The Knights Hospitaller (the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defence of pilgrims. Following the loss of Christian territory in the Holy Land, the Order operated from Rhodes, of which it was sovereign, and later from Malta as a vassal state under the King of Sicily. The mediæval Order can be said to have come to an end following its ejection from Malta by Napoleon. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (see below) is the main successor to this tradition. The longest lasting of the western Catholic monastic orders, the Order of Saint Benedict traces its origins to the adoption of the monastic life by St. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... The phrase The Holy Land (Arabic الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah; Hebrew ארץ הקודש;, Standard Hebrew Éreẓ haQodeš, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÉreṣ haqQāḏēš; Latin Terra Sancta) generally refers to Palestine or the Land of Israel. ... Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life, teachings, death by crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament. ... For albums named Pilgrim, see Pilgrim (album). ... The phrase The Holy Land (Arabic الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah; Hebrew ארץ הקודש;, Standard Hebrew Éreẓ haQodeš, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÉreṣ haqQāḏēš; Latin Terra Sancta) generally refers to Palestine or the Land of Israel. ... Outside the city walls of the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ... The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ... A vassal, in European medieval feudalism terminology, is one who through a commendation ceremony (composed of homage and fealty) enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually military conscription and mutual protection, in exchange for a fief. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Foundation and early history

In 600, Abbot Probus was commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great to build a hostel in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Charlemagne, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, enlarged Probus' hostel and added a library to it. Unfortunately, about 200 years later, in 1005, Caliph El Hakim, a fanatic who demanded that his subjects worship him as a god, destroyed the hostel in addition to 3000 other buildings. He made the Christians wear wooden crosses, half a metre long by half a metre wide, around their necks. Although Christians were not allowed to buy slaves, male or female, and had few other privileges, they were allowed to ride horses on the condition that they ride with wooden saddles and unornamented girths. Ironically, El Hakim's mother was Christian. In 1023, merchants from Amalfi and Salerno in Italy were given permission by the Caliph Haroun el Raschid of Egypt to rebuild the hospice in Jerusalem. The hospice, which was built on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist, took in Christian pilgrims traveling to visit the birthplace of Jesus. It was served by Benedictine Brothers. For other uses, see number 600. ... An abbot (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Latin abbas (genitive form, abbatis), Old English abbad, ; German Abt; French abbé) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumenos or The English version for a female monastic head... Saint Gregory I, or Gregory the Great (called the Dialogist in Eastern Orthodoxy) (circa 540 - March 12, 604) was pope of the Catholic Church from September 3, 590 until his death. ... Youth hostel in Rome. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushalayim; Arabic: القدس al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... For other uses, see number 800. ... A Frankish king, like Charlemagne, (center) depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870) Charlemagne (c. ... The crown of the Holy Roman Empire (2nd half of the 10th century), now held in the Vienna Schatzkammer. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Hakim bi-Amr Allah (literally: Ruler by Gods Command) was the sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, ruling from 996 to 1021. ... Events The Judge-Governor of Sevilla takes advantage of the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, thus founded the Abbadid dynasty. ... Amalfi Amalfi, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the Gulf of Salerno, 24 miles southeast of Naples. ... Map of Italy showing Salerrno southeast of Naples Salerno is a town and a province in Campania, Italy. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushalayim; Arabic: القدس al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or John the Dipper) is regarded as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Mandaeanism. ... The neutrality and accuracy of this article are disputed. ... The longest lasting of the western Catholic monastic orders, the Order of Saint Benedict traces its origins to the adoption of the monastic life by St. ...

The monastic hospitaller order was founded following the First Crusade by the Blessed Gerard, whose role as founder was confirmed by a Papal bull of Pope Paschal II in 1113. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond. His successor, Raymond du Puy of Provence, established the first significant Hospitaller infirmary near to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Initially the group just cared for those pilgrims who made it to Jerusalem but the order soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The escort soon grew into a substantial force. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II to regain control of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Christian Holy Land from Muslims. ... A Papal bull is a written communication from the Vatican Chancery, bearing a formal papal seal. ... Paschal II, né Ranierius (d. ... Events Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris End of Kyanzitthas reign in Myanmar Alaungsithus reign begins in Myanmar Suryavarman Is reign begins in the Khmer Empire Births Geoffrey of Anjou Deaths Categories: 1113 ... The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a short-lived country established in the 12th century by the First Crusade. ... The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. ...

