Teutonic Knights, charging into battle. Note the distinct black cross on the white background. Painting by Giuseppe Rava.

The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre in Palestine. They wore white coats with a black cross. After Christian forces were defeated in the Middle East, they moved to Transylvania in 1211, but were expelled in 1225. The knights moved to northern Poland, where they soon created the independent Teutonic Order state. The aggression of the Order posed a threat to the neighbouring states, especially Poland and Lithuania. In 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg), a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power. The power of the Order steadily declined until 1525 when its Grand Master, Albert of Brandenburg, converted to Lutheranism and assumed the title and rights of hereditary Duke of Prussia. The Grand Masters continued to preside over the Order's considerable holdings in Germany until 1809, when Napoleon ordered its dissolution and the Order lost its last secular holdings. However, the order continued to exist, headed by Habsburgs through the First World War, and today operates primarily with charitable aims. Teutonic order knights charge. ... Teutonic order knights charge. ... Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... This article is about the medieval Crusades . ... A Military Order is a christian order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i. ... Saint Peters Basilica in Rome. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Akko (Hebrew עכו; Arabic عكّا ʿAkkā; also, Acre, Accho, Acco, and St. ... Palestine (Latin: Syria Palæstina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina, ארץ־ישראל Eretz Yisrael; Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn) is the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River, plus various adjoining lands to the east. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvánia, Polish: Siedmiogród) forms the western and central parts of Romania. ... Events The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211 Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211 Births Deaths Monarchs/Presidents France - Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223) Mongol Empire - Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... In 1220 Prussians invaded territories of Conrad of Masovia, in reaction Conrad called on the pope and the emperor for a Crusade. ... Events July 15 – Lithuanian forces under the cousins Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Witowt of Lithuania decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague. ... The Battle of Grunwald took place on July 15, 1410 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on one side, and the Knights of the Teutonic Order on the other. ... Stębark (German:Tannenberg) is a village in Poland. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Albert (May 16, 1490 - March 20, 1568), (Albertus in Latin, Albrecht in German) Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Ducal Prussia, was the third son of Frederick of Hohenzollern, prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth, and Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiello grand duke of Lithuania and... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... The Prussian Tribute, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1882, 388 x 875 cm, National Museum in Kraków. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck Charity is a term in Christian theology (one of the three theological virtues), meaning loving kindness towards others; it is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit, because it is said to both...

History

The order was formed at the end of the 12th century in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims at the holy places. They received Papal orders for crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Latin Christianity. They were based at Acre (Akko). When the mission of the order in Palestine was nearing its end, the Teutonic Knights moved their headquarter to Venice and offered their services to Christian rulers confronted with hostile non-Christian neighbors. In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted their services and granted them district of Burzenland in Transylvania. Andrew had been involved in negotiations for the marriage of his daughter with the son of Hermann, the Landgrave of Thuringia, whose vassals included the family of Hermann of Salza, the new grand master of the Teutonic Order. Led by a brother called Theoderich, the Order defended Hungary against the neighbouring Cumans. In 1224 they petitioned Pope Honorius III to be placed directly under the authority of the Papal See, rather than of the King of Hungary. King Andrew responded by expelling them in 1225. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushalayim; Arabic: القدس al-Quds; see also names of Jerusalem) is an ancient Middle Eastern city of key importance to the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ... Christianity is the worlds largest religion. ... Akko (Hebrew עכו; Arabic عكّا ʿAkkā; also, Acre, Accho, Acco, and St. ... Venice (Italian Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... Events The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211 Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211 Births Deaths Monarchs/Presidents France - Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223) Mongol Empire - Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227... Andrew II (1175-1235) (Hungarian: , Slovak: Ondrej II) was a son of Bela III of Hungary and succeeded his nephew, the infant Ladislaus III, in 1205. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvánia, Polish: Siedmiogród) forms the western and central parts of Romania. ... The Free State of Thuringia (German Freistaat Thüringen) lies in central Germany and is among the smaller of the countrys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 sq. ... Hermann of Salza (c. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Events Foundation of the University of Naples Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquers Latgallians Births Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile - Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and Leon (reigned from 1217 to 1252) Holy See... Honorius III, né Cencio Savelli (1148 – March 18, 1227), was pope from 1216 to 1227. ... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ...

