Kommune 1 or K1 was the first politically-motivated commune in Germany. It was created on January 1, 1967 in West Berlin and finally dissolved in November 1969. A Commune is a kind of intentional community where most resources are shared and there is little or no personal property. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Boroughs of West Berlin West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. ... Year 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...

Kommune 1 developed as a reaction against traditional German culture and morality in which very conservative moral conceptions prevailed, in particular concerning sex roles and sexual morality. A bagpiper in military uniform. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Emergence

During a meeting in the early summer of 1966 in Kochel, some members of the Munich branch of Subversiven Aktion (like Dieter Kunzelmann) and the Berlin-based Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund ("SDS") (like Rudi Dutschke and Bernd Rabehl) discussed how to break from what they considered to be narrow-minded and bourgeois concepts. 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... Kochel or Kochel-am-See is a small Bavarian village on the shores of Lake Kochel in the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen. ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ... Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund(SDS) Der Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund (Socialist German Student Union) was founded 1946 in Hamburg, Germany, as the college organisation of the SPD(Socialdemocratic Party of Germany). ... Alfred Willi Rudolf Dutschke, commonly called Rudi Dutschke (March 7, 1940 – December 24, 1979, Århus, Denmark) was the most prominent spokesperson of the German student movement of the 1960s. ...

Dieter Kunzelmann had the idea to create a commune. Kunzelmann soon went to Berlin. In Berlin, the SDS had its first "commune working group", which advanced the following ideas: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

• Fascism develops from the nuclear family. It is the smallest cell of the state from whose underlying character all institutions are derived.
• Men and women live in dependence on each other so that neither can develop freely as people. This cell had to be smashed.

When it was proposed that this theory should be realized as the practice of a life as a commune, many SDS members left, including Rudi Dutschke and Bernd Rabehl, who did not want to give up their marriages and lifestyles. On New Year's Day 1968, eight men and women met in the house of the writer Uwe Johnson in the Friedenau district of Berlin. They called themselves Kommune 1. Fascism (IPA: ) is a political ideology and mass movement that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and/or historical terms, above all other sources of loyalty, and to create a mobilized national community. ... The term nuclear family was developed in the western world to distinguish the family group consisting of parents and their children, usually a father, mother, and children, from what is known as an extended family. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Uwe Johnson (July 20, 1934 - February 22, 1984) was a German writer, editor, and scholar. ... Friedenau is a district within the Borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin, Germany. ...

The early communards included Dieter Kunzelmann, Fritz Teufel, Ulrich Enzensberger, Dorothea Ridder, Dagmar Seehuber and Volker Gebbert. Rainer Langhans joined in March.

The First Phase: Bizarre acts of provocation

Kommune 1 was infamous for its bizarre actions which oscillated between satire and provocation. These actions became models for the "Sponti" movement and other leftist groups. 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... The term provocation, besides its generic meaning of an act to be a cause of something, has the following technical meanings. ... Revolutionary spontaneity, also known as Spontaneism and, within leftist circles, sometimes sponty, is a tendency to believe that social revolution can and should occur spontaneously from below, without the aid or guidance of a vanguard party, and that it cannot and should not be brought about by the actions of...

The "Custard Assassination"

As life within the walls of the commune was growing tedious, the communards decided to turn their internal experience into actions. The first of these actions was to be the "custard assassination" of US Vice-President Hubert Humphrey who was scheduled to visit Berlin. The day before his arrival however, on April 5, 1967, the communards were arrested. The tabloid Bild's headline was "Humphrey to be assassinated", the weekly Zeit spoke of "Ten little Oswalds". Even the New York Times featured a report on the dangerous plan of eight communards to attack the Vice-President with custard, yoghurt, and flour. Because of this negative publicity, Uwe Johnson hastily asked his friend and neighbour Günter Grass to evict the students from his flat. The next day, the communards were released and gave their first press conference – they had become celebrities, while the press and police officials had disgraced themselves in front of the public. The publisher Axel Springer called the members of Kommune 1 "communards of horror" from then on. Hardly a week passed without the communards staging some kind of outrageous provocation somewhere in Berlin, which the press only too eagerly jumped on. Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The Bild-Zeitung (lit. ... 1996 reissue Zeit (meaning time in German) is a 1972 album by the German electronic music group Tangerine Dream. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Lee Harvey Oswald diary Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four United States government investigations, responsible for the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Custard is a range of preparations based on milk and eggs, thickened with heat. ... Yoghurt or yogurt, or less commonly yoghourt or yogourt (see spelling below), is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ... Look up flour in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Günter Grass - German author, and Nobel prize laureate for literature. ... Axel Springer AG is one of the largest newspaper publishing companies in Europe, claiming to have over 150 newspapers and magazines in over 30 countries, including several central and eastern european countries: Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia and western european countries: Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, more than 10,000...

