Konkani कोंकणी, Konknni, ಕೊಂಕಣಿ, കൊങ്കണി, koṃkaṇī
Pronunciation:	kõkɵɳi (standard), kõkɳi (popular)
Spoken in:	India
Region:	Konkan
Total speakers:	7.6 million
Ranking:	123
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Southern Zone     Konkani      Konkani
Writing system:	Devanagari (official), Roman, Kannada, Malayalam and Arabic
Official status
Official language in:	Goa, India
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	kok
ISO 639-3:	kok
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Konkani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Konkani (Devanāgarī: कोंकणी; Roman: Konknni; Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ; Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി; IAST: koṃkaṇī) is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages spoken in the Konkan coast of India. It has approximately 7.6 million speakers of its two individual languages, Konkani and Goan Konkani. It has been suggested that History of the Konkan be merged into this article or section. ... This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Southern Indo-Aryan languages include some 13 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is one of the Indo-Aryan languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Indo-Iranian language family. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... () is an abugida script used to write several Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Gujarati,Marathi, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Marwari, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Pahari (Garhwali and Kumaoni), Santhali, Nepali, Newari, Tharu and sometimes Kashmiri and Romani. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Malayalam script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing the Arabic language, which is the language of the Quran, the holy book of Islam. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links Example. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, descended from the BrāhmÄ« script of Mauryan India. ... Image File history File links Incubator-notext. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Incubator logo The Wikimedia Incubator is a wiki run by Wikimedia Foundation. ... () is an abugida script used to write several Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Gujarati,Marathi, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Marwari, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Pahari (Garhwali and Kumaoni), Santhali, Nepali, Newari, Tharu and sometimes Kashmiri and Romani. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The Malayalam script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... It has been suggested that History of the Konkan be merged into this article or section. ...

Konkani is the official language in the state of Goa and is also one of the Official languages of India. Konkani does not have a unique script. Scripts of the other regional languages where its speakers inhabit are used. Devanagari has been mandated as the official script. For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... -1...

Phonology

The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate and lots of diphthongs. Like the other Indo-Aryan languages, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels is a special feature of the Konkani language^{[citation needed]}. In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic[1]) are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ...

Vowels

Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i • • u ɪ • • ʊ e • • ɵ • o ɛ • ʌ • ɔ æ ɐ a • • ɒ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of ɵ, the Close-mid central vowel, instead of the schwa as used in Hindi and Marathi. Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A near-front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A central vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A near-back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A close vowel is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x700, 5 KB) Blank vowel trapezoid, for use with the International Phonetic Alphabet. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... The close-mid central rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... A close-mid vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ... The open-mid vowels make a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. ... Vowels See also: IPA, Consonants Near‑close Close‑mid Mid Open‑mid Near‑open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ... The IPA symbol for the Schwa In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa can mean: An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. ...

Whereas most Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए(IPA:e), Konkani uses three: e, ɛ and æ.

The Near-open front unrounded vowel (æ), as used in Konkani is different from its standard IPA definition. It is positioned between ɛ and æ and slightly longer than æ. The standard pronunciation of æ is only used for loan-words. Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ...

Consonants

The Consonants in Konkani are similar to Marathi.

Grammar

Konkani is a language rich in morphology and syntax. It cannot be described as a stress language nor as a tone language. ^[1] In linguistics, the timing in a language comprises the rhythmic qualities of speech, in particular how syllables are distributed across time. ... A Tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words. ...

Word Formation

Most^{[citation needed]} of the words in Konkani have been inherited from Sanskrit to be precise from Sauraseni and Maharashtri{^{[citation needed]}. It also includes a significant number of loan words derived from Dravidian languages ^[2]. It has loan words from other languages, such as Marathi, Kannada, Urdu and Portuguese. Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... A Dramatic Prakrit, Sauraseni was the chief language of northern medieval India, evolving into the Hindi language complex and Punjabi. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ... For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... “Kannada” redirects here. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ...