Together with the Knights Templar, who were formed later in 1119, they became one of the most powerful Christian groups in the area. The order came to distinguish itself in battles with the Muslims, its soldiers wearing a black surcoat with a white cross. By the mid-12th century, the order was clearly divided into military brothers and those who worked with the sick. It was still a religious order and had useful privileges granted by the Papacy, for example, the order was exempt from all authority save that of the Pope, and it paid no tithes and was allowed its own religious buildings. Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in the Holy Land were the work of either the Templars or Hospitallers, at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem the Hospitallers held seven great forts and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom and in the Principality of Antioch, were Krak des Chevaliers, and Margat, both located near Tripoli. The property of the Order was divided into priories, subdivided into bailiwicks, which in turn were divided into commanderies. The Seal of the Knights — the two riders have been interpreted as a sign of poverty or the duality of monk/soldier. ... Events February 2 - Callixtus II becomes Pope August 20 - Henry I of England routes Louis VI at the Battle of Bremule. ... Islam (Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars intersecting each other at a 90° angle, dividing one or two of the lines in half. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade. ... Krak des Chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers (also Crac des Chevaliers, fortress of the knights in a mixture of Arabic and French) was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria during the Crusades. ... Margat, also known as Marqab (from the Arabic Qalaat al-Marqab, Castle of the Watchtower) was a Crusader fortress in modern Syria. ... Tripoli is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... A priory is a monastery governed by a prior or prioress. ... A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff. ... Commandry (British English), or commandery (American English), was the smallest division of the European landed estate or manor under the control of a commendator, or commander, of an order of knights. ...

grand master & senior knights hospitaller after 1307 move to rhodes This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...

Knights of Rhodes

The rising power of Islam eventually pushed the Knights out of their traditional holdings in Jerusalem. After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Jerusalem itself fell in 1187), the Knights were confined to the County of Tripoli and when Acre was captured in 1291 the order sought refuge in the Kingdom of Cyprus. Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in the politics of that kingdom, their Grand Master Guillaume de Villaret created a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting Rhodes to be their new home. His successor Fulkes de Villaret executed the plan, and on August 15, 1309 after over two years of campaigning, the island of Rhodes surrendered to the knights. They also gained control a number of neighboring islands, as well as the Anatolian ports of Bodrum and Castellorizon. Islam (Arabic al-islām الإسلام,  listen) the submission to God is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... The County of Tripoli was the last of the four major Crusader states in the Levant to be created. ... The Old City of Akko in the 19th or early 20th century, looking south-west from atop the Land Wall Promenade, the open space now a parking lot. ... Events May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England. ... Lusignan castle of Kantara in the Beşparmak mountains The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Roman Catholic Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the late Middle Ages. ... Outside the city walls of the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... Events Rhodes falls to forces of the Knights of St. ... Outside the city walls of the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ... Bodrum is a Turkish port located in the Gulf of Gokova, on the Bodrum Peninsula, right across the Greek island of Kos in a part of Asia Minor known in ancient times as Caria. ... Kastellórizo is a small Greek island less than 5 km off the south coast of Turkey, about 110 km east of Rhodes. ...

The Knights Templar were dissolved in 1312 and much of their property was given to the Hospitallers. The holdings were organized into eight tongues (one each in Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon, Castile, Germany and England). The English prior at the time was Philip Thame, who acquired the estates allocated to the English tongue from 1330 to 1358. On Rhodes, now known as the Knights of Rhodes they were forced to become a more militarized force, fighting especially with the Barbary pirates. They withstood two invasions in the 15th century, one by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and another by Mehmed II in 1480, who after the fall of Constantinople made the Knights a priority target. Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... Auvergne coat of arms Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a province of France. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  - total  - % of Spain Ranked 4th 47 719 km 9,4% Population  - Total (2003)  - % of Spain  - Density Ranked 11th 1 217 514 2,9% 25,51/km Demonym  - English  - Spanish Aragonese aragon s Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  Congress seats  Senate... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... Events The Bulgars under Michael III are beaten by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and large parts of Bulgaria fall to Serbia. ... Events Births August 24 - King John I of Castile September 25 - Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga shogun Deaths 25 January - Isabella of France (wife of King Edward II of England) June 7 - Ashikaga Takauji, Ashikaga shogun August 16 - Duke Albert II of Austria Categories: 1358 ... Though at least a proportion of them are better described as privateers, the Barbary pirates operated out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Sal and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Events March 1 - Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance April 16 - Truce of Tours. ... Mehmed II Mehmed II, also known as Muhammed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; nicknamed el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... Events Great standing on the Ugra river - Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. ... The 1453 Siege of Constantinople (painted 1499) The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453. ...