The visit of the Shah and the K1 Photo

During a demonstration against the visit of The Shah of Iran on July 2, 1967, Fritz Teufel was arrested and accused of treason. It was not until December that he was released, after he had began a hunger strike. In the streets, sympathizers held wild demonstrations, chanting "Freedom for Fritz Teufel" and "Drive the devil out of Moabit!" (Moabit being Berlin's prison and Teufel being German for devil). During Teufel's absence from Kommune 1, the infamous photo of the communards' naked behinds was displayed with the headline: Das Private ist politisch! ("The personal is political") Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: ‎) (October 16, 1919, Tehran – July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of Shāhanshāh (King of Kings) and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarchial ruler of Iran from September 16, 1941 until the Iranian... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Moabit is a district in the center of Berlin. ...

The "Arsonist's Lawsuit"

On June 6, 1967, the "Arsonist's Lawsuit" was filed against Langhans and Teufel because of flyers calling for arson against department stores, which read, "Holt euch das knisternde Vietnam-Gefühl, das wir auch hier nicht missen wollen!" ("Catch that burning Vietnam feeling that we would not want to miss at home!") The court ultimately ruled in favor of Langhans and Teufel, however. They later told the story of the lawsuit in their book Klau Mich ("Steal Me"), which rose to cult status. June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...

Reactions

The hedonistic attitude of the communards, who did only what they felt like doing, not only polarized the bourgeoisie but also polarized the political Left. The SDS especially disliked the cheeky flyers of the communards ("Water cannons are paper tigers") that were signed with the acronym SDS, hence, they expelled the "revolutionary rowdies" in May 1967. In the weekly newspaper Zeit, Klaus Hartung wrote: "There has never been a more successful political theory than the one that requires revolutionaries to revolutionize, and requires everyday life to change in order to change society." Gadabout redirects here. ... Bourgeoisie (RP [], GA []) refers to a group of people whose social and political opinions are determined primarily by concern for property values and personal appearance of wealth. ... In politics, left-wing, the political left or simply the left are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of, to varying extents, liberalism, socialism, green politics, anarchism, communism, social democracy, progressivism, American liberalism or social liberalism, and defined in... Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund(SDS) Der Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund (Socialist German Student Union) was founded 1946 in Hamburg, Germany, as the college organisation of the SPD(Socialdemocratic Party of Germany). ... 1996 reissue Zeit (meaning time in German) is a 1972 album by the German electronic music group Tangerine Dream. ...

Kommune 1 developed into a kind of contact point for alternative thinkers; hardly a week would pass in which the commune was not appealed to for help. The house was under a veritable siege by friends and groupies that adored Teufel and Langhans. The number of women waiting to see Teufel led to his expulsion from the commune. He went to Munich and later took part in the Movement 2 June. A groupie is a person who, while she/he may be a fan on some level, seeks intimacy (most often physical, sometimes emotional) with a famous person. ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ... The Movement 2 June also known as the June 2 Movement, June 2nd Movement or J2M was a well known West German militant group based in West Berlin. ...

The Second Phase: Sex, drugs and Uschi Obermaier

By the end of the 1960s, the societal climate had changed. In the late autumn of 1968, the commune moved into a closed-down factory on Stephanstraße in order to reorient. This second phase of the Kommune 1 was characterized by sex, music, and drugs. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...

On September 21, 1968, the commune went to the Songtage (song days) in Essen, the Federal Republic's first underground festival. There, Langhans met and fell in love with Uschi Obermaier, a model from Munich. She lived with the Munich-based music commune Amon Düül, but soon she moved in with the communards of Kommune 1, who shared one bedroom. Soon, the press called Langhans and Obermaier the "best-looking couple of the APO". September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years). ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... [Essen], german for Meal [essen], german for eat Essen is the name of the following places: Essen, Germany, one of the major cities of the Ruhr area Essen, Belgium Essen, Netherlands, a village in the province of Groningen German: to eat, eating, food This is a disambiguation page — a navigational... Motto: (German for Unity and Justice and Freedom”) Anthem: (3rd stanza) also called Capital (and largest city) Berlin Official languages German 1 Government Federal Republic  - President Horst Köhler  - Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) Formation    - Holy Roman Empire 843 (Treaty of Verdun)   - German Confederation June 8, 1815   - Prussian rule January 18... Uschi Obermaier (September 24, 1946 in Munich, a. ... Photograph of the once famous model Dovima A model is a person who poses or displays for purposes of art, fashion, or other products and advertising. ... Munich: Frauenkirche and Town Hall steeple Munich: St. ... There have been two splinters of the German rock group Amon Düül, of which the more famous is Amon Düül II. Formed out of the student movement of the 1960s, this latter version are generally considered to be founders of the German rock music scene and a seminal... The Ausserparlamentarische Opposition (German for Extraparliamentary Opposition, commonly known as the APO), was a political protest movement active in West Germany during the latter half of the 60s and early 70s, forming a central part of the German student movement. ...