Evolution of Konkani words from Sanskrit and Prakrit

Konkani verbs and their roots

• All the verbs and their evolution strictly follow the rules of Apabrhamsh (corruption of language ) and Prakrit (ie Sauraseni and Maharashtri )^{[citation needed]}

Metaphors

Konkani language is very euphimistic and if full of metaphors^{[citation needed]}. The term Apabhramsha refers to the dialects of North India before the rise of modern North Indian languages. ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... A Dramatic Prakrit, Sauraseni was the chief language of northern medieval India, evolving into the Hindi language complex and Punjabi. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ...

JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...

Geographical distribution

The Konkani language is spoken widely in the Western Coastal region of India known as Konkan. This consists of the Konkan division of Maharashtra, Goa, South Canara, North Canara and some pockets in Kerala. Each region has a different dialect, pronunciation style, vocabulary, tone and sometimes, significant differences in grammar. Konkani language is also spoken in minorities in other parts of Karnataka. A very few Konkani speakers are also found in North India. It has been suggested that History of the Konkan be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that History of the Konkan be merged into this article or section. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... Location of Dakshina Kannada district with respect to the other districts of Karnataka. ... Location of Uttara Kannada district with respect to the other districts of Karnataka. ... -1... For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... Look up pronunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ...

The Census Department of India, 1991 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 1,760,607 making up 0.21% of India's population. Out of these, 602,606 were in Goa, 706,397 in Karnataka, 312,618 in Maharashtra and 64,008 in Kerala.^[1] It ranks 15th in the list of Scheduled Languages as per strength. According to the 2001 estimates of the The Census Department of India, there are 2,489,015 Konkani speakers in India.^[3] A very large number of Konkanis stay outside India, either as expatriates or citizens of other countries (NRIs). Determining their numbers is difficult. For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Indian region. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... -1... A non-resident Indian (NRI) is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country. ...

Ethnologue puts the number of Konkani speakers at 7.6 million (estimated).^[4][5] Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language. ...

History

Origins

The Konkan region is the narrow strip of land between the Sahyadri Mountain range and the Arabian Sea on the western coast of India. The Konkani language developed in the region, primarily in Gomantak (now Goa). For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ...

There are two theories regarding the origins of Konkani:

The precursors to the Konkani are the Brahmins who resided along the banks of the river Saraswati ie Saraswati Mandal which flowed in Northwestern India about 5000 years ago. As a consequence of seismic activity in the Himalayas, the river ran underground around 1900 B.C.E. forcing a migration of the inhabitants. After a long journey, a group of these people settled in the Gomantak region. They brought their own dialect of Shauraseni Prakrit, which over time evolved into modern Konkani. ^[6] For the Vedic river, see Saraswati River. ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ...

Another theory is that Konkani is a Sanskritised version of a language spoken by the Kokna tribe. The Kokna tribals (also referred to as Kokni or Kukni or Kukna) are now found in North Maharashtra and South Gujarat, but may have been the primary settlers in the Konkan region. The migrating Aryans who came to the Konkan picked up the language and added various Prakrit/Sanskrit words. ^[7] Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... This is a full list of Scheduled Tribes in India, as recognised in Indias Constitution. ... Prakrit (also spelt Pracrit) (Sanskrit: , original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...

Research done by Dr Kulkarni( University of Nagpur) has shown that Konkani has many words of Maharashtri origin ( not to b mixed with marathi language.,though both the languages have common roots} The University of Nagpur (or Nagpur University) was established on August 4, 1923 in the city of Nagpur in the Maharashtra state of central India. ... Maharashtri is a language of medieval India, descended from Sanskrit, and spoken in what is now Maharashtra and other parts of India. ...

Early years

Konkani as a language flourished in Goa. It is believed that the Brahmi script may have been used initially for writing in Konkani but it fell into disuse. It is also believed that Brahmi gave way to the Devanagari script. However, no evidence has been found to support these claims. In the 1300s, the development of Marathi and the availability of religious and literary works in Marathi, led to its use extensively for religious purposes among the Hindus of Goa. Konkani existed only as a spoken language until the arrival of the Portuguese. The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas used in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ... Marathi (मराठी ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western India. ...