At that time Konrad I, duke of Masovia in west-central Poland, appealed to the Knights to defend his borders and subdue the pagan Baltic Prussians. He gave the Order the Chełmno Land (Kulmerland) as a fief (1226) for the time until the conquest was over. Soon the Teutonic knights assimilated the smaller Order of Dobrin. The conquest of Prussia was accomplished with great bloodshed over more than 50 years, during which the Prussians were subjugated and forced to adopt Christianity. Eventually the Order transferred its headquarters to the brick castle of Malbork (Marienburg) on the Nogat River south of Gdańsk (Danzig). The Order did not conquer Prussia in order to incorporate it into Poland, but instead ruled it under permits issued by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor as a sovereign Teutonic Order state, comparable to the arrangement of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes and later in Malta. Categories: Poland-related stubs | Dukes of Masovia | Polish monarchs | Dukes of Sieradz-Leczyca | Prussian history ... The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Spain and France (in Italy, principe... Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital in Warsaw. ... The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians also Prussi , were Indo-European Balts inhabiting the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons (i. ... Chelmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia CheÅ‚miÅ„ska, German: Kulmerland, Kulmer Land, Culmerland or Culmer Land) is the old land in the turn of Vistula, between Vistula, Drweca and Osa rivers with main city in CheÅ‚mno (Kulm), now in central Poland. ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... Events Carmelite Order approved by Pope Honorius III Frederick II calls Imperial Diet of Cremona Births Deaths October 3 Saint Francis of Assisi founder of the Franciscan Order and patron Saint of animals and the environment Canonized by Pope Gregory IX in 1228 November 8 King Louis VIII of France... The Order of Dobrin (Polish Bracia DobrzyÅ„scy; German: Order von Dobrin) was a military order created in Poland during the 13th century to defend against Baltic Prussian raids. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... Malbork Castle 2003. ... Nogat is one of the arms of the Vistula river, in the Vistula delta. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... The adjective sovereign is used to refer to a state of sovereignty. ... In 1220 Prussians invaded territories of Conrad of Masovia, in reaction Conrad called on the pope and the emperor for a Crusade. ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care... Outside the city walls of the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ...

Battle of Grunwald, a 1878 painting by Jan Matejko.

The Order induced the immigration of thousands of colonists from Germany and the Netherlands, founded numerous towns and cities, and built a number of castles (Order Castles (Ordensburgen in German)), to defend the territory against attacks from Lithuania and Poland, with which the Order often at war during the 14th and 15th centuries. Among the cities of the Order was Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), founded in 1255 in honor of King Otakar II of Bohemia. Many knights from western Europe, including some from England and France, journeyed to Prussia to participate in the wars with Lithuania, which remained non-Christian until the end of the 14th century, much later than the rest of eastern Europe. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The Battle of Grunwald took place on July 15, 1410 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on one side, and the Knights of the Teutonic Order on the other. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Categories: Stub | Polish painters | 1838 births | 1893 deaths ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... Ordensburgs were schools for elite Nazi military ranks. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Locator map on an international level map of Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad (Russian: Калининград), seaport city, capital and main city of the Kaliningrad Oblast, a small Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania with access to the Baltic Sea. ... Events Königsberg was founded Births Emperor Albert I of Germany, in July Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Categories: 1255 ... Otakar II (also spelled Ottokar or Přemysl Otakar/Ottokar) (c. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/km² Religion... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ...

When the Livonian Order was absorbed into the Teutonic Order in 1237, its territorial rule extended over Prussia, Livonia, Semigalia, and Estonia. Their next aim was to convert Orthodox Russia to Roman Catholicism, but that idea had to be dropped in the wake of the disastrous Battle on Lake Peipus (1242). The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin Fratres militiae Christi, literally the brothers of the army of Christ), also known as the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert von Buxhövden, bishop of Riga (or Prince-Bishop... Events Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders. ... This article is about the region in Europe. ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Battle on Lake Peipus (German: Schlacht auf dem Peipussee, Russian: Ледовое побоище - Battle of Chud Lake), took place in 1242. ... Events April 5 - During a battle on the ice of Russian forces rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. ...

