirects here. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and, at the height of its power in the 16th century, it included nearly 20 million km² in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. ... Tigris River and bridge in Mosul Mosul (Arabic: ‎ , Kurdish: Mûsil, Syriac: NînÄ›wâ, Turkish: Musul) is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of Ninawa Governorate. ...

Pipelines from Kirkuk run through Turkey to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea and were one of the two main routes for the export of Iraqi oil under the Oil-for-Food Programme following the Gulf War of 1991. This was in accordance with a United Nations mandate that at least 50% of the oil exports pass through Turkey. There were two parallel lines built in 1977 and 1987. Ceyhan is the second most populous city of the Turkish province of Adana and is an important Mediterranean port. ... Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003, was intended to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf, Michel Roquejeoffre , Peter de la Billière, Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded see section below The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War (2... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Demographics

The Ottoman encyclopaedist Shamsaddin Sami, author of the Qamus al-A’lam (قاموس الأعلام) published in Istanbul in 1897, following describing the city states: Three quarters of the inhabitants of Kirkuk are Kurds and the rest are Turcomans, Arabs, and others. Seven hundred and sixty Jews and 460 Chaldeans also reside in the city. ^[21] The result of 1957 census for the city has been reported as following: 178,000 Turkmens, 48,000 kurds, 43,000 Arabs and 10,000 Assyrian-Chaldean Christians living in the city. ^[22] In 1980's, many non-Arab people who were forced out of the city during the Ba'th rule, have started to claim back there lands since the toppling of Hussain's regime, including Turkmens and Kurds. The city of Kirkuk was long known as a city where people of different ethnic groups lived together in peace, but this changed starting in the 1980s during the regime of Saddam Hussein. Kurds and Turkmens were forced from Kirkuk and outlying villages where they had been living since the time of the British occupation of Iraq, to be replaced with Arab oilfield workers in Saddam's Arabization plan of the Al-Anfal Campaign. Today Kurds are estimated to form the majority of the inhabitants, with a significant Arab minority, followed by Turkmens and Assyrian minorities. Image File history File links KCP.jpg‎ I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links KCP.jpg‎ I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... The 1980s refers to the years of and between 1980 and 1989. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

For generations Kirkuk was Iraq's melting pot where the country's diverse ethnic and religious groups lived in relative peace. Today, Kirkuk's ethnic balance is threatened both by Iraqi insurgency, and by the Kurds and other long-oppressed group thirsting for justice and power in post-Saddam Hussein Iraq. Alternate meaning: crucible (science) The melting pot is a metaphor for the way in which heterogenous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (iron, tin; people of different backgrounds and religions, etc. ... The Iraq resistance movement is the armed resistance by diverse groups to the coalition occupation of Iraq. ...

At present there is surprisingly little sectarian violence, while political leaders quarrel over who will control Kirkuk. Newly powerful Kurds, who hold the second greatest share of seats in the Iraqi National Assembly insist that Kirkuk be included in the Kurdish Autonomous Region in the north. However, Sunni Arabs and Turkmens want the city controlled by Iraq's central government in Baghdad, 150 miles south. This dispute virtually derailed the creation of Iraq's new government: Kurds refused to support the new government without a guarantee that Kirkuk would be part of Kurdish Autonomous Region, and Shiites, who hold the majority of seats in the Iraqi National Assembly, refused to give in. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ... See also Southern (or Iraqi) Kurdistan The Kurdish Autonomous Region is a political entity established in 1970 following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... See also Southern (or Iraqi) Kurdistan The Kurdish Autonomous Region is a political entity established in 1970 following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The Iraqi National Assembly is the unicameral parliament of Iraq which meets in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. ...