Other communities

Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The Konkani Muslim communities of Ratnagiri and Bhatkal came about due to a mixture of intermarriage of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam. ^[8] Another migrant community that picked up Konkani was the Siddis who were sailor-warriors from Ethiopia. ^[9] Konkani / Kokani Muslims is a Muslim sub-ethnic group of Maharashtrian. ... , Ratnagiri (Marathi:रत्नागिरी) is a city in India, located in the southwestern part of Maharashtra State on the Arabian Sea coast, in the Ratnagiri district. ... , Bhatkal is a port town in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India. ... The Siddi, Siddhi, or Sheedi (Hindi: शीदि, Urdu: شیدی) people are an Indian ethnic group of mainly East African descent, whose ancestors arrived in India from the 11th to the 19th century. ...

Migration and fragmentation

The arrival of the Portuguese lead to major changes in Konkani. The conversion of Konkanis to Christianity and the religious policies of the Portuguese caused a large number of Konkanis to flee to neighbouring territories. The isolation of Hindu and Christian Konkanis added to the fragmentation of Konkani into multiple dialects. Topics in Christianity Preaching Prayer Ecumenism Relation to other religions Movements Music Liturgy Calendar Symbols Art Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...

The language spread to Canara (coastal Karnataka), Kokan-patta (coastal Konkan division of Maharashtra) and Kerala during the last 500 years due to migration of Konkanis. Although a few Konkanis may have been present in the neighbouring areas and there may have been migrations due to economic reasons in the past, the main cause of migration was the Portuguese control over Goa. The Kanara or Canara (called Kannada in Karnataka) districts comprise three districts of Karnataka - North Kanara (Uttara Kannada) whose administrative headquarters is Karwar, Udupi, and South Kanara (Dakshina Kannada), whose administrative headquarters is Mangalore. ... It has been suggested that History of the Konkan be merged into this article or section. ...

It was spread to these areas by Hindu Konkani and Christian Konkani speakers in three waves of migration. The first migration occurred during the early years of Portuguese rule and the Inquisition of 1560s. The second wave of migration was during the 1571 C.E. war with the Sultan of Bijapur. The third wave of migration happened during the wars of 1683-1740 C.E. with the Marathas. While the first wave was of Hindus, the second and third waves were mainly those of Christians. This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Bijapur (Kannada: ವಿಜಾಪುರ) is a district headquarters of the Bijapur district in the state of Karnataka. ... Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ...

These migrant communities grew in relative isolation and each developed its own dialect. Since these communities had to interact with others in local languages on a daily basis, Konkani dialects show strong local influences in terms of script, vocabulary and also style.

Konkani in Portuguese era

Early in the era of Portuguese colonization, Christian missionaries realized the importance of propagating in local tongues and translated Christian Literature into Konkani and sometimes Marathi, the most notable among them being Fr Thomas Stephens. Portuguese India evolution Capital Cochin (1510-1530); Nova Goa Language(s) Portuguese Political structure Ultramarine Province King President  - 1511-1521 Manuel I  - 1958-1961 Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás Viceroy  - 1505-1509 Francisco de Almeida (first)  - 1827-1835 Manuel de Portugal e Castro (last) Governor-general  - 1509-1515... Father Thomas Stephens (c. ...

However, in 1684 C.E., the Portuguese administration banned the use of local languages in their Indian territories. They mandated the use of Portuguese not just for official purposes but everyday conversations including speaking at homes or bazaars. This was because local languages served as a medium for Hindu religious instruction. They also wanted to severe the links the new converts had with their culture.

Coupled with the imposition of Portuguese as an official language, it lead to a steady decline of Konkani, which unlike most Indian languages had absolutely no state patronage.

The Hindus of Goa had been using Marathi as a language of religious ceremonies from a long time. Also the interaction between Marathis and Konkanis in the past, that had resulted in Konkanis being bilingual with Marathi, now cemented the status of Marathi as the liturgical and literary language of Hindus in Goa, including Konkanis. Similarly, upper class Christians used Konkani only to communicate with the lower classes and poor, using Portuguese in social gatherings. The use of Portuguese led to the influence of Portuguese in Konkani, especially in the dialects spoken by the Christians. ^[10] Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... The term bilingualism (from bi meaning two and lingua meaning language) can refer to rather different phenomena. ... From the Greek word λειτουργια, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning the work of the people, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may be refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), a daily... Literature is literally an acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts. ...