However in 1522 an entirely new sort of force arrived when 400 ships under the command of Suleiman the Magnificent delivered 200,000 men to the island. Against this force the Knights had about 7,000 men-at-arms, and the walls of the city. The resulting siege lasted six months, at the end of which the survivors were allowed to leave Rhodes and retreated to the Kingdom of Sicily. In exchange, the knights promised to leave Suleiman's minions in peace. It would not be a promise they would keep. Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman , (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born at... The following is a list of monarchs of Naples and Sicily: See also: List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria Hauteville Counts of Sicily, 1071-1130 Roger I 1071-1101 Simon 1101-1105 Roger II 1105-1130 Hauteville Kings of Sicily, 1130-1198 Roger II 1130-1154 William I 1154...

Knights of Malta

After seven years of moving from place to place in Europe, the Knights were re-established on Malta in 1530 by the order of Pope Clement VIII and Emperor Charles V of Austria, with the consent of their feudal landlord the King of Sicily. Their annual fee for the island was a single Maltese falcon, which they had to give annually on All Souls Day to the Viceroy of Sicily, who acted as the King's representative. Here the once-again re-named Knights of Malta continued their actions against piracy, their fleet targeting the Barbary pirates. World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Events June 25 - Augsburg confession presented to Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. ... Clement, in the monument in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, erected by his Borghese heirs Clement VIII, born Ippolito Aldobrandini (March 1536 - March 5, 1605) was pope from 1592 to 1605. ... Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (Spanish: Carlos V) (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) was effectively (the first) King of Spain from 1516 to 1556 (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian of his insane mother, queen of... The Maltese Falcon is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett which was made into a quintessential film noir. ... All Souls Day by William Bouguereau All Souls Day (Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum) is the day set apart in the Roman Catholic Church for the commemoration of the faithful departed. ... Though at least a proportion of them are better described as privateers, the Barbary pirates operated out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Sal and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. ...

Although they had only a small number of ships, they nevertheless quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans who were less than happy to see the order re-established. Accordingly they assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta, and in 1565 invaded. At first the battle looked to be a repeat of the one on Rhodes. Most of the cities were destroyed and about half the Knights died in battle. But things changed dramatically when a relief force arrived from Spain. In the ensuing retreat the Ottomans lost some 30,000 men, enough to secure the island for a time. The siege is vividly portrayed in the frescoes of Matteo Perez d'Aleccio in the Hall of St Michael and St George, also known as the Throne Room, in the Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta. Four of the original modellos, painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio himself between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room of the Queen's House, Greenwich, London. After the siege a new city had to be built -- the present city of Valletta, so named in memory of its valiant grand master La Valette who had sustained this siege. The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded April 27 - Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. ... The Island of Malta The Siege of Malta was a significant military event during World War II that occurred between 1940 and 1942 on the island of Malta. ... Matteo Perez dAlleccio studied under Michelangelo, working on the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... This page is about Greenwich in England. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

In 1571 the growing Ottoman fleet decided to give challenge once again, but this time were met at sea by a huge and very modern Spanish fleet under the command of Don Juan de Austria (son of Emperor Charles V). The Ottomans were outgunned, outmanuvered and outrun, and by the end of the day almost the entirety of their fleet was destroyed or captured in what is now known as the Battle of Lepanto. The battle, however, had little political impact for the Ottomans quickly rebuilt their fleet. Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Don John of Austria (February 24, 1547 - October 1, 1578), also known as Juan De Austria and Don Juan de Austria, was the illegitimate son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and a military leader whose most famous victory was at the naval Battle of Lepanto in 1571. ... Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (Spanish: Carlos V) (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) was effectively (the first) King of Spain from 1516 to 1556 (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian of his insane mother, queen of... Battle of Lepanto Conflict Ottoman invasion of Europe Date 7 October 1571 Place Gulf of Corinth Result Holy League victory The Battle of Lepanto was a major battle fought off the west coast of what is now Greece on 7 October 1571. ...

Following the victory at Lepanto the Knights continued to attack pirates, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured Africans and Turks and conversely freeing Christian slaves. Malta remained a slave market until well into the eighteenth century. It required a thousand slaves to equip merely the galleys of the order. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... A French galley and Dutch men-of-war off a port by Abraham Willaerts, painted 17th century. ...

Retreat in Europe

A portrait of a 12-year-old Ranuccio Farnese (Cardinal) by Titian.