1970 Autonomy Agreement

On paper, the Autonomy Agreement of March 11, 1970, recognized the legitimacy of Kurdish nationalism and guaranteed Kurdish participation in government and Kurdish language teaching in schools. However, it reserved judgment on the territorial extent of Kurdistan, pending a new census. Such a census, according to Kurds would surely have shown a solid Kurdish majority in the city of Kirkuk and the surrounding oilfields, as well as in the secondary oil-bearing area of Khanaqin (Arabic: خانقين ), south of the city of As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic: السليمانية ). A census was not scheduled until 1977, by which time the autonomy deal was dead. In June 1973, with Ba'ath-Kurdish relations already souring, the guerrilla leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani laid formal claim to the Kirkuk oilfields. Baghdad interpreted this as a virtual declaration of war, and, in March 1974, unilaterally decreed an autonomy statute. The new statute was a far cry from the 1970 Manifesto, and its definition of the Kurdish autonomous area explicitly excluded the oil-rich areas of Kirkuk, Khanaqin and Jabal Sinjar. In tandem with the 1970–1974 autonomy process, the Iraqi regime carried out a comprehensive administrative reform, in which the country's sixteen provinces, or governorates, were renamed and in some cases had their boundaries altered. The old province of Kirkuk was split in half. The area around the city itself was named At-Ta'mim(Arabic: التأميم ) ("nationalization"), and its boundaries were redrawn to give an Arab majority.^[23] March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... The Kurdish language is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ... Kurdistan (Soranî: كوردستان, literally meaning the land of Kurds[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: ) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Iraq map with Khanaqin Khanaqin (Arabic خانقين, Kurdish خانه قين Xaneqîn, also transliterated as Khanakin, Xanaqin) is an arab city in north-eastern Iraq. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Sulaymānīyah (السليمانية) is a city in the southeast of greater Kurdistan and the northeast of Iraq, located at 35. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Mustafa Barzani (March 14, 1903–March 1, 1979) was a Kurdish nationalist leader and President of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... An autonomous (subnational) entity is a subnational entity that has a certain amount of autonomy. ... Province is a name for a secondary, or subnational entity of government in most countries. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with muhafazah. ... At Tamim is a province of the nation of Iraq. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the...

Ethnic cleansing

In 1975, the Iraqi government embarked on a sweeping campaign to "Arabize" the areas that had been excluded from Kurdistan under the offer of autonomy in 1970. Restrictions were imposed, and maintained throughout the following years, on the employment and residence of Kurds in the Kirkuk area. Arab tribes from southern Iraq were enticed to move to the north with government benefits and offers of housing. Uprooted Kurdish and Turkmen farmers were sent to new homes in rudimentary government-controlled camps along the main highways. Some were forcibly relocated to the flat and desolate landscapes of southern Iraq, including thousands of refugees from the Barzani tribal areas who returned from Iran in late 1975 under a general amnesty. In November 1975, an Iraqi official acknowledged that some fifty-thousand Kurds had been deported to the southern districts of Nasiriya and Diwaniya, although the true figure was almost certainly higher.[2] According to some other sources, 1,400 Kurdish villages were razed and around 600,000 Kurds were forcibly transferred to collective towns.^[24] Kurdistan (Soranî: كوردستان, literally meaning the land of Kurds[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: ) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... Barzani may refer to: The Barzani Kurds of Iraqi Kurdistan Adham Barzani Ahmed Barzani Asenath Barzani, a renowned Kurdish Jew who was among the first female rabbis. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Nāşirīyah (also transliterated as Nassiriya or Nasiriya; in Arabic ناصرية, al-Nasiriyah or an-Nasiriyah) is a city in Iraq. ... Al Diwaniyah (sometimes called Ad Diwaniyah) (Arabic: ألديوانيه ) is the capital city of Iraqs Al Qadisyah province. ...

According to Human Rights Watch, from the 1991 Gulf War until 2003, the former Iraqi government systematically expelled an estimated 120,000 Kurds, Turkmens and some Assyrians from Kirkuk and other towns and villages in this oil-rich region. Most have settled in the Kurdish-controlled northern provinces. Meanwhile, the Iraqi government resettled Arab families in their place in an attempt to reduce the political power and presence of ethnic minorities, a process known as Arabization.[3] The "Arabization" of Kirkuk and other oil-rich regions is not a recent phenomenon. Successive governments have sought at various times to reduce the ethnic minority populations residing there since the discovery of significant oil deposits in the 1920s. By the mid-1970s, the Ba'ath Party government that seized power in 1968 embarked on a concerted campaign to alter the demographic makeup of multi-ethnic Kirkuk. The campaign involved the massive relocation of tens of thousands of ethnic minority families from Kirkuk, Sinjar, Khaniqin, and other areas, transferring them to purpose-built resettlement camps. This policy was intensified after the failed Kurdish uprising in March 1991.([4], [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9]) Those expelled included individuals who had refused to sign so-called "nationality correction" forms, introduced by the authorities prior to the 1997 population census, requiring members of ethnic groups residing in these districts to relinquish their Kurdish or Turkmen identities and to register officially as Arabs. The Iraqi authorities also seized their property and assets; those who were expelled to areas controlled by Kurdish opposition forces were stripped of all possessions and their ration cards were withdrawn.[10] Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf, Michel Roquejeoffre , Peter de la Billière, Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded see section below The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War (2... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...