Meanwhile, the migrant communities outside Goa kept Konkani alive, and the language became more fragmented. The Devanagari script came into use in Maharashtra, while Kannada Script was used by migrants to Karnataka.

Konkani revival

Shenoi Goembab, respected as a pioneer of modern Konkani literature and a figurehead for Konkani unity

Konkani was in a sorry state, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians; the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as Shenoi Goembab.^[11] His death anniversary, 9th April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Viswa Konknni Dis)^[12] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Shenoi Goembab Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar(Konkani: वामण रघुनाथ शेणै वाळौलिकर)(23rd June 1877 - 9th April 1946) known popularly as Shenoi Goembab(Konkani, Roman script: Shennoi Goembab) was a noted Konkani writer and activist [1]. // He was born on 23rd June 1877 at Bicholim, Goa. ... Shenoi Goembab Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar(Konkani: वामण रघुनाथ शेणै वाळौलिकर)(23rd June 1877 - 9th April 1946) known popularly as Shenoi Goembab(Konkani, Roman script: Shennoi Goembab) was a noted Konkani writer and activist [1]. // He was born on 23rd June 1877 at Bicholim, Goa. ...

Post-independence period

Following India's Independence and its subsequent reconquest of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.

However, with the reorganization of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. A plebiscite retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.^[11]. However, English, Hindi and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.^[13]

Recognition as an independent language

With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the president of the Akademi appointed a Committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On February 26, 1975, the Committee after due deliberation, came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language. ^[14] The Sahitya Akademi is an Indian organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. ... Suniti Kumar Chatterji (Bengali: সুনীতি কুমার চ্যাটার্জি) (1890-1977) was a Bengali Indian linguist, educationist, litterateur. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Official language status

All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally fed up with the delay, Konkani lovers launched an agitation demanding official status to Konkani in 1986. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill making Konkani the Official Language of Goa.^[13]

Konkani was included in the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 31 August 1992, adding it to the list of National Languages.

Scripts

Konkani is written in a number of scripts. Brahmi was originally used but fell into disuse. Devanagari is the official script for Konkani in Goa. Roman script is also popular in Goa. The Kannada script is used amongst the Konkani population of Karnataka. Malayalam script is used by the Konkani community, centered around the cities of Cochin and Kozhikode in Kerala state. Konkani Muslims in coastal Maharashtra and Bhatkal taluka of Karnataka use Arabic script to write Konkani.^[10] The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas used in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ... Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) Devanāgarī (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is an abugida alphabet used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... This article is about the Indian region. ... The Malayalam script is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. ... Cochin may refer to: Cochin China Kingdom of Kochi, a former princely state of India, merged with Travancore to form the State of Kerala Cochin city, the former name of the city of Kochi, in Kerala Hôpital Cochin, a famous hospital in Paris, France Cochin font, from the Adobe... , For the district with the same name, see Kozhikode District. ... -1...

Dialects

Konkani, despite having a small population shows a very high number of dialects. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste and local tongue influence.^[10] For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ...

Different researchers have classified the dialects differently.

N. G. Kalekar's classification

Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, N. G. Kalekar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:^[10]

• Northern Konkani :Dialects spoken in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi.
• Central Konkani : Dialects in Goa, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture.
• Southern Konkani: Dialects spoken in the Canara region of Karnataka which came in close contact with Tulu and Kannada.

Ethnologue (ISO) classification

ISO 639-3 classifies Konkani generic macrolanguage(ISO 639-3:kok) into^[15]: ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Konkani is a term used to refer both to a language and to an Indian ethnic group. ...

• Goan Konkani (ISO 639-3: gom )
• Konkani (individual language) (ISO 639-3: knn)

A list of Konkani dialects available from Ethnologue is as follows: Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language. ...