The group lost a number of its European holdings following the rise of Protestantism but survived on Malta. The property of the English branch was confiscated in 1540. In 1577 the German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order, until the branch was turned into a merit Order by the King of Prussia in 1812. The "JohanniterOrden" was restored as a Prussian Order of Knights Hospitaller in 1852. A portrait of the young Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese by Titian The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... A portrait of the young Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese by Titian The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... A portrait of a 12-year-old Ranuccio Farnese by Titian Ranuccio Farnese (1530-1565) was Cardinal of Santa Lucia in Messina, Sicily from 1545 to his death in 1565. ... Titian. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold September 17 - Peace of Bergerac signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots The church in San Pedro in the Atacama Desert in Chile was built. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The following is a list of Kings of Prussia (Könige von Preußen) from the Hohenzollern family. ... 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within Imperial Russian Navy and the pre-revolutionary French Navy. When De Poincy was appointed Governor of the French colony on St Kitts in 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with the emblems of the order. The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with his death in 1660. He also bought the island of Saint Croix as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665 St. Croix was bought by the French West India Company. This marked an end to their exploits in the Caribbean. Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy (1583 - 1660) was a French nobleman and Bailiff Grand Cross of the Knights of St John. ... Saint Kitts and Nevis is an island nation in the Caribbean. ... Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... A separate article treats the several rivers known as the St. ... Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War March 6 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society begins publication March 16 - Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange of annual tax of 16 guilders June 3 - The Duke of York defeats the Dutch Fleet off the...

The loss of Malta

Their Mediterranean stronghold of Malta was captured by Napoleon in 1798 when he made his expedition to Egypt. As a ruse, Napoleon asked for safe harbor to resupply his ships, and then turned against his hosts once safely inside Valetta. Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch failed to anticipate or prepare for this threat, provided no effective leadership, and readily capitulated to Napoleon. This was a terrible affront to most of the Knights desiring to defend their stronghold and sovereignty. The Order continued to exist in a diminished form and negotiated with European governments for a return to power. The Emperor of Russia gave the largest number of Knights shelter in St Petersburg and this gave rise to the Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller and recognition within the Russian Imperial Orders. In gratitude the Knights declared Ferdinand von Hompesch deposed and Emperor Paul I was elected as the new Grand Master. Following Paul's murder in 1801, in 1803 a Roman Catholic master was restored to the Order in Rome. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... Brother Gerard created the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a distinctive Order from a previous Benedictine Establishment of Hospitallers. ... Paul I of Russia Paul I of Russia (Russian: Pavel Petrovich, Павел I Петрович) (October 1, 1754 - March 23, 1801) was an Emperor (Tsar) of Russia (1796 - 1801). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

By the early 1800s the Order had been severely weakened by the loss of its Priories throughout Europe. Only 10% of the Order's income came from Europe, with the remaining 90% being generated by the Russian Grand Priory until 1810. This was partly reflected in the government of the Order being under Lieutenants, rather than Grand Masters in the period 1805 to 1879, when Pope Leo XIII restored a Grand Master to the Order. This signalled the revival of the Order’s fortunes as a humanitarian and ceremonial organization. In 1834, the revived Order established a new headquarters in Rome. The revived organisation is known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which enjoys a special status, which is discussed further. 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Pope Leo XIII, born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Pecci (March 2, 1810–July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from February 20, 1878 until his death. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Location within Italy The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma) is the capital city of Italy and of its Latium region. ...

Revival in England as the Order of St John of Jerusalem

The property of the Order in England was confiscated by Henry VIII because of a dispute with the Pope over the dissolution of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which eventually led to the dissolution of the monasteries. Although not formally suppressed, this caused the activities of the English Langue to come to an end. A few Scottish Knights remained in communion with the French Langue of the Order. In 1831 a revived English Order was founded by French Knights and became known as the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jersualem of the British Realm. It received a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1888 and spread across the United Kingdom, the British Commonwealth and the United States of America. However, it was only recognized by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in 1963. Its best known activities are based around St. John Ambulance. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... Henry VIII King of England and Ireland by Hans Holbein the Younger His Grace King Henry VIII (28 June 1491–28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... The recently-widowed young Catherine of Aragon, by Henry VIIs court painter, Michael Sittow, c. ... The Dissolution of the Monasteries (referred to by Roman Catholic writers as the Suppression of the Monasteries) was the formal process, taking place between 1536 and 1540, by which King Henry VIII confiscated the property of the Roman Catholic institutions in England and arrogated them to himself, as the new... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This page deals with the order after its revival in the 19th century. ... Victoria of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, most of which were once governed by the United Kingdom and are its former colonies. ... St. ...