Kirkuk after 2003

Members of Kirkuk Provincal Council.

Following the March 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by American and British military forces, which drove Saddam Hussein and his Ba'ath Party from power, a caretaker administration was established until the creation of a democratically elected government. Since April 2003, thousands of internally displaced Kurds, Turkmens and others have returned to Kirkuk and other Arabized regions to reclaim their homes and lands which have since been occupied by Arabs from central and southern Iraq. These returnees were forcibly expelled from their homes by the government of Saddam Hussein during the 1980s and 1990s. Under the supervision of chief executive of Coalition Provisional Authority L. Paul Bremer, a convention was held in May 24, 2003 to select the first City Council in the history of this oil-rich, ethnically divided city. Each of the city's four major ethnic groups was invited to send a 39-member delegation from which they would be allowed to select six to sit on the City Council. Another six council members were selected from among 144 delegates to represent independents social groups such as teachers, lawyers, religious leaders and artists. Kirkuk's 30 members council is made up of five blocs of six members each. Four of those blocs are formed along ethnic lines-Kurdish, Arab, Assyrian and Turkmen- and the fifth is made up of independents. Turkmen and Arabs complained , however, that Kurds hold five of the seats in the independent bloc. they are also frustrated that their only representative at the council's helm is an assistant mayor whom they consider pro-Kurdish. Abdul Rahman Mustafa (Arabic: عبدالرحمن مصطفى ), a Baghdad-educated lawyer was elected mayor by 20 votes to 10. The appointment of an Arab, Ismail Ahmed Rajab Al Hadidi (Arabic: اسماعيل احمد رجب الحديدي ), as deputy mayor went some way towards addressing Arab concerns. Kirkuk, Iraq's biggest oil-producing city and thus a plum in the postwar redistricting, still crackles with ethnic tension despite a more functional public service network than other larger Iraqi cities. But, according to Kurds, Saddam Hussein focused his drive for Arabization of Kirkuk, ethnically engineering the Kurdish majority out of existence by expelling an estimated 250,000 Kurds from the area and giving or selling their homes to Arabs. Efforts to reverse that have brought hordes of armed young Kurds to the city at night to chase away the Arab population in a second wave of violence and ethnic-cleansing. Kurdish leaders have appealed to their constituents to be patient and let a legal process determine property rights. [11] [12] Image File history File linksMetadata KCPstart. ... Image File history File linksMetadata KCPstart. ... Combatants Coalition Forces: United States United Kingdom South Korea Australia Poland Romania others. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... The Seal of the CPA in Iraq The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and the other members of the multinational coalition which was formed to oust the government of Saddam Hussein in 2003. ... Paul Bremer Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30, 1941), known as Paul Bremer and also nicknamed Jerry Bremer, was named Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for post-war Iraq following the Iraq War of 2003, replacing Jay Garner on May 6, 2003. ... Delegation is handing a task over to a subordinate. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... An Assyrian winged bull, or lamassu. ... Abdel Rahamn Mustafa. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Votes are people of Votia who speak the Finno-Ugric Votic language, who until World War II lived in the northern parts of Estonia. ... Ismail Ahmed Rijeb sweras in as deputy mayor beside the Kurdish mayor Abdul Rahman Mustafa. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Ethnic tension is a term referring to tension between different ethnic groups. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... A constituent is someone who can or does appoint or elect (and often by implication can also remove or recall) another as her agent or representative. ... Service of process is the term given to a court or administrative bodys exercise of its jurisdiction over individuals who are the subject of proceedings or actions bought before such court, body or other tribunal. ... This page deals with property as ownership rights. ...

On June 30th, 2005 through a secret direct voting process with a participation of the widest communities in the province and although of all the political legal security complexes of this process all over the country generally and in Kirkuk in particular, Kirkuk has witnessed the birth of its first elected Provincial Council. The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq IECI has approved and announced the outcomes of this process, which led to fill the 41 seats of Kirkuk Provincial Council by the won lists as the followings: Kirkuk Provincial Council Kirkuk is regarded as the ancient cities, its revelation backs to second thousands B.C. when Kirkuk have been mentioned in the Acadian scripts as (Arabkha). ...