• Dialects of Konkani (ISO 639-3: knn):^[4]
  • Agari of Kolaba
  • Parabhi (Kayasthi, Damani)
  • Koli
  • Kiristav
  • Dhanagari
  • Bhandari
  • Thakuri (Thakari, Thakri, Thakua, Thakura)
  • Karhadi
  • Sangamesvari (Bakoti, Bankoti)
  • Ghati (Maoli)
  • Mahari (Dhed, Holia, Parvari)

• Dialects of Goan Konkani (ISO 639-3: gom):^[16]
  • Standard Konkani (Goan)
  • Bardeskari (Gomantaki)
  • Sarasvat Brahmin
  • Kudali (Malvani)
  • Daldi (Nawaits)
  • Chitpavani (Konkanasths)
  • Mangalore.

Related languages/dialects

Other languages/dialects which are included by ISO 639-3 in the Konkani family of the Language tree ^[5] but may be not be regarded as dialects of Konkani(they may be regarded as sister languages):

• Katkari (kfu)
• Kukna (kex)
• Phudagi (phd)
• Samvedi (smv)
• Varli (vav)

Problems/Issues

The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out primarily due to

1. The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible dialects.
2. The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.
3. Strong degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in Goa and coastal Maharashtra with Marathi
4. Progressive inroads made by Urdu into the Muslim communities.
5. Mutual animosity among various religious and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
6. Migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
7. Lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even till recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani education, even informally.
8. Preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in "Potaachi Bhas" (language of the stomach) over "Maaim Bhas"(mother tongue) Konkani; primarily in English to help their children gain a grip over English in schools.^[10]

Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani^{[citation needed]}, starting with Shenoi Goembab's efforts to revive Konkani. There has been a renewed interest in Konkani Literature. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped. Shenoi Goembab Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar(Konkani: वामण रघुनाथ शेणै वाळौलिकर)(23rd June 1877 - 9th April 1946) known popularly as Shenoi Goembab(Konkani, Roman script: Shennoi Goembab) was a noted Konkani writer and activist [1]. // He was born on 23rd June 1877 at Bicholim, Goa. ... The Sahitya Akademi is an Indian organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. ...

Some organizations such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra, organized by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, Mumbai since 1939 and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.

Multilingualism

According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism; Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes Konkanis the most multilingual community of India. Bilingual redirects here. ...

This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkanis have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.

While bilingualism is not by itself a bad thing, it has been misinterpreted as a sign that Konkani is not a developed language. The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi ^{[17] [10]} and hence had a bearing on the future of Goa.

Konkani - Marathi dispute

It has been claimed by some quarters that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language. This has been attributed to several historical reasons (outlined in the History section), the close similarities between Marathi and Konkani, the geographical proximity between Goa and Maharashtra, the strong Marathi influence on Konkani dialects spoken in Maharashtra (such as Malwani), a supposed lack of literature in Konkani and a great degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus with respect to Marathi. Konkani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Konkani (DevanāgarÄ«: कोंकणी; Roman: Konknni; Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ; Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി; IAST: ) is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages spoken in the Konkan coast of India. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Malvani also known as Malwani is a dialect of Konkani with significant Marathi influences. ...

José Pereira, in his 1971 work "Konkani - A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy", pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807 wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy. ^[10]

Another linguist to whom the error is attributed is Grierson. Grierson's work on the languages of India: The Linguistic Survey of India was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in costal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay Presidency) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as being two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in costal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. But, in his opinion, Goan Konkani was also to be considered a dialect of Marathi because the relegious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi. Grierson's opinion about Goan Konkani was not based on it's linguistics but on the diglossic situation in Goa. Sir George Abraham Grierson (7 January 1851, Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland - 9 March 1941, Camberley, County Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom) was a famous British civil servant who spent much of his life in British India. ...

S. M. Katre's 1966 work, The Formation of Konkani, which utilized the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. ^{[10] [17]} Shenoi Goembab, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians. Shenoi Goembab Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar(Konkani: वामण रघुनाथ शेणै वाळौलिकर)(23rd June 1877 - 9th April 1946) known popularly as Shenoi Goembab(Konkani, Roman script: Shennoi Goembab) was a noted Konkani writer and activist [1]. // He was born on 23rd June 1877 at Bicholim, Goa. ...

Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganized along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra state. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967. ^[10]

The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organization in India) recognized it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987. Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century) Devanāgarī (देवनागरी — in English pronounced ) (ISCII – IS13194:1991) [1] is an abugida alphabet used to write several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri and Nepali from Nepal. ...

Script and dialect issues

The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkanis. The decision to use Devanagari as official script and Antruz dialect has met with opposition both within Goa and outside it^[13]. The critics contend that Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkanis, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to Roman script in Goa or Kannada script in coastal Karnataka^[13]. Prominent among the critics are Konkani Catholics in Goa, who have been at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986-87 and have for long used the Roman script including producing literature in Roman script. They are demanding that Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari. ^[18]

In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkanis, leading organizations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.^[19]

At present no single script or dialect can claim to be understandable or acceptable to all sections. No serious efforts have been made to achieve a consensus on this issue. The lack of a standard dialect which is acceptable to all means that at many times Konkanis interact with other Konkanis in other languages.

Organizations

The campus of the Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK), a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Panaji in Goa

There are various organizations working for Konkani but primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 23 January 1978 served the purpose of providing a common ground for all groups. A new organization known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organization for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.^[20] The Vishwa Konkani Sammelan (First World Konkani Convention), which was held at Mangalore in 1995, had attracted more than 5000 delegates apart from lakhs of visitors.^[21] TSKK campus at Alto Porvorim Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a Jesuit-run research-institute working on issues related to the Konknni language, literature, culture and education. ... Panaji   (Marathi/Konkani: पणजी) or Panjim   is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... , Mangalore (IPA:ˈmaÅ‹-gÉ™-ËŒlȯr; Kannada: ಮಂಗಳೂರು, MangalÅ«ru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ; Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್; Beary: Maikala, ಮೈಕಲ)   is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

The Konkan Daiz Yatra, which was started in 1939 in Mumbai, is the oldest Konkani organization.^[22] The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on April 5, 1942 during the Third All India Conference.^[23] On 28 December 1984, Goa Konkani Akademi (GKA) was founded by the Government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature and culture.^[24][25] The Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a popular research institute based in the Goan capital Panaji, which works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture and education.^[26] The Dalgado Konkani Academy is a popular Konkani organization based in Panaji.^[27] Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... , Bombay redirects here. ... is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... TSKK campus at Alto Porvorim Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a Jesuit-run research-institute working on issues related to the Konknni language, literature, culture and education. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... Panaji   (Marathi/Konkani: पणजी) or Panjim   is the capital of the Indian state of Goa. ...

The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organization in Mumbai, which is engaged in the vocation of patronizing Konkani language through theatre movement. The Konkani Bhas Ani Sanskriti Pratistan (Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation) is actively involved in the development and research of the Konkani language.^[28] The Government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.^[29] The World Konkani Centre has been established by the Konkani Bhas Ani Sanskriti Pratistan (Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation) in Mangalore.^[30][21] The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organization of the various Konkani bodies in Goa. The government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the Governer as the constitutional head. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ...

Literature

Cover of Dovtrina Christam by Fr. Thomas Stephens, first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language

• The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English Jesuit priest, Fr. Thomas Stephens in 1622, and entitled Dovtrina Cristam Em Lingoa Brahmana Canarim (Old Portuguese for: Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language).^[21]
• Konkani Mansagangotri - Prof. Olivinho Gomes
• Vajralikhani - Shenoi Goembab
• Konkani Bhashecho Itihas - Shenoi Goembab
• Sollavea Xekddeantlem Konknni Mhabharot: Adi Porv - collection of 18 stories from the Mahabharat epic. It was written down in the 16th century by a Jesuit in the Roman script using diacritics. It is probably the oldest form of Konkani available today.

Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Father Thomas Stephens (c. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Father Thomas Stephens (c. ... Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... The Mahabharata (Devanagari: महाभारत, phonetically Mahābhārata - see note), sometimes just called Bharata, is the great religious, philosophical and mythological epic of India. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ...