Protestant Continuation in continental Europe

Following the Reformation most German chapters of the order declared their continued adherence to the order while accepting protestant theology. As a Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem the order continues until today, gaining increasing independence from its Roman Catholic mother order, The protestant branch spread into several other protestant countries(Sweden, Hungary and Netherlands). These sub-branches are now independent too. The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens Sankt Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem, english: Brandenburg Bailiwick of the Knights Order of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem, also called Johannitter Order, German protestant branch of the Knights Hospitaller. ...

All four branches are together with the British order in the Alliance of Orders of St John of Jerusalem. This page deals with the order after its revival in the 19th century. ...

The modern Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, better known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta or SMOM, is a Catholic lay order and claims to be a sovereign entity and which has permanent observer status at the United Nations. SMOM is considered to be the most direct successor to the medieval Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Knights of Malta, and today operates as a largely charitable and ceremonial organization. A religious order is an organization of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with religious devotion. ... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region or group of people, such as a nation or a tribe. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ...

Name and motto

The full official name is Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta or Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta. They are now also known as the Order of Malta. The order has a large number of local chapters around the world but there also exist a number of organizations with similar-sounding names that are unrelated. The Order's motto is Tuitio Fidei et Obsequium Pauperum (Defence of the faith and assistance to the suffering).

International status of the Order

The exact nature of the entity is somewhat nebulous and subject to controversy: it claims to be a traditional example of an entity other than a country, that is sovereign. Its headquarters in the Via Condotti in Rome are considered extraterritorial to Italy (like an embassy), but unlike the Vatican City, the SMOM has no sovereign territory. The United Nations does not classify it as a "non-member state" but as one of the "entities and intergovernmental organizations having received a standing invitation to participate as observers." While the International Telecommunication Union has granted radio identification prefixes to such quasi-sovereign jurisdictions as the United Nations and the Palestinian Authority, SMOM has never received one. For awards purposes amateur radio operators consider SMOM to be a separate "country," but stations transmitting from there use an entirely unofficial callsign starting with the prefix "1A." The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... In addition to the current 191 member states, the United Nations welcomes several other international agencies, entities, and one non-member state (for several years prior to their admission after a referendum in 2002, Switzerland was also an observer state). ... The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... Amateur radio, commonly called ham radio, is a hobby enjoyed by many people throughout the world (as of 2004 about 3 million worldwide, 60,000 in UK, 70,000 in Germany, 5,000 in Norway, 57,000 in Canada, and 700,000 in the USA). ... Call sign can refer to different types of call signs: Airline call sign Aviator call sign Cosmonaut call sign Radio and television call signs Tactical call sign, also known as a tactical designator See also: International Callsign Allocations, Maritime Mobile Service Identity This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid...

Although some scholars accept a claim to sovereign status, leading experts in international law do not, notably Dr. Ian Brownlie, Dr. Helmut Steinberger, and Dr. Wilhelm Wengler who took into account its ambassadorial status among many nations. The Holy See in 1953 proclaimed "in the Lord's name" that it [the Order of Malta] was only a "functional sovereignty" - due to the fact that it did not have all that pertained to true sovereignty.

The SMOM has diplomatic relations with 93 countries. Its international nature is useful in enabling it to pursue its humanitarian activities without being seen as an operative of any particular nation. Its claimed sovereignty is also expressed in the issuance of coins and stamps, which are appreciated more for their subject matter rather than for use as postage or currency.

Government of the Order

The proceedings of the Order are governed by its Constitutional Charter and the Order's Code. It is divided internationally into various territorial Grand Priories, Priories, and Sub-Priories.

The supreme head of the Order is the Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. Voters in the Council include the members of the Sovereign Council, other office-holders and representatives of the members of the Order. The Grand Master is aided by the Sovereign Council, which is elected by the Chapter General, the legislative body of the Order. The Chapter General meets every five years; at each meeting, all seats of the Sovereign Council are up for election. The Sovereign Council includes six members and four High Officers: the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller and the Receiver of the Common Treasure. The Grand Commander is the chief religious officer of the Order and serves as "Interim Lieutenant" during a vacancy in the office of Grand Master. The Grand Chancellor is responsible for the administration of the Order. The Grand Hospitaller coordinates the Order's humanitarian and charitable activities. Finally, the Receiver of the Common Treasure is the Order's financial officer.

The Order's finances are audited by a Board of Auditors, which includes a President and four Councillors, all elected by the Chapter General. The Order's judicial powers are exercised by a group of Magistral Courts, whose judges are appointed by the Grand Master and Sovereign Council.