367 List ( Kirkuk Brotherhood List KBL): 26 seats

175 List (Iraqi Turkmen Front ITF): 8 seats The Iraqi Turkmen Front (Turkmen: Irak Türkmen Cephesi) is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Turkmen people of Iraq. ...

299 List (Iraqi Republic Gathering): 5 seats

178 List (Turkmen Islamic Coalition): 1 seat

289 List (Iraqi National Gathering): 1 seat

The new KPC has started its second turn on March 6th 2005. Its augural session was dedicated to have the introduction of its new members then followed by the oath ceremony that was supervised by Judge Thahir Hamza Salman, the Head of Kirkuk Appellate Court.

A modern Arrapha

In 1948, the name Arrapha became the name of the residential area within the city of Kirkuk which was built by the North Oil Company as a settlement for its workers. This area is presently inhabited mostly by Assyrians.^[25] 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... A residential area is a type of land use where the predominant use is residential. ... It has been suggested that Assyrian people be merged into this article or section. ...

Future of Kirkuk

On January 26, 2004, the Los Angeles Times quoted Barham Salih, Prime Minister for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of two main political parties controlling the Kurdish Autonomous Region in northern Iraq. Kirkuk is a benchmark by which most Kurds would define their legitimacy in Iraq, he said. "We have a claim to Kirkuk rooted in history, geography and demographics. This is a recipe for civil war if you don't do it right".^[26] However, Arabs and Turkmens feel that the Kurds only want Kirkuk for its oil and do not really have a special interest in the city itself. These groups are largely united against Kurdish claims over the city. January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... Dr Barham Salih (born 1960) is a Western educated politician, he received a BSc in civil and structural engineering at Cardiff University and a MSc in statistics and computer modelling at Liverpool University. ... The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) (est 1975) (Kurdish: Yakêtî Nîştimanî Kurdistan) is a Sunni political party in Iraqi Kurdistan. ... See also Southern (or Iraqi) Kurdistan The Kurdish Autonomous Region is a political entity established in 1970 following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ...

According to the Kurds, the conquerors of Kurdistan have tried to destroy the numerous Kurdish emirates one after the other. Apart from their historical claim for Kirkuk, the Kurds invoke Article 58 of the Administration for the state of Iraq for the transitional period, also known as Administrative Law of March 8, 2004 which is considered the interim constitution of Iraq by the now-dissolved Iraqi Governing Council. Article 58 states in part: The Iraqi Transitional Government shall act expeditious measures to remedy the injustice caused by the previous regime's practice in the demographic character of certain regions, including Kirkuk, by deporting and expelling them from their place of residence and forcing migration in and out of the region.^[27] Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Kurdistan (Soranî: كوردستان, literally meaning the land of Kurds[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: ) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds. ... The Iraqi Governing Council. ... This article needs to be updated. ...

A referendum on whether Kirkuk province should become part of Iraqi Kurdistan will be held on 2007-11-15. A referendum will be held in the Iraqi governorate of Kirkuk on 15 November 2007 on whether to become part of the region of Iraqi Kurdistan. ... Motto: None Anthem: Ey Reqîb (English: Hey Guardian) Capital Arbil Largest city Erbil Official languages Kurdish, Arabic, (Assyrian (Syriac)) and (Iraqi Turkmen) [1] Government Parliamentary Democracy  - President Masoud Barzani  - Prime Minister Nechervan Idris Barzani  - Deputy Prime Minister Omer Fattah Hussain Formation of Autonomous Region    - Autonomy Accord Agreement is Signed... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 46 days remaining. ...

Ancient monuments in Kirkuk

• The Prophet Daniel's Tomb
• Al Qaysareyah Market
• The Qishla of Kirkuk
• Kirkuk Citadel
• Qal'at Jarmo

A tomb believed to be the last resting place for the prophet Daniel which is located within the Kirkuk Citadel in the city of Kirkuk, Iraq. ... Al Qaysareyah Market. ... The Qishla of Kirkuk. ... Kirkuk Citadel. ... Jarmo (Qalat Jarmo) is an archeological site located in northern Iraq on the foothills of Zagros Mountains east of Kirkuk city. ...

Prominent figures in Kirkuk's history

• Sheikh Rezza Talabani
• Bakr Sidqi
• Hijri Dede
• Mama Risha

Sheikh Rezza Talabani. ... Bakr Sidqi, an Iraqi nationalist and general, was born in 1890 in Kirkuk and assassinated on Aug. ... Hijri Dede a celebrated poet from Kirkuk, Iraq. ... Mama Risha. ...