Battle of Grunwald, painted by Wojciech Kossak

The crusading rationale for the Teutonic Order's state finally ended when Lithuania officially converted to Christianity after 1386. The grand duke of Lithuania, Jogaila, was baptised, married the queen of Poland Jadwiga, and became king Ladislaus II of Poland. This initiated an alliance between the two countries and created a formidable opponent for the Teutonic Knights. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wojciech Kossak, self-portrait. ... Events Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Hapsburg rule End of reign of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ... ... Baptism is a water purification ritual practiced in certain religions such as Christianity, Mandaeanism, Sikhism, and some historic sects of Judaism. ... This article is about 14th century queen and saint. ... Wladislaus II on Jan Matejkos painting Wladislaus II Jagiello (Polish Władysław II Jagiełło, Lithuanian Jogaila, and in Belarusian as Jahajla (Ягайла)) (c. ...

King Albert of Sweden conceded Gotlandia to the Teutonic Order as a pledge (similar to a fiefdom), with the understanding that they would eliminate the piratical Victual Brothers from their strategic island base. An invasion force under Grand Master Konrad of Jungingen conquered the island in 1398, destroyed Visby and drove the Victual Brothers out of Gotland and the Baltic Sea. Albert of Sweden (or Albrecht von Mecklenburg in German and Albert av Mecklenburg in Swedish) was born in 1338 and became king of Sweden in 1363. ... Gotlandia, or Gotland, a historical Province or landskap, of Sweden. ... Pledge, or Fawn, in law a bailment of personal property as a security for some debt or engagement (Story on Bailments, 286). ... Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security). ... Victual Brothers resp. ... Events Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. ... Visby panorama Visby is a city, founded in the 10th century, on the then independent Baltic Sea island of Gotland, in modern Sweden. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Eastern Europe and Central Europe, and the Danish islands. ...

Teutonic Knights Castle in Malbork (Marienburg)

In 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald (also known as the battle of Tannenberg), a Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military power. The Grand Master, Ulrich von Jungingen, and most of the Order's higher dignitaries fell on the battlefield. The Polish-Lithuanian army then besieged the capital of the Order, Marienburg (Malbork) castle, but was unable to take it. When peace was made, the Order managed to retain essentially all of its territories. Teutonic Knights Castle in Malbork File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Teutonic Knights Castle in Malbork File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Malbork Castle 2003. ... Events July 15 – Lithuanian forces under the cousins Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Witowt of Lithuania decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague. ... The Battle of Grunwald took place on July 15, 1410 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on one side, and the Knights of the Teutonic Order on the other. ... Stębark (German:Tannenberg) is a village in Poland. ... Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 - July 15, 1410) was, since 1407, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. ...

Teutonic Knights before the Battle of Grunwald. Screenshot from the Polish movie Krzyzacy

In 1454 gentry and the burghers of western Prussia rose up against the Order in the "War of the Cities" or Thirteen Year War, at the end of which the Order recognized Polish crown rights over Prussia's western half (subsequently Royal Prussia) while retaining eastern Prussia under nominal Polish overlordship (Second Treaty of Thorn, 1466). Eastern Prussia (subsequently Ducal Prussia) was also lost to the Order when in 1525 its grand master, Albert of Brandenburg, converted to Lutheranism and assumed the title and rights of hereditary Duke of Prussia. Teutonic order from the film Krzyżacy on a novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz. ... Teutonic order from the film Krzyżacy on a novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz. ... The Battle of Grunwald took place on July 15, 1410 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on one side, and the Knights of the Teutonic Order on the other. ... Events February 4 - In the Thirteen Years War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. ... The gentry is a social class of landowners. ... The Thirteen Years War (also called the War of the Cities) started out as an uprising by Prussian cities and the local nobility with the goal of gaining independence from the Teutonic Knights. ... The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jagiello. ... Royal Prussia (Polish: Prusy Królewskie, German: Königliches Preussen) was a Polish province formed from the western part of the Lands of the Teutonic Order following the Thirteen Years War or War of the Cities. During the war, the Prussian Confederation, led by the cities of Gdansk (Danzig), Elblag (Elbing) and... The Second Treaty of Thorn (Polish: Toruń) was a peace treaty concluded in the Prussian city of Thorn (Toruń) on October 19, 1466 between the Polish king, the Prussian cities, and duke of Pomerania on one side, and the Teutonic Order on the other. ... Events Chimú Empire conquered by troops of the Inca End of term for Regent of Sweden Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna. ... The Prussian Tribute, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1882, 388 x 875 cm, National Museum in Kraków. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Albert (May 16, 1490 - March 20, 1568), (Albertus in Latin, Albrecht in German) Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Ducal Prussia, was the third son of Frederick of Hohenzollern, prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth, and Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiello grand duke of Lithuania and... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... For the scientific journal Heredity see Heredity (journal) Heredity (the adjective is hereditary) is the transfer of characters from parent to offspring, either through their genes or through the social institution called inheritance (for example, a title of nobility is passed from individual to individual according to relevant customs and... The Prussian Tribute, oil on canvas by Jan Matejko, 1882, 388 x 875 cm, National Museum in Kraków. ...

A new Grand Magistery was then established in Mergentheim in Württemberg, and the grand masters, often members of the great German families (and, after 1761, by members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine), continued to preside over the Order's considerable holdings in Germany until 1809, when Napoleon ordered its dissolution and the Order lost its last secular holdings. Mergentheim is a town in Germany situated in the valley of the Tauber, 7 miles south from Lauda. ... Württemberg (often spelled Wurttemberg in English) refers to an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in south-western Germany. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Habsburg - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

The order continued to exist, headed by Habsburgs through the First World War, and today operates primarily as a charitable organization. Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck Charity is a term in Christian theology (one of the three theological virtues), meaning loving kindness towards others; it is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit, because it is said to both...

Download high resolution version (2560x384, 357 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Cultural references

The Order and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, the Duchy of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main subject of a novel Krzyżacy (or, in English, The Knights of the Cross) by the Polish author and Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz. Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital in Warsaw. ... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and Pogoń in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ... A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... Henryk Sienkiewicz Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (pronounce: [γεnrik ɕenkieviʧ]) (May 5, 1846 - November 15, 1916) was a Polish novelist, one of the outstanding writers of the second half of the 19th century. ...

Grand Masters (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, 1198-present

