Kodachrome is the trademarked name of a brand of color reversal film sold by Eastman Kodak. Since its introduction in 1935^[1] it has been produced in various transparency (slide) and movie formats, and was for many years the standard film for professional color photography, especially when submitting images to major magazines such as National Geographic. As of mid-2007 it is produced only in 35mm (135) slide film format. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is an American multinational public company. ... Film speed is the measure of a photographic films sensitivity to light. ... An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ... A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame In photography, a reversal film is a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with photographic developer. ... K-14 is the name of the developing process for Kodaks Kodachrome transparency film. ... // Movie film formats Amateur formats: 8 mm Single-8 Super 8 mm Polavision 9,5 mm film 17. ... 16 mm film was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1923 as an inexpensive amateur alternative to the conventional 35 mm film format. ... 8mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight millimeters wide. ... 135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Kodak first introduced this superiour film in the late 1920s ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is an American multinational public company. ... Slide could be related to any of these. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ... 2007 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ...

Kodachrome is the oldest successfully mass-marketed color still film using a subtractive method (see color photography for details of earlier additive/'screenplate' methods such as Autochrome and Dufaycolor^[2]). Kodachrome has been through many incarnations and undergone four major developing process changes over the years; the current is the K-14 process. An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ... The Autochrome Lumière is an early color photography process. ... Dufaycolor was an early British/French additive colour photographic film process for motion pictures. ... K-14 is the name of the developing process for Kodaks Kodachrome transparency film. ...

Kodachrome is widely regarded as one of the best films available for the archival and professional market because of its color accuracy and dark-storage longevity^{[citation needed]}. This longevity was demonstrated in February 2007 with the discovery of a Kodachrome 8mm reel shot by George Jefferies of President John F. Kennedy just 90 seconds before his assassination.^[3] This film is now on display at the Sixth Floor Museum in Dallas. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, Kennedy, John Kennedy, Jack Kennedy, or JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of the United States. ...

Because of both the longevity and the tonal range of Kodachrome colors, Kodachrome has been used by professional photographers like Alex Webb and Steve McCurry. McCurry's famous Afghan girl portrait, taken in 1984 for the National Geographic, is a Kodachrome. Steve McCurry (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1950) is an American photojournalist best known for his photograph, Afghan Girl that originally appeared in National Geographic magazine. ... Sharbat Gula (Pashto: شربت ګلهflower-juice girl) (Sharbat is pronounced ) (born ca. ... The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...

When shot with a high quality lens, A 35 mm Kodachrome slide will hold detail eqivalent to 25 or more megapixels of image data.

History

Kodachrome was invented in the early 1930s by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes (hence the humorous saying that Kodachrome was made by God and Man) ^[4][5]. It was first sold in 1935 as 16 mm movie film. Beginning in 1936 it was also sold as 8 mm movie film and slide film in 35mm and 828 formats.^[6]. There were several versions made, including 4"x5" ASA 10, 35 mm ASA 10, 35 mm ASA 25, 35 mm ASA 40 for tungsten light, and an even finer grained version for microphotography at ASA 8, etc. Leopold Godowsky (Leopold Godowski) (February 13, 1870–November 21, 1938) was a Polish pianist, composer, and teacher. ... Leopold Damrosch Mannes (26 December 1899 - 11 August 1964) was an American musician, who together with Leopold Godowsky, Jr. ... (Redirected from 16 mm) 16mm film was initially created in the 1920s as an inexpensive amateur alternative to the conventional 35 mm film format. ... 8 mm may refer to: 8 mm film, or its replacement N - 8, Super - 8 mm film and Single 8 - mm film The film 8mm about a private detective trying to verify the authenticiy of a snuff movie. ... 135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ... 828 is a film format for still photography. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Photomicroscopy. ...

Characteristics

Emulsion

The structure of the Kodachrome emulsion is fundamentally different from that of other slide films in that it is non-substantive. The film is also known as an Integral Tripack. Nearly all other color films have dye couplers incorporated into the three emulsion layers to ensure that the correct dye forms in the correct layer when all three are developed at the same time. In Kodachrome, however, the dye couplers are introduced during the development process.^[7] This makes its rendering of color and response to light unique. Furthermore, the dye couplers in other color films require thicker emulsion layers that allow light to scatter, whereas thinner layers are generally sharper. A Kodachrome slide is quickly detectable when reviewing a series of slides of indeterminate origin: Kodachromes tend to exhibit a visible "relief" image on the emulsion side. Kodachrome 25 in the 1970's was the finest grained consumer film available (exceeded only by Kodachrome 8/10 for microphotography), giving a slide with 4000 grains on the short side and 5000 grains on the long side, total 20,000,000 grains, thus 20. mega-grains on a 24mm x 36 mm (~1" x 1.5") slide. A. Two immisicible liquids, not emulsified; B. An emulsion of Phase B dispersed in Phase A; C. The unstable emulsion progressively separates; D. The surfactant (purple outline) positions itself on the interfaces between Phase A and Phase B, stabilizing the emulsion An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible (unblendable... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Developing process

The Kodachrome K-14 developing process is very complicated, exacting, and requires technicians with extensive chemistry training, as well as large machinery which is extremely difficult to operate. This complexity precludes its use by home amateurs or small laboratories, in contrast with the E-6 process, which is used for developing most other reversal films, and which can be performed by amateurs. In the early 1990s Kodak offered the "K-Lab" process to small labs in an attempt to increase the availability of the K-14 process, but ultimately this was not successful; with the final two K-Lab -equipped labs (Horiuchi Color in Tokyo and Kodak's own plant in Lausanne) shutting down and Kodak discontinuing the "B-I-B" (bag-in-box) K-14 chemistry required for the K-Lab. K-14 is the name of the developing process for Kodaks Kodachrome transparency film. ... The E-6 process (sometimes abbreviated to just E-6) is a process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film. ...

Similar to other reversal films, Kodachrome is first developed into black and white negative layers and stopped but not fixed. Then, unlike other reversal films, the correct color dye couplers are added by performing a light exposure or a chemical "fogging" step, followed by development of the subtractive layers, one at a time, adding the dye couplers during each of the three individual color developments.^[8] A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame In photography, a reversal film is a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means. ...

Due to the complexity of its processing, Kodachrome was initially sold at a price which included processing by Kodak. A mailer was included with the film at the time of purchase, which the photographer used to send exposed films, slide or movie, to one of several designated Kodak laboratories, where the film was processed, mounted in 2" x 2" cardboard mounts in the case of 35 mm slides, and returned by mail to the sender. After 1954, as a result of the case United States v. Eastman Kodak Co., this practice was prohibited in the United States as anticompetitive.^[9] Kodak entered into a consent decree ending the product tying arrangement in which it sold Kodachrome only with Kodak processing included, and was required to allow independent labs to acquire the chemicals and machinery needed to process Kodachrome films. Outside the United States processing envelopes continued to be included with the purchase of a roll of Kodachrome, but within the United States Kodak sold processing envelopes separately, and continues to do so today. Anti-competitive practices are business or government practices that prevent and/or reduce competition in a market (see restraint of trade). ... Tying is the practice of making the sale of one good (the tying good) to the de facto or de jure customer conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good (the tied good). ...

As the use of slide film in general declined in the 1980s and 1990s, and as Kodachrome sales in particular dropped after the introduction of Fujifilm's Velvia slide film in 1990, many Kodachrome processing laboratories, both Kodak-owned and independent, shut down in response to the greatly decreased volume of business. With the closing of the last Kodak-owned slide processing lab in the United States, the Qualex lab in Fair Lawn, NJ, in the summer of 2005, Kodak processing mailers for Kodachrome are sent to Parsons, KS. All Kodachrome processing (as well as all of Kodak's E-6 slide processing) is now done in Parsons, Kansas by Dwayne's Photo, the last Kodak-certified K-14 lab open to the public remaining in the world. (However, Kodak also maintains a small K-14 line at their Rochester campus for testing purposes.) Sunset over the St. ...