Contemporary writers from Kirkuk

• Farhad Shakely
• Latif Halmat
• Kajal Ahmad
• Mahabad Qaradaghi

Farhad Shakely (born 1951) is a prominent Kurdish writer, poet and researcher. ... Latif Halmat or Letîf Helmet, (1947- ), is a Kurdish poet. ... Kajal Ahmad or Kejal Ehmed,(1967- ), is a contemporary Kurdish poet, writer and journalist. ... Mahabad Qaradaghi or Mehabad Qeredaxî, (1966- ), is a contemporary Kurdish writer, poet and translator. ...

References

1. ^ "Kurdistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2 June 2006.
2. ^ Kjeilen, Tore (2006). Kirkuk. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. LexicOrient. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
3. ^ Talabany, Nouri (1999). Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
4. ^ Soldiers Help Preserve Archeological Sites By Sergeant Sean Kimmons
5. ^ Edward Balfour, Encyclopaedia Asiatica, p. 214, Cosmo Publications, 1976
6. ^ The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle By Amir Harrak. p. 27.
7. ^ The World's Greatest Story: The Epic of the Jewish People in Biblical Times By Joan Comay. p. 384.
8. ^ Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region by Nouri Talabany
9. ^ Kirkuk and its dependencies: Historically part of Kurdistan - II by Mufid Abdulla
10. ^ Iraq’s Policy of Ethnic Cleansing: Onslaught to change national/demographic characteristics of the Kirkuk Region by Nouri Talabany
11. ^ Etymology, in Arabic, PDF format
12. ^ William Gordon East, Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate, The Changing Map of Asia: A Political Geography, 1961 - 436 pages, p: 105
13. ^ Soldiers Help Preserve Archeological Sites By Sergeant Sean Kimmons
14. ^ Before the Greeks By M. Chahin. p. 77.
15. ^ Before the Greeks By M. Chahin. p. 77.
16. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History By I. E. S. Edwards, John Boardman, John B. Bury, S. A. Cook. p. 178-179.
17. ^ Arabization of the Kirkuk Region (in Arabic), Kurdistan Studies Press, Uppsala, 2001, p.131.
18. ^ Talabany, Nouri (2002). The Displacement of the Population of the Kirkuk Region, Especially by the Current Iraqi Regime. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
19. ^ Kirkuk. GlobalSecurity.org (2005-07-09). Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
20. ^ Iraq. Country Analysis Briefs. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
21. ^ Shamsadin Sámi, Qamus al-A’lam, Istanbul: Mihran Press, 1896, under entry 'Kirkuk'.
22. ^ [1]
23. ^ Ba'athis and Kurds. Genocide in Iraq. Human Rights Watch (July 1993). Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
24. ^ Rubin, Michael (2003). Are Kurds a pariah minority?. Retrieved on 2006-06-08.
25. ^ Assyrians of Kirkuk
26. ^ Jeffrey Fleishman, "Iraqi Melting Pot Nears Boiling Point; In oil-rich Kirkuk, Kurds, Arabs and Turkmens compete for a place in the new order", Los Angeles Times, January 26, 2004, Part A, Page 1.
27. ^ Article 58 of the Administration for the state of Iraq, in Arabic, PDF format

• Human Rights Watch Report: Kurdish Autonomy and Arabization, 1993
• Human Rights Developments in Government-controlled Iraq, 2001
• IRAQ: PEOPLE COME FIRST, 2003
• International Humanitarian Law Issues In A Potential War In Iraq, 2003
• Amnesty International Report: Decades of human rights abuse in Iraq, 2003
• Reversing Arabization of Kirkuk, 2004
• Iraq: In Kurdistan, Land Disputes Fuel Unrest, 2004
• Insurgents stir up strife in Kirkuk
• Kurds flee Iraqi town, March 15, 2003; named Kurds' preferred capital
• Key Targets in Iraq, Anthony H. Cordesman, CSIS, February 1998; information about the oil resources and facilities
• Brief Summary of Kirkuk History
• Kirkuk in Old Ages
• Numerous research about Kirkuk

The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general encyclopedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... GlobalSecurity. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

See also

• List of places in Iraq

Coordinates: 35°28′N, 44°24′E This is a list of places in Iraq. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...