• Heinrich I Walpot von Bassenheim 1198-1200
• Otto von Kerpen 1200-1206
• Heinrich II von Tunna 1206-1209
• Hermann von Salza 1209-1239
• Konrad I of Thuringia 1239-1240
• Gerhard von Malberg 1241-1244
• Heinrich III von Hohenlohe 1244-1249
• Günther von Schwarzenberg 1249-1253
• Poppo von Osterna 1253-1257
• Hanno von Sangershausen 1257-1274
• Hartmann von Helbrungen 1274-1283
• Burkhard von Schwanden 1283-1290
• Konrad II von Feuchtwangen 1290-1297
• Gottfried von Hohenlohe 1297-1302
• Siegfried von Feuchtwangen 1302-1310
• Karl Bessart 1311-1324
• Werner von Orselen 1324-1330
• Lothar von Braunschweig 1331-1335
• Dietrich von Altenburg 1335-1341
• Ludolf Konig von Wattzau 1342-1345
• Heinrich IV Dusener von Arfberg 1345-1351
• Winrich von Kniprode 1351-1382
• Konrad III Zollner von Rothstein 1382-1390
• Konrad IV von Wallenrode 1391-1393
• Konrad V von Juningen 1393-1407
• Ulrich von Jungingen 1407-1410
• Heinrich von Plauen 1410-1413
• Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg 1414-1422
• Paul Belenzer von Ruszdorf 1423-1440
• Konrad VI von Erlichshausen 1441-1449
• Ludwig von Erlichshausen 1450-1467
• Heinrich VI von Reuss 1467-1470
• Heinrich VII Reffle von Richtenberg 1470-1477
• Martin Truchsetz von Wetzhausen 1477-1489
• Johann von Tieffen 1489-1497
• Friedrich of Saxony 1497-1510
• Albrecht of Brandenburg 1510-1525
• Walter von Cronberg 1527-1543
• Wolfgang Schutzbar 1543-1566
• Georg Hundt von Weckheim 1566-1572
• Heinrich VIII von Bobenhausen 1572-1590
• Maximilian of Austria Habsburg 1590-1618
• Karl I of Austria 1619-1624
• Johann Eustach von Westernach 1625-1627
• Johann Kaspar I von Stadion 1627-1641
• Leopold Wilhelm of Austria 1641-1662
• Karl Josef of Austria 1662-1664
• Johann Kaspar II von Ampringen 1664-1684
• Ludwig Anton of Palatinate-Neuburg 1685-1694
• Ludwig Franz of Palatinate-Neuburg 1694-1732
• Klemens August of Bavaria 1732-1761
• Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1761-1780
• Maximilian Franz of Austria 1780-1801
• Karl II of Austria 1801-1804
• Anton Viktor of Austria 1804-1835
• Maximilian of Austria-Este 1835-1863
• Wilhelm Franz Karl of Austria 1863-1894
• Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard of Austria 1894-1923
• Dr. Norbert Klein 1923-1933
• Paul Heider 1933-1936
• Robert Schälzky 1936-1948
• Dr. Marian Tumler 1948-1970
• Ildefons Pauler 1970-1988
• Dr. Arnold Othmar Wieland 1988-2000
• Bruno Platter 2000-present