Color stability

The long-term "dark-keeping" stability under ordinary conditions has long been superior to other color film. (Some E-6 films now rival Kodachrome for image stability.) Kodachrome slides over fifty years old still retain accurate color and grain. It has been calculated that the least stable color, yellow, suffers a 20% loss in 180 years. This is mostly attributable to the fact that Kodachromes have no unused color couplers remaining after processing, unlike other color slides. However, Kodachrome color stability under bright light, i.e., projection, is quite inferior to E-6 process slide films (mentioned below), at least in actual still film.^[10] [carousel slide projector, the most common form of projector] A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. ... The E-6 process (sometimes abbreviated to just E-6) is a process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film. ...

Digital scanning and resolution

Due to the unusual structure of the emulsion, many film scanners have difficulty scanning Kodachrome slides when using ICE, or a scanner's other IR channel dust removal function. However, those that can handle Kodachrome well (like the Nikon Super Coolscan 5000 ED and especially the 9000 ED) turn Kodachromes into brilliant digital files of stunning sharpness even using ICE. Some people^{[attribution needed]} however report that this difficulty in scanning with ICE depends on the emulsion or production year of the Kodachrome and some Kodachrome scans with little to no problem even with ICE on Nikon 4000 machines.^{[citation needed]} It has been suggested that Speedlight be merged into this article or section. ...

At 4000 samples per inch a Kodachrome scan produces roughly 21 megapixels from a 35mm frame. Going even further, professional scanners capable of 8000 or 12,000 spi turn a Kodachrome's native resolution into a sharp 85 to 192 megapixel file. Because the uneven grain structure of film has to be 'translated' into square pixels, the pixels from a film scan cannot be directly compared with the pixels from a digital camera. A scan needs more pixels to show the same amount of detail, because several pixels are needed to record one dye particle. Consequently, a DSLR image can be sharper and more detailed than a scan, even if it contains fewer pixels.

Status

Kodachrome 25 discontinuation

Kodachrome ISO 25 was discontinued in 2002. Many point to Velvia as the culprit in its demise.^[11] Small quantities of Kodachrome 25 slide and movie film are still found from time to time on internet auction sites, with factory-sealed, 10-roll sets of slide film from the last batches ever made (with expiration dates from late 2002 or early 2003) sometimes selling for more than 300 US dollars^{[citation needed]}. Sunset over the St. ...

Kodachrome 40 Super 8 discontinuation

In May 2005, Kodak discontinued the manufacturing of Kodachrome in the Super 8 movie format^[12], despite protests from filmmakers.^[13] Kodachrome Super 8 films that reached the Kodachrome lab in Lausanne, Switzerland, before 25 September 2006 were developed at the facility, the only place for authorized processing of Kodachrome 40. Kodachrome 40 KMA464P Super 8 Catridge Super 8 mm film, also called Super 8 is a motion picture film format that was developed in the 1960s and released on the market in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement of the older 8mm home movie format, and the Cine 8... Lausanne (pronounced ) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), and facing Évian-les-Bains (France) and with the Jura mountains to its north. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Kodachrome 200 discontinuation

Kodak officially discontinued Kodachrome 200 in November 2006. As of May 2007, there is still K-200 available from several retailers from emulsion batch 2671, with expiration dates of as late as March 2008, and from a newer coating, emulsion batch 2672, dated as late as June 2008.

Processing

On June 30, 2006, Eastman Kodak announced the closure of the Lausanne Kodachrome lab, the world's only remaining lab open to for Kodachrome processing owned by Eastman Kodak itself. Since September 30, 2006, only Dwayne's Photo in Kansas remains as the sole processing lab in the world, after Horiuchi Color in Tokyo shut down their K-Lab and E-K ceased to pack K-14 chemistry in the "bag-in-box" required by that minilab-style processor. Although Kodachrome 40 Super 8 processing by Dwayne's is not authorized by Kodak (something amiss with the machine, Kodak says) the processing of the slide films by Dwayne's has Kodak's full blessing^[14] is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official language(s) English[2] Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Area  Ranked 15th  - Total 82,277 sq mi (213,096 km²)  - Width 211 miles (340 km)  - Length 417 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ...

Since October 2006, all Kodachrome processing for Europe and North America has been consolidated to Dwayne's.^[15]

On 25 July 2006 extensive documentation about the impending closure of the Lausanne Kodachrome lab was sent to the European Parliament by the Dutch office of the European Parliament. Although Lausanne lies in Switzerland, not an EU-member state, the lab serves all of Europe and its discontinuation could seriously affect photography in Europe. Two parliamentary committees, one for Culture and Education^[16], the other one for Internal Market and Consumer Protection^[17] will study the matter and may come up with solutions, with or without EU-subsidy. is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) Gérard Onesta (Greens – EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... // The flag of the Council of Europe and the European Union. ...

Kodachrome 40 in Super 8 has however been discontinued and all available first-hand quantities, even re-labeled under different brand names, were sold out by mid-to-late 2006. Kodak officially replaced Kodachrome in Super 8 with Ektachrome 64T. Ektachrome 64T does not emulate Kodachrome 40.

The Kodachrome void has been filled with the emergence of Fuji Velvia 50 and Kodak Ektachrome 100D. Both of these products can be purchased through third-party resellers who load the film stocks into Kodak film cartridge shells.

There will be no new stocks of Kodachrome 64 in Japan from the end of March, 2007.^{[citation needed]} Processing will continue in Japan until December 20, 2007. Until all stocks of Kodachrome are fully depleted, any K64 processed after December 20 will be sent to Dwayne's Photos in Kansas. is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

For 16 mm customers who pre-paid for processing of Kodachrome motion picture film with the purchase of the film stock, Dwayne's Photo honored that processing at no additional charge, until December 31, 2006. After that date, Kodachrome 16 mm film processing costs, as well as the responsibility for shipping that product to Dwayne's, must be borne by the customer. On 30 June 2006 Kodak also announced that the manufacture of Kodachrome 16 mm film will be discontinued, although there may be one last production run at the end of 2006. Dwayne's will continue to process 16 mm^[18]. is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• 135 film
• 35 mm film
• Ektachrome
• Kodacolor
• Color film (motion picture)
• List of motion picture film stocks
• List of products manufactured by Kodak
• Kodachrome (song) A song by Paul Simon
• The Kodachrome Basin State Park is named after the Kodachrome brand

135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ... 35 mm film frames. ... Ektachrome photographic films, produced by Kodak are available in most formats including 35mm. ... Kodacolor is a brand-name owned and used by Kodak. ... 35 mm film frames from color film print (positive) with optical sound track (no digital sound tracks present). ... This is a list of motion picture camera films. ... The following is a partial list of products manufactured by Kodak. ... Kodachrome is a song written by Paul Simon, and featured on his album There Goes Rhymin Simon, which was released in May of 1973. ... Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, half of the folk-singing duo Simon and Garfunkel who continues a successful solo career. ... Kodachrome Basin is a small, popular state park in Utah USA, situated a few miles south of Utah Route 12, about 20 miles southeast of Bryce Canyon, and reached by a paved road. ...

References

Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Australian National Film and Sound Archive preserves and shares Australias moving images and sound recordings from the countrys first film images to the modern classics. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... KLTV is a television station in Tyler, Texas, USA. It is an ABC network affiliate, and it broadcasts its analog signal on VHF channel 7 and digital signal on channel 10. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Tying is the practice of making the sale of one good (the tying good) to the de facto or de jure customer conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good (the tied good). ... Wilhelm Imaging Research, run by Henry Wilhelm, is considered to be an industry leader into research on the stability and preservation of traditional and digital color photographs and motion pictures. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 2001 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Events: May 1 - Chandra Levy disapears while jogging. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Ongoing events • 2005 Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes • 2005 Maharashtra floods • 2005 Gujarat Flood • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Gomery Comm. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) Gérard Onesta (Greens – EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) Gérard Onesta (Greens – EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Official Kodak information

• Technical data on Kodachrome 40 movie film
• Kodak process K14 technical manual Z-50: Using the KODAK K-LAB Processor for KODACHROME Film

Other resources

• Comparison between Velvia and Kodachrome
• A Critical Appraisal of Kodachrome
• Dwayne's Photo Current Kodachrome processing in the USA
• "Kodachrome Slide Dating Guide"

Processing of older Kodachrome including Processes K-11 and K-12:

• Process C-22 UK and Europe
• Film Rescue USA and Canada
• Rocky Mountain USA