The politization of the private sphere and the fact that Langhans and Obermaier spoke openly about their relationship and about jealousy constituted the next breaking of social taboos, ushering in the sexual revolution. Later, John Lennon and Yoko Ono and others followed their example. The sexual revolution refers to a change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... Yoko Ono Lennon (born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese musician and artist best known as the widow of John Lennon of The Beatles. ...

Soon, the commune was receiving visitors from all over the world. Obermaier fell in love with Jimi Hendrix, who had one morning turned up in the bedroom of Kommune 1. Her modeling fees rose sharply, she was given a lead role in Rudolf Thome's cult movie Rote Sonne (Red Sun), and her photos were all over posters and magazine covers. Rumour has it that the magazine Stern paid her 20 thousand Deutschmark (the price of a Porsche 911 at the time) for an interview and nude photos of this self-confident woman of the commune movement. This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Aft of the Soleil Royal, by Jean Bérain the Elder. ... ISO 4217 Code DEM User(s) Germany, Montenegro, Kosovo ERM Since 13 March 1979 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by €, non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by €, cash 1 January 2002 € = 1. ... The Porsche 911 (pronounced as nine eleven) is a sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. ...

The end of Kommune 1 and its legacy

Eventually, the energy of Kommune 1 was spent. Kunzelmann's addiction to heroin worsened and the other communards expelled him from the commune. (It is said that the other members of the commune left of their own will). In November 1969, when a gang of Rockers raided Kommune 1, it was clear that its days were over. Obermaier and Langhans went to Munich. Heroin, also known as diamorphine (BAN) or diacetylmorphine (INN), is a semi-synthetic opioid. ... The definitive Wild One. ...

A table from one of the rooms of the Kommune 1 was bought by the Green Party politician Christian Ströbele. During meetings around that same table, the newspaper die tageszeitung and the German Chaos Computer Club were founded. The table was stolen in 1990, and there is some speculation as to its whereabouts today. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (literally: Alliance 90/The Greens), the German Green Party, is a political party in Germany whose regional predecessors were founded in the late 1970s as part of the new social movements. ... die tageszeitung (referred to commonly as taz), founded in 1978 in Berlin, is a cooperative-owned German daily newspaper catering to the political left. ... The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) is one of the biggest and most influental hacker organisations. ...

See also

• Amon Düül
• Uschi Obermaier
• Chaos Computer Club
• Manfred Grashof
• Autonomism

There have been two splinters of the German rock group Amon Düül, of which the more famous is Amon Düül II. Formed out of the student movement of the 1960s, this latter version are generally considered to be founders of the German rock music scene and a seminal... Uschi Obermaier (September 24, 1946 in Munich, a. ... The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) is one of the biggest and most influental hacker organisations. ... The Baader-Meinhof Gang, also known as the Red Army Faction, was one of the most significant terrorist organisations in post-war West Germany. ... For other meanings of autonomism, see autonomism (disambiguation) page Raised fist, stenciled protest symbol of Autonome at the Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Vienna, Austria Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. ...

References

• Enzensberger, Ulrich. 2004. Die Jahre der Kommune I. Berlin 1967-1969. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch. ISBN 3-462-03413-8
• Fahlenbrach, Kathrin. 2004. The Aesthetics of Protest in the Media of 1968 in Germany (conference paper). Proceedings, IX International Congress of the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature, 2004. Available from: http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/igel/igel2004/Proceedings/Fahlenbrach.pdf (PDF)
• Rabehl, Bernd. 2003. Die Provokationselite: Aufbruch und Scheitern der subversiven Rebellion in den sechziger Jahren. (Teil 2: Die Revolte in der Revolte: Die Kommune 1.) Available from: http://people.freenet.de/visionen/Provo2.htm

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

External links

• Kommune 1 in Berlin (in German)
• The anti-Semitism of the 68ers, Philipp Gessler and Stefan Reinecke interview with Tilman Fichter, Sign and Sight, October 31, 2005. - mostly about Dieter Kunzelmann, with some material on Kommune 1.

Note: This article is translated from the article Kommune 1 in the German-language Wikipedia