Heinrich I Walpot von Bassenheim was the first Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, from 1198 to 1200. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan January 8 - Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily Births August 24 - Alexander II of Scotland (d. ... Events University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France Births Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (approximate date). ... Otto von Kerpen was the second Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, from 1200 to 1206. ... Events Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... Heinrich II von Tunna was the third Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, from 1206 to 1209. ... Events Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218) the Franciscans are founded. ... Hermann of Salza (c. ... Events Births June 17 Edward I of England known as Edward Longshanks or Hammer of the Scots Deaths Emperor Go-Toba of Japan Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile - Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and Leon... Konrad I of Thruingia was the fifth Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, from 1239 to 1240. ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... Gerhard von Malberg was the sixth Grand Master (Hochmeister) of the Teutonic Order, from 1241 to 1244. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Events Sultan Malik al-Muattam razes city walls. ... Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ... For broader historical context, see 13th century. ... Events La Sorbonne, the famous university in Paris, is founded Eutin in Schleswig-Holstein is given its city rights Henry III of England orders the production of a coinage of pure gold location of city Cracow Births Sancho IV king of Castile and León Deaths Pho Khun Si Indrathit... Events May 7 - In France the Second Council of Lyons opens to consider the condition of the Holy Land and to agree to a union with the Byzantine church. ... Events June 1 - Treaty of Rheinfelden - Duke Rudolph II of Austria has to waive his right to the Duchies of Austria and Styria Teutonic Knights subjugate Prussia Sopot comes under the control of Gdańsk Gregory Cyprius becomes Patriarch of Constantinople Northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed... Events King Edward I of England banishes all Jews from Britain. ... Events 8 January - Monaco gains independence. ... Events July 11 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French occupier. ... Events Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ... Events Publication of Defensor pacis by Marsilius of Padua Mansa Kankan Musa I, ruler of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. ... Events The Bulgars under Michael III are beaten by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and large parts of Bulgaria fall to Serbia. ... Events Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia Start of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Births Deaths Abulfeda, geographer Categories: 1331 ... Events Abu Said dies and the Ilkhan khanate ends Slavery abolished in Sweden Charles I of Hungary allies with Poland against the Hapsburgs and Bohemians Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. ... Dietrich von Altenburg of the Teutonic Order. ... Events Petrarch becomes famous Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expells her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. ... -1... -1... Events End of the reign of Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Start of the reign of Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan, fourth of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders May 1 Zürich joins the Swiss Confederation. ... Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Enyu of Japan, fifth and last of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Emperor Go-Komatsu ascends to the throne of Japan John Wyclifs teachings are condemned by the Synod of London. ... Events Births December 27 - Anne Mortimer John Dunstable, English composer (d. ... Events Many Jews left Barcelona after the 1391 massacres, though a large number remained in the city. ... Events Ottoman Turks occupy Veliko Turnovo in north-central Bulgaria. ... Events November 20 - A solemn truce between John, Duke of Burgundy and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans is agreed under the auspicies of John, Duke of Berry. ... Ulrich von Jungingen (1360 - July 15, 1410) was, since 1407, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. ... Events July 15 – Lithuanian forces under the cousins Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Witowt of Lithuania decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague. ... Events March 20 - Henry V becomes King of England Project of Annals of Joseon Dynasty began. ... Events Council of Constance begins. ... Events August 31 - Henry VI becomes King of England. ... Events July 31 - Hundred Years War: Battle of Cravant - The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. ... For alternative meanings, see number 1440. ... This page is about the year 1441. ... Events January 6 - Constantine XI is crowned Byzantine Emperor. ... Events March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen April 15 - Battle of Formigny. ... Events October 29 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan. ... Events May 15 - Charles VIII of Sweden who had served three terms as King of Sweden dies. ... Events January 5 - Battle of Nancy - Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. ... Events March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. ... Events May 10 - Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cádiz for his first voyage to the New World. ... Friedrich III (January 17, 1463 — May 5, 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise, was Elector of Saxony (from the House of Wettin) from 1486 to his death. ... Events Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. ... Albert (May 16, 1490 - March 20, 1568), (Albertus in Latin, Albrecht in German) Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Ducal Prussia, was the third son of Frederick of Hohenzollern, prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth, and Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiello grand duke of Lithuania and... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... Events January 5 - Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church. ... Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Events January 16 - The Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. ... Events March 14 - Battle of Ivry - Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne. ... Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, also known as Maximilian the Deutschmeister (born October 12, 1558 in Wiener Neustadt; died November 2, 1618 in Vienna) was the third son of Emperor Maximilian II. From 1585 onwards, he was the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and administrator of Prussia. ... Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Events March 18 – Short-timed experiment of the first public buses holding 8 passengers begins in Paris May 3/May 2 - Catherine of Braganza marries Charles II of England – as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England May 9 - Samuel Pepys witnessed a Punch and Judy... Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ... Events France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Empire and Spain. ... Events February 6 - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. ... Events February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed. ... Events February 23 - First performance of Handels Orlando, in London June 9 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. ... Klemens August of Bavaria (1700-1761) was born in Brussels, a member of the Wittelsbach house. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (December 12, 1712 - July 4, 1780) was the younger brother of Francis Stephen, the last Duke of Lorraine. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Dr Arnold Othmar Wieland was born in 1911 in Turin, Italy. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Knights Templar
• Knights Hospitaller (Knights of Rhodes and Knights of Malta)
• Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Sword Brethren)
• Order of Dobrin

The Seal of the Knights — the two riders have been interpreted as a sign of poverty or the duality of monk/soldier. ... The Knights Hospitaller (the or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care... Outside the city walls of the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ... The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin Fratres militiae Christi, literally the brothers of the army of Christ), also known as the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Riga (or Prince-Bishop... The Order of Dobrin (Polish Bracia DobrzyÅ„scy; German: Order von Dobrin) was a military order created in Poland during the 13th century to defend against Baltic Prussian raids. ...

Teutonic Castles

Teutonic Order castle in Golub-Dobrzyń	Teutonic Knights Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Malbork Castle 2003. ...	Belgium Alden Biesen - Teutonic Knights Castle in Bilzen	Poland castle in Kwidzyn, Poland. View from west.
Teutonic Knights Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland	Teutonic Knights Castle Marienburg in Malbork, Poland	Teutonic Knights Castle Marienburg - inside the Grand Master's Palace	Bran Castle -Romania Bran Castle File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Bran Castle near Brasov in Transylvania is a national monument and landmark of Romanian tourism. ...

External links

• The order's homepage
• A description of the Teutonic Knights