Mimic Orders

Following the end of the second world war and taking advantage of the lack of State Orders in the Italian Republic, an Italian had given himself an identity of a Polish Prince, and did a brisk trade in Maltese Crosses as the Grand Prior of the fictitious "Grand Priory of Podolia". Others followed suit such as the Grand Prior of the Holy Trinity of Villeneuve. The former was successfully prosecuted for fraud, and the latter gave up after a police visit. However the latter organisation resurfaced in Malta in 1975, and then by 1978 in the USA, where it found very fruitful soil and still continues. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... 1978 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ...

The large passage fees (alleged in some cases to be in the region of $50,000) collected by the American Association of "SMOM" in the early 1950s seemed to have tempted a Charles Pichel to create his own "Sovereign Order of St John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller" in 1956. Pichel avoided the problems of being an imitation of "SMOM" by giving his organization a mythical history by falsely claiming the American organization he led was founded within the genuine Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller in 1908, a spurious claim, but which nevertheless misled many including some academics. These organizations have led to scores of other mimic Orders. Two offshoots of the Pichel Order have been successful in gaining the backing of exiled Monarchs, the late King Peter II of Yugoslavia, and King Michael of Romania. Brother Gerard created the Order of St John of Jerusalem as a distinctive Order from a previous Benedictine Establishment of Hospitallers. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... HM King Peter II (6 September 1923 - 3 November 1970) was the last King of Yugoslavia. ... King Michael and Queen Anne King Michael (Romanian Mihai) of Romania (born October 25, 1921) was the son of King Carol II and reigned from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940 until December 30, 1947. ...

List of Grand Masters

• The Blessed Gerard (1099-1120)
• Raymond du Puy de Provence (1120-1160)
• Auger de Balben (1160-1163)
• Arnaud de Comps (1162-1163)
• Gilbert d'Aissailly (1163-1170)
• Gastone de Murols (c. 1170-1172)
• Gilbert of Syria (1172-1177)
• Roger de Moulins (1177-1187)
• Hermangard d'Asp (1187-1190)
• Garnier de Naplous (1190-1192)
• Geoffroy de Donjon (1193-1202)
• Alfonse of Portugal (1203-1206)
• Geoffrey le Rat (1206-1207)
• Guerin de Montaigu (1207-1228)
• Bertrand de Thessy (1228-1231)
• Guerin de Montaigu (1231-1236)
• Bertrand de Comps (1236-1240)
• Pierre de Vielle-Bride (1240-1242)
• Guillaume de Chateauneuf (1242-1258)
• Hugues de Revel (1258-1277)
• Nicolas Lorgne (1277-1284)
• Jean de Villiers (1284-1294)
• Odon de Pins (1294-1296)
• Guillaume de Villaret (1296-1305)
• Foulques de Villaret (1305-1319)
• Helion de Villeneuve (1319-1346)
• Dieudonné de Gozon (1346-1353)
• Pierre de Corneillan (1353-1355)
• Roger de Pins (1355-1365)
• Raymond Berenger (1365-1374)
• Robert de Juliac (1374-1376)
• Jean Fernandez de Heredia (1376-1396)
  • Riccardo Caracciolo (1383-1395) Rival Grand Master
• Philibert de Naillac (1396-1421)
• Antonio Fluvian de Riviere (1421-1437)
• Jean de Lastic (1437-1454)
• Jacques de Milly (1454-1461)
• Piero Raimondo Zacosta (1461-1467)
• Giovanni Battista Orsini (1467-1476)
• Pierre d'Aubusson (1476-1503)
• Emery d'Amboise (1503-1512)
• Guy de Blanchefort (1512-1513)
• Fabrizio del Carretto (1513-1521)
• Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1521-1534)
• Piero de Ponte (1534-1535)
• Didier de Saint-Jaille (1535-1536)
• Jean de Homedes (1536-1553)
• Claude de la Sengle (1553-1557)
• Jean de la Vallette (1557-1568)
• Pierre de Monte (1568-1572)
• Jean de la Cassiere (1572-1581)
• Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle (1581-1595)
• Martin Garzez (1595-1601)
• Alof de Wignacourt (1601-1622)
• Luis Mendez de Vasconcellos (1622-1623)
• Antoine de Paule (1623-1636)
• Juan de Lascaris-Castellar (1636-1657)
• Antoine de Redin (1657-1660)
• Annet de Clermont-Gessant (1660)
• Raphael Cotoner (1660-1663)
• Nicolas Cotoner (1663-1680)
• Gregorio Carafa (1680-1690)
• Adrien de Wignacourt (1690-1697)
• Ramon Perellos y Roccaful (1697-1720)
• Marc'Antonio Zondadari (1720-1722)
• Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736)
• Raymond Despuig (1736-1741)
• Manuel Pinto de Fonseca (1741-1773)
• Francisco Ximenes de Texada (1773-1775)
• Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc (1775-1797)
• Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim (1797-1799)
• Paul I of Russia (1798-1801) de facto
• Giovanni Battista Tommasi (1803-1805)
  • Innico Maria Guevara-Suardo (1805-1814) Lieutenant
  • André Di Giovanni (1814-1821) Lieutenant
  • Antoine Busca (1821-1834) Lieutenant
  • Carlo Candida (1834-1845) Lieutenant
  • Philippe di Colloredo-Mels (1845-1864) Lieutenant
  • Alessandro Borgia (1865-1871) Lieutenant
  • Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce (1871-1879) Lieutenant
• Giovanni Battista Ceschi a Santa Croce (1879-1905)
• Caleazzo von Thun und Hohenstein (1905-1931)
• Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere (1931-1951)
• Angelo de Mojana di Cologna (1962-1988)
• Andrew Willoughby Ninian Bertie (1988-present)

Events Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade: July 8 - 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem as its Muslim defenders mock them. ... Events Welcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude. ... Raymond du Puy de Provence was the second Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller). ... Events Welcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude. ... Events Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. ... Events Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. ... Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... Events June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... Events Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the court of Henry II because of a string of infidelities. ... Events December 29: Assassination of Thomas Beckett, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Canterbury cathedral Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the court of Henry II because of a string of infidelities. ... Events Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. ... Events Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... Roger de Moulins was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1177 to his death in 1187. ... Events November 25 - Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. ... Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... Events May 1 - Battle of Cresson - Saladin defeats the crusaders July 4 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders. ... Events The Third Crusade ends in disaster. ... Events Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Syria are is split among his descendants. ... Events August 1 - Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers Beginning of the Fourth Crusade. ... Events April 16 - Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France. ... Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - Henry III of England (English monarch) in Winchester Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi (poet and Sufi mystic) Elizabeth of Hungary St. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - Henry III of England (English monarch) in Winchester Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi (poet and Sufi mystic) Elizabeth of Hungary St. ... Events The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent. ... Events The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent. ... Events Ardengus becomes bishop of Florence. ... Events Ardengus becomes bishop of Florence. ... Events May 6 - Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albanss Abbey dies. ... Events May 6 - Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albanss Abbey dies. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ... Events= February 10 - Mongols overrun Baghdad, burning it to the ground and killing 800,000 citizens Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. ... Events= February 10 - Mongols overrun Baghdad, burning it to the ground and killing 800,000 citizens Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. ... Events The philosophical doctrine Averroism is banned from Paris by bishop Etienne Tempier Burmas Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Ngasaungsyan, near the Chinese border. ... Events The philosophical doctrine Averroism is banned from Paris by bishop Etienne Tempier Burmas Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Ngasaungsyan, near the Chinese border. ... Events June 26 - According to the Brothers Grimm and older sources, in this date the Pied Piper of Hamelin visits the town of Hamelin, resulting in ca. ... Events June 26 - According to the Brothers Grimm and older sources, in this date the Pied Piper of Hamelin visits the town of Hamelin, resulting in ca. ... Events Catholicos of Armenia returns to Sis Pope Boniface VIII becomes Pope Births Charles IV of France Deaths John I of Brabant Roger Bacon – English philosopher and scientist Kublai Khan Categories: 1294 ... Events Catholicos of Armenia returns to Sis Pope Boniface VIII becomes Pope Births Charles IV of France Deaths John I of Brabant Roger Bacon – English philosopher and scientist Kublai Khan Categories: 1294 ... Events April 27 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England. ... Events April 27 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England. ... Events Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia The Papacy removed to France following riots in the Papal State. ... Events Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia The Papacy removed to France following riots in the Papal State. ... Events Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden. ... Events Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden. ... Events Foundation of the University of Valladolid Foundation of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge August 26 Battle of Crecy after which Edward the Black Prince honored the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia also known as John the BLIND! who was killed in the fighting... Events Foundation of the University of Valladolid Foundation of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge August 26 Battle of Crecy after which Edward the Black Prince honored the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia also known as John the BLIND! who was killed in the fighting... Events The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio. ... Events The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio. ... Events January 7 - Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro - Pedro revolts and incites a civil war April - Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois Scots defeat... Events January 7 - Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro - Pedro revolts and incites a civil war April - Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois Scots defeat... Events Foundation of the University of Vienna Births Christine de Pizan, noted author Deaths Duke Rudolf IV of Austria the Founder, died July 27 Office holders Holy Roman Empire - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355-1378) Austria - Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria Categories: 1365 ... Events Foundation of the University of Vienna Births Christine de Pizan, noted author Deaths Duke Rudolf IV of Austria the Founder, died July 27 Office holders Holy Roman Empire - Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355-1378) Austria - Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria Categories: 1365 ... Events King Gongmin is assassinated and King U ascends to the Goryeo throne Births Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey. ... Events King Gongmin is assassinated and King U ascends to the Goryeo throne Births Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey. ... Events March – The treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377. ... Events March – The treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377. ... Events September 25 - Bayezid I defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John of Nevers at the Battle of Nicopolis. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. ... Events End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family. ... Events September 25 - Bayezid I defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John of Nevers at the Battle of Nicopolis. ... Events March 21 - Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. ... Events March 21 - Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. ... Events foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford. ... Events foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford. ... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Mortimers Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ... Events February 2 - Battle of Mortimers Cross - Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ... Events October 29 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan. ... Events October 29 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan. ... Events March 2 - Battle of Grandson. ... Pierre dAubusson (1423 - 1503) was a Grand Master of the order of St John of Jerusalem (the Knights Hospitaller), and a zealous opponent of the Turks. ... Events March 2 - Battle of Grandson. ... Events January 20 - Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive right to trade with the New World. ... Events January 20 - Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive right to trade with the New World. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. ... Events January 20 - Denmark and Norway. ... Events January 20 - Denmark and Norway. ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther. ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther. ... Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ... Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded. ... Events February 2 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Events February 2 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. ... Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Events January 16 - The Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Events January 16 - The Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time May 24 - Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. ... Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time May 24 - Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. ... Events February 8 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Elizabeth I of England - revolt is quickly crushed February 25 - Robert Devereux beheaded Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China Bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer Dutch troops drive Portuguese from Malaga Battle of Kinsale, Ireland Year in... Alof de Wignacourt was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of St. ... Events February 8 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Elizabeth I of England - revolt is quickly crushed February 25 - Robert Devereux beheaded Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China Bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer Dutch troops drive Portuguese from Malaga Battle of Kinsale, Ireland Year in... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ... Events February 24 - King Christian of Denmark gives an order that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen Island to build ships or as galley rowers March 26 - Utrecht University founded in The Netherlands. ... Events February 24 - King Christian of Denmark gives an order that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen Island to build ships or as galley rowers March 26 - Utrecht University founded in The Netherlands. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Events Prix de Rome scholarship established for students of the arts. ... Events Prix de Rome scholarship established for students of the arts. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... Events September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 – St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher Polhem starts Swedens first technical school. ... Events September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 – St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher Polhem starts Swedens first technical school. ... Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ... Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ... Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1663 - 10 December 1736) was the 66th Grand Master of the Order of Saint John and ruled the island of Malta from 19 June 1722 to his death in 1736). ... Events Abraham De Moivre states De Moivres theorem connecting trigonometric functions and complex numbers Publication of the first book of Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Fall of Persias Safavid dynasty during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Events April 10 – Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz December 19 – Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius William Browning invents mineral water Elizabeth of Russia became czarina. ... Events April 10 – Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz December 19 – Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius William Browning invents mineral water Elizabeth of Russia became czarina. ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc was a member of the wealthy and influential Rohan family of France. ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Paul I of Russia Paul I of Russia (Russian: Pavel Petrovich, Павел I Петрович) (October 1, 1754 - March 23, 1801) was an Emperor (Tsar) of Russia (1796 - 1801). ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1864 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Andrew Willoughby Ninian Bertie is the current Grand Master B======D a great deal of modernization to its organization. ... 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• List of the priors of St John of Jerusalem in England
• Krak des Chevaliers

The following were the Lord Priors of St John of Jerusalem in England, the Knights Hospitallers, until it was stripped of its properties and income by Henry VIII: Gabnabius, (or Gabnebius) of Naples, the first prior. ... Krak des Chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers (also Crac des Chevaliers, fortress of the knights in a mixture of Arabic and French) was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria during the Crusades. ...

External links

• Official site of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (http://www.orderofmalta.org/)
• The Rule of St. Benedict [1] (http://www.christdesert.org/noframes/holyrule/holyrule_home.html)
• The Rule of St. Augustine [2] (http://www.geocities.com/Athens/1534/ruleaug.html)