Miscellaneous facts

• There is some disagreement about whether the name "Konkani" was always the accepted name for the language. The earliest reference to the Konkani language comes in a devotional poem by Sant Namdev(c.1270-c.1350 CE) where he has written a stanza in Konkani.
• An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song Rav Patrao Rav as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song Bebdo, composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna. The new lyrics written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat and sung by Ella Castellino (article, lyrics).
• A Konkani cultural event Konkani Nirantari held in Mangalore on 26th and 27th January 2008; has entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon by beating the Brazilian musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.^[31]

Namdev, Nam Dev, or Saint Namdev (1270-1350) born to a low-caste tailor named Damasheti and his wife, Gonabi in the village of Naras-Vamani, in the district of Maharashtra, India. ... Nike, Inc. ... The 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup was a mens cricket tournament that took place in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007, using the sports One Day International format. ... , Mangalore (IPA:ˈmaÅ‹-gÉ™-ËŒlȯr; Kannada: ಮಂಗಳೂರು, MangalÅ«ru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ; Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್; Beary: Maikala, ಮೈಕಲ)   is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Guinness World Records 2008 edition. ...

See also

• Konkani people
• Konkani words from other languages
• Languages of India
• List of national languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• Linguistic issues in Goa
• Konkani (macrolanguage)

This article is about the people who speak Konkani Language. ... languages redirects here. ... Indian constitution recognizes 22 languages as National languages 1. ... Indian languages spoken by more than ten million people are given below. ...

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For followers of Hinduism, see Hindu. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Konkani language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Konkani Sammelan: Biennial event in North America
• Learn GSB Konkani online
• Learn Mangalorean Konkani online
• Ethnologue report for Konkani
• The Origins of the Konkani Language
• Mother Tongue blues by Madhavi Sardesai
• List of Prominent Konkanis
• An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi
• Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary

v • d • e  (Official) Languages of the Republic of India Federal-level Official languages Standard Hindi · English Image File history File links Incubator-notext. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Incubator logo The Wikimedia Incubator is a wiki run by Wikimedia Foundation. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... -1... Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect; identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue), (/ /; Hindi: खड़ी बोली; Urdu: كهڑى بولى, ; lit. ... Indian English comprises several dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and/or by first generation Indian diaspora elsewhere in the world. ... State-level official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Dogri · Garo · Gujarati · Standard Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Meitei · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Tamil · Telugu · Urdu Assamese ( ) (IPA: ) is a language spoken in the state of Assam in northeast India. ... Bangla redirects here. ... Bodo is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Bodo people of north-eastern India and Nepal. ... Areas in India and Pakistan where Dogri and related dialects are spoken Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about two million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and... Garo is the language of the majority of the people of the Hills which bear their name in the state of Meghalaya of India. ... Gujarati (ગુજરાતી GujÇŽrātÄ«; also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, and Guujaratee[3]) is an Indo-Aryan language descending from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect; identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue), (/ /; Hindi: खड़ी बोली; Urdu: كهڑى بولى, ; lit. ... “Kannada” redirects here. ... Kashmiri (कॉशुर, کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Jammu and Kashmir state of India. ... Khasi is an Austroasiatic language spoken in the four districts of Meghalaya state in India, namely East Khasi Hills district, West Khasi Hills district, Jaiñtia Hills district and Ri Bhoi district. ... Kokborok (also spelled Kok Borok) also known as Tiprakok or Tripuri is the native language of the Tripuri people in the Indian state of Tripura and its neighbouring areas of Bangladesh. ... Maithili (मैथिली MaithilÄ«) is a language of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Meitei-lon , also Meitei-lol, and Manipuri (and sometimes, the 19th century British term, Meithei, which is the name of the people, not of the language), is the predominant language and lingua-franca in the Southeastern Himalayan state of Manipur, in northeastern India. ... Marathi (मराठी ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western India. ... Mizoram known as the Lushai Hills District till 1954 is now a state in the Indian Union. ... Nepali (Khaskura) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma). ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Punjabi redirects here. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Santali is a language in the Munda subfamily of Austro-Asiatic, related to Ho and Mundari. ... SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिन्धी) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ... Tamil ( ; IPA: ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people, originating on the Indian subcontinent. ... Telugu redirects here. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ...