NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Korea under Japanese rule

Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly occupied by the Japanese Empire. Japan's involvement began with the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea and increased with the subsequent assassination of Empress Myeongseong (also known as Queen Min) at the hands of Japanese agents in 1895. It culminated with the 1905 Eulsa Treaty and the 1910 Annexation Treaty, both of which were eventually declared "null and void" by both Japan and South Korea in 1965. Korean dynasties are listed in the order of their ruling era. ... This is a timeline of Korean history. ... Korea has a long military history going back several thousand years, with an extensive series of wars that involved invasions, civil discord, counter-piracy actions against medieval Japan, the first use of armoured battleships in seabattles, and the devastation of rebellions against the Joseon era Japanese invasions, the forced peace... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Like most other regions in the world, science and technology in Korea has experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation. ... This article is about the Korean civilization. ... Anthem Kimi ga Yo Imperial Reign Capital Tokyo Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1868â€“1912 Emperor Meiji - 1912â€“1926 Emperor TaishÅ - 1926â€“1989 Emperor ShÅwa Prime Minister - 1885-1888, 1892-1896, 1898, 1900-1901 ItÅ Hirobumi - 1888-1889 Kuroda Kiyotaka - 1889-1891 Yamagata Aritomo - 1906-1908, 1911-1912 Saionji Kinmochi... The Treaty of Ganghwa, also called Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity, signed in 1876, was written by Kuroda Kiyotaka, Governor of HokkaidÅ, and designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade. ... Joseon redirects here. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... Her Imperial Majesty Empress Myeongseong of Korea (1851–1895), more commonly known as Queen Min (閔妃), was the last empress of Korea. ... Through the Eulsa Treaty of 17 November 1905, the Korean Empire ceded foreign diplomacy to the Japanese Empire, became a protectorate of Japan, and in effect ceded its national sovereignty to Japan. ... The Treaty of Annexation of Korea by Japan, also called in Korea ê²½ìˆ êµì¹˜(åºšæˆŒåœ‹æ¥), meaning Humiliation of the Nation in the Year of the Dog, was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments. ...

In this period, the Imperial Japanese Army often discriminated, tortured, plundered, raped, summary executed and mass murdered innocent Koreans without a valid reason^[1]; major cultural genocides and war crimes done by the Japanese include forced sex slavery and kidnapping of young Korean girls and women for the Japanese army^[2], human experiments on live Koreans^[3], burying of live Koreans^[4], burning down of Korean villages^[5], banning of the Korean language and religions^[6], complete censorship of media, unfair confiscation of land, food and cultural assets, forced name changes and Imperial education, which led to a strong rise in anti-Japanese sentiment and Korean nationalism, still persistent to this date in both South Korea and North Korea.^[7]^[8] The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸åœ‹é™¸è», Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... Cultural genocide is a term used to describe the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political or military reasons. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices: forced prostitution single-owner sexual slavery ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes where sex is common or permissible In general, the nature of slavery means that the slave is... Human experimentation involves medical experiments performed on human beings. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ... For other uses, see Censor. ... Confiscation, from the Latin confiscato join to the fiscus, i. ... SÅshi-kaimei (Japanese: å‰µæ°æ”¹å) was a policy created by Jiro Minami, Governor-General of Korea under the Empire of Japan, implemented upon Japanese subjects from Korea (referred to below as Koreans). ... Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea is complex and multi-faceted. ... Korean Nationalism is a term referring to the cultural, historical, political, and shared social history and that unifies the Korean people. ...

Japanese control of Korea ended with the surrender of Japan to the Allied forces in 1945 at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was subsequently divided into South Korea and North Korea. The legacy of the occupation remains in continuing disputes between Japan and the two Koreas. The Japanese representatives, Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu, on board USS Missouri during the surrender ceremonies on 2 September 1945. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the Korean Peninsula. ... The Korean peninsula, first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japans 35-year occupation of Korea. ... Look up legacy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There have been disputes between Japan and Korea (both North and South) on many issues over the years. ...

In Korea, this period is called the Japanese Forcible Occupation Period (일제 강점기; Ilje gangjeomgi, 日帝强占期) or Japanese Imperial Period (일제시대, Ilje sidae, 日帝時代). Sometimes it is also referred to as the Wae jeong (Hangul: 왜정, Hanja: 倭政), or "Japanese administration". In Japan, this period is called Korea under Japanese rule (日本統治時代の朝鮮) (Nippon Toji-jidai no Chosen) Jamo redirects here. ... Korean writing systems Hangul Hanja Hyangchal Gugyeol Idu Mixed script Korean romanization Revised Romanization of Korean McCune-Reischauer Yale Romanization Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ...

Background

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, various Western countries were competing for influence, trade, and territory in East Asia while Japan sought to join the modern colonial powers. The newly modernised Meiji government of Japan turned to Korea, then in the sphere of influence of Qing Dynasty of China. The Japanese government initially sought to separate Korea from Qing and make Korea a Japanese satellite in order to further their security and national interests.^[9] This article is about the geographical region. ... Emperor Mutsuhito Mutsuhito or Mitsuhito (睦仁), the Meiji Emperor (明治天皇, literally wise ruling heaven emperor) (3 November 1852–30 July 1912) was the 122nd Emperor of Japan. ... For the astrodynamics term, see sphere of influence (astrodynamics). ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ...

Treaty of Ganghwa

In February 1876, following the Meiji Restoration, Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to pressure Korea to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa, which was regarded as unequal treaty, ^[10] and grant extraterritorial rights and open three Korean ports to Japanese trade. The rights granted to Japan under the treaty were similar to those granted western powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Perry. ^[11] The Treaty of Ganghwa, also called Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity, signed in 1876, was written by Kuroda Kiyotaka, Governor of HokkaidÅ, and designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade. ... The Meiji Restoration ), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japans political and social structure. ... In international politics, gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military powerâ€”implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force. ... The Treaty of Ganghwa, also called Korea-Japanese Treaty of Amity, signed in 1876, was written by Kuroda Kiyotaka, Governor of HokkaidÅ, and designed to open up Korea to Japanese trade. ... ... Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794-1858) Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 â€“ March 4, 1858) was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. ...

Assassination of Empress Myeongseong

In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japanese agents.^[12] The Japanese minister to Korea, Miura Goro orchestrated the plot against her. A group of Japanese agents entered the Imperial palace in Seoul, which was under Japanese guard,^[13] and Empress Myeongseong (referred to as "Queen Min" by the Japanese) was killed and her body desecrated in the North wing of the palace.^[14] The empress had attempted to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to Russia or China for support. Empress Myeongseong (October 19, 1851 â€“ October 8, 1895), was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. ... Her Imperial Majesty Empress Myeongseong of Korea (October 19, 1851 â€“ October 8, 1895), more commonly known as Queen Min (æ˜Žæˆçš‡åŽ), was the last empress of Korea. ... Miura Goro (1846-1926) Born in Yamaguchi, Japan in 1846, he was appointed foriegn minister to Korea in 1895, where he as involve in the murder of Empress Min of Korea. ...

Reacting to the murder of the Empress, on February 11, 1896, Emperor Gojong and his crown prince fled from the Gyeongbokgung palace to the Russian legation in Seoul, from which they governed for about one year, an event known as Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation. Russia and the U.S. were granted concessions to counterbalance Japanese influence. is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Gojong, the Gwangmu Emperor (July 25, 1852â€“January 21, 1919) was the twenty-sixth king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty and the first emperor of the Korean Empire. ... Gyeongbokgung (Gyeongbok Palace) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ...

Donghak Revolution and protests for democracy

The outbreak of the Donghak Peasant Revolution in 1894 changed Japanese policy toward Korea. Korea had negotiated with Russia to counterbalance Japan's growing influence. So Chae-pil and Protestant missionaries introduced Western political thought to Korea. Protesters took to the streets, demanding democratic reforms and an end to Japanese and Russian influence in Korean affairs. The Korean government asked for Chinese assistance in ending the revolt. The Meiji leaders decided upon military intervention to challenge China. When China sent troops into Korea, Japan sent its own troops to Korea. Japan won the First Sino-Japanese War, and China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. Among its many stipulations, the treaty recognized "the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea", thus ending Korea's tributary state relationship with the Chinese Qing dynasty. It has been suggested that Donghak Rebellion be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Donghak Rebellion be merged into this article or section. ... So Chae-Pil (1866-1951), a young revolutionary, later relocated to US and earned a medical degree from George Washington University (Washington D.C.) He returned to Korea in 1896 as a naturalized US citizen, with the Anglicized name of Philip Jaisohn, and worked on numerous causes related to Korean... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... For other uses, see Democracy (disambiguation) and Democratic Party. ... Combatants Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan Commanders Li Hongzhang Yamagata Aritomo Strength 630,000 men Beiyang Army Beiyang Fleet 240,000 men Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy Casualties 35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead, 3,973 wounded The First Sino-Japanese War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese... The ShunpanrÅ hall where the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: ä¸‹é–¢æ¡ç´„, Shimonoseki JÅyaku), known as the Treaty of Maguan (T. Chinese: é¦¬é—œæ¢ç´„, S. Chinese: é©¬å…³æ¡çº¦;) in China, was signed at the ShunpanrÅ hall on April 17, 1895 between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire. ... The term tributary state refers to one of the two main ways in which a pre-modern state might be subordinate to a more powerful neighbour. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ...

On the road to annexation

The strategic rivalry between Russia and Japan exploded in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, won by Japan.^[15] Under the peace treaty signed in September 1905, Russia acknowledged Japan's "paramount political, military, and economic interest" in Korea.^[15]-1...

A separate agreement was signed in secret between the United States and Japan at this time, and this subsequently aroused anti-American sentiment among Koreans decades later.^[15] The Taft-Katsura Agreement was cynical by modern standards, exchanging what amounted to a lack of interest and military capability in Korea on the part of the United States (Japan was given a free hand in Korea) for a lack of interest or capability in the Philippines on the part of Japan (Japanese imperialism was diverted from the Philippines).^[15] Given the diplomatic conventions of the times, however, the agreement was a much weaker endorsement of the Japanese presence in Korea than either the Russo-Japanese peace treaty or a separate Anglo-Japanese accord.^[15] The Taft-Katsura Agreement was a secret agreement signed between William Howard Taft, United States Secretary of War, and Count Katsura of Japan in July 1905. ...

Two months later, Korea was obliged to become a Japanese protectorate.^[15] Thereafter, a large number of Koreans organized themselves in education and reform movements, but by then Japanese dominance in Korea was a reality.^[15] Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_(1905). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Japanese_Resident_General_of_Korea_(1905). ... During the period between 1910 and 1948 there were various Governors of Korea. ... For other uses, see 1905 (disambiguation). ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In June 1907, the Second Peace Conference was held in The Hague. Emperor Gojong secretly sent three representatives, commissioned to bring the problems of Korea to the world's attention. The three envoys were refused access to the public debates by the international delegates who alleged the legality of the protectorate convention. Out of despair, one of the Korean representatives, Yi Chun, committed suicide at The Hague.^[16] The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and 1907, respectively, and were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of secular international... Hague redirects here. ... Gojong, the Emperor Gwangmu (ê´‘ë¬´ì œ å…‰æ¦å¸ gwang mu je) (8 September 1852â€“21 January 1919) was the twenty-sixth king and first emperor of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. ...

In response, the Japanese government took stronger measures. On July 19, Emperor Gojong was forced to relinquish his imperial authority and appoint the Crown Prince as the regent. The Japanese officials used this concession to force the accession of the new Emperor Sunjong following abdication, which was never agreed to by Gojong. Neither Gojong or Sunjong was present at the 'accession' ceremony. Sunjong was to be the last ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, which had been founded in 1392.^[17] Sunjong, Crown Prince Cheok (hwangtaeja), crowned Emperor Yunghui (Korean hangul: ìœµí¬ì œ; hanja: éš†ç†™å¸; revised: yunghuije; McCune-Reischauer: yunghÅije; March 25, 1874â€“April 24, 1926) was the last emperor of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, ruling from 1907 until 1920. ... Joseon redirects here. ...

Annexation of Korea

Jamo redirects here. ... Korean writing systems Hangul Hanja Hyangchal Gugyeol Idu Mixed script Korean romanization Revised Romanization of Korean McCune-Reischauer Yale Romanization Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... Korean writing systems Hangul Hanja Hyangchal Gugyeol Idu Mixed script Korean romanization Revised Romanization of Korean McCune-Reischauer Yale Romanization The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana ManyÅgana Uses Furigana Okurigana RÅmaji ) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana (å¹³ä»®å), katakana (ç‰‡ä»®å), and the Arabic numerals. ... Hiragana ) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana and kanji; the Latin alphabet is also used in some cases. ... Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana ManyÅgana Uses Furigana Okurigana RÅmaji The romanization of Japanese is the use of the Latin alphabet (called rÅmaji ) in Japanese) to write the Japanese language, which is normally written in logographic characters borrowed from Chinese (kanji) and syllabic scripts... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 480 pixelsFull resolution (2962 Ã— 1777 pixel, file size: 391 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 480 pixelsFull resolution (2962 Ã— 1777 pixel, file size: 391 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Lee Wan-Yong is a Korean politician, who had an instrumental role in putting Korea under the de facto Japanese occupation in 1910. ... Sunjong, the Yungheui Emperor (hangul: ìœµí¬ì œ; hanja: éš†ç†™å¸; revised: yunghuije; McCune-Reischauer: yunghÅije; March 25, 1874â€“April 24, 1926) was the last emperor of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, ruling from 1907 until 1910. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty

In May 1910, the Minister of the Army of Japan, Terauchi Masatake, was given a mission to finalize Japanese control over Korea after previous treaties (Japan-Korea Protocol of 1904 and Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907) had made Korea a protectorate of Japan and had established Japanese hegemony over Korean domestic politics. On August 22, 1910, Korea was effectively annexed by Japan with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty signed by Lee Wan-Yong, Prime Minister of Korea, and Terauchi Masatake, who became the first Japanese Governor-General of Korea. The Treaty of Annexation of Korea by Japan, also called in Korea ê²½ìˆ êµì¹˜(åºšæˆŒåœ‹æ¥), meaning Humiliation of the Nation in the Year of the Dog, was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments. ... The Ministry of War of Japan (é™¸è»çœ Rikugun shÃ³) was established in the late 19th century, alongside many other Ministries, as part of the creation of the first modern Japanese government. ... Field Marshal Count Masatake Terauchi ) (5 February 1852 â€“3 November 1919) was Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 18th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 October 1916 to 29 September 1918. ... The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty ) was concluded on 24 July 1907, between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire. ... This article is about states protected and/or dominated by a foreign power. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Ceremonies during the annexation of Hawaii. ... The Treaty of Annexation of Korea by Japan, also called in Korea ê²½ìˆ êµì¹˜(åºšæˆŒåœ‹æ¥), meaning Humiliation of the Nation in the Year of the Dog, was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments. ... Lee Wan-Yong is a Korean politician, who had an instrumental role in putting Korea under the de facto Japanese occupation in 1910. ... During the period between 1910 and 1948 there were various Governors of Korea. ...

The text was published one week later and became effective the same day. The treaty stipulated:

Both the protectorate and the annexation treaties were declared void in the 1965 Basic Treaty between Korea and Japan since both were: 1) obtained under threat of force, and 2) the Korean Emperor, whose royal assent was required to validate and finalize any legislation or diplomatic agreement under Korean law of the period, refused to sign the document,^[18]^[19]. In international politics, gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of military powerâ€”implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force. ... // The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of lawmaking by formally assenting to an Act of Parliament. ...

Liberation movement

Upon Emperor Gojong's death, anti-Japanese rallies took place nationwide, most notably the March 1st Movement of 1919. A declaration of independence was read in Seoul. It is estimated that 2 million people took part in these rallies. The protests were violently suppressed: according to Korean records, 46,948 were arrested, 7,509 killed and 15,961 wounded; according to Japanese figures, 8437 were arrested, 553 killed and 1409 wounded.^[20] The Encyclopedia Britannica states that about 7,000 people were killed by the Japanese police and soldiers during the 12 months of demonstrations.^[21] The nature of the search for Korean independence under the repressive Japanese occupation period (1890-1945) has a particularly complicated and diverse history. ... Gojong, the Emperor Gwangmu (ê´‘ë¬´ì œ å…‰æ¦å¸ gwang mu je) (8 September 1852â€“21 January 1919) was the twenty-sixth king and first emperor of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. ... Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea is complex and multi-faceted. ... The March First Movement, or the Samil Movement, was one of the earliest displays of Korean nationalism during the Japanese rule. ... A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... Demonstrators march in the street while protesting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on April 16, 2005. ... 1913 advertisement for the 11th edition, with the slogan When in doubt â€” look it up in the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica (properly spelled with Ã¦, the ae-ligature) was first published in 1768â€“1771 as The Britannica was an important early English-language general encyclopedia and is still...

After the suppression of the uprising, some of the aspects of Japanese rule considered most objectionable to Koreans were removed. The military police were replaced by a civilian force, and limited press freedom was permitted. Two of the three major Korean daily newspapers, the Dong-a Ilbo and the Chosun Ilbo, were established in 1920. Freedom of the Press (or Press Freedom) is the guarantee by a government of free public press for its citizens and their associations, extended to members of news gathering organizations, and their published reporting. ... Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina. ... The Dong-a Ilbo (literally East Asia Daily) was founded in 1920 by Kim Sung-soo who also founded Korea University during the Japanese occupation of Korea. ... Chosun Ilbo is one of the leading newspapers (if not the leading) in South Korea, with a circulation of 2,380,000 copies daily. ...

However, objection to Japanese rule over Korea continued, and the March 1st Movement was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea by Korean émigrés in Shanghai on April 13, 1919. This Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea is considered by the modern South Korea government to be the de jure representation of the Korean people throughout the period of Japanese rule. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the Japanese occupation of Korea. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In military terms, although the Japanese occupation of Korea after annexation was largely uncontested by the numerically smaller, poor armed and poorly trained Korean army, many former soldiers and other volunteers left the Korean peninsula for Manchuria and Primorsky Krai in Russia. Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as Dongnipgun (Liberation Army) which would travel in and out of the Korean-Chinese boundary, fighting with guerrilla warfare tactics against Japanese forces. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932 and subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo deprived many of these groups of their bases of operation and supplies. Many were forced to either flee to China itself, or to join with the Communist-backed forces in eastern Russia. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Primorsky. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The current version of the article or section reads like a magazine article instead of the formal tones expected of an encyclopedia. ... Guerrilla redirects here. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Zhang Xueliang, Ma Zhanshan, Feng Zhanhai, Ting Chao Shigeru Honjo, Jiro Tamon, Senjuro Hayashi Strength 160,000 men 30,000 - 60,450 men Casualties ? ? The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, one day... Combatants Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies, Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan, Manchukuo Imperial Army, Manchukuo Commanders Ma Zhanshan, Ting Chao, Tang Juwu, Wang Fengge, Wang Delin, Su Bingwen, Feng Yuxiang, Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, Li Zhaolin Shigeru Honjo, Nobuyoshi Muto, Takashi Hishikari... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ...

Within Korea itself, anti-Japanese rallies continued on occasion, most notably the nationwide student uprising of November 1929, which led to the strengthening of military rule in 1931, after which freedom of the press and expression were curbed. Many witnesses, including Catholic priests, reported that Japanese authorities dealt with insurgency severely. When villagers were suspected of hiding rebels, entire villages of people are said to have been herded into public buildings (especially churches) and massacred when the buildings were set on fire.^[22] In the village of Cheam-Ni near Suwon, for instance, a group of 29 people was gathered inside a church which was then set afire to burn them alive.^[23] Such events deepened the hostility of many Korean civilians towards the Japanese government.^[24]

World War II

On December 9, 1941, shortly after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, under the presidency of Kim Gu, declared war on Japan and Nazi Germany. The Provisional Government banded together various Korean resistance guerilla groups as the Korean Liberation Army, which participated in combat on behalf of the Allies in various campaigns in China and parts of South East Asia. Tens of thousands more Koreans volunteered for the National Revolutionary Army and the Peoples Liberation Army. is the 343rd day of the year (344th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... This article is about the actual attack. ... Kim Gu (ê¹€êµ¬ é‡‘ä¹, August 29, 1876 â€“ June 26, 1949), the sixth and last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, was a Korean patriot who had struggled against the Japanese occupation of Korea that lasted from 1910 to 1945. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Korean Liberation Army was the armed force of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and was created on September 17, 1941 in Chongqing, China. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: , sometimes shortened to åœ‹è» or National Army) was the party army of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMTs period of party rule beginning in 1928. ... Alternate meaning: Shining Path The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) (Traditional Chinese: 人民解放軍, Simplified Chinese: 人民解放军, pinyin: Rénmín Jiěfàng Jūn), which includes an army, navy, air force, and strategic nuclear forces, serves as the military of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...

Outside of the control of the Provisional Government was the communist-backed Korean Volunteer Army (KVA), established in Yenan, China from a core of 1000 deserters from the Imperial Japanese Army. After Operation August Storm, the KVA entered Manchuria, where it recruited from the ethnic Korean population and eventually became the Korean People's Army of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Yanan (延安, pinyin Yánān, or Yen-an in Wade-Giles), is a city in Shaanxi province, China. ... Combatants Soviet Union Peoples Republic of Mongolia Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Commanders Aleksandr Vasilevsky Otsuzo Yamada Strength Soviet Union 1,577,225 men, 26,137 artillery, 1,852 sup. ... Korean Peoples Army refers to the armed personnel of the Joseph Stalin. ... North Korea, known officially as the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國), is a country in eastern Asia, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea. ...

Following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered to the Allied forces on 15 August 1945, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation. American forces under General John R. Hodge arrived in the southern part of Korea on 8 September. Colonel Dean Rusk proposed splitting Korea at the 38th parallel at an emergency meeting to determine postwar spheres of influence during this time. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... For other uses, see Hiroshima (disambiguation). ... Megane-bashi (Spectacles Bridge) Nagasaki listen? (é•·å´Žå¸‚; -shi, literally long peninsula) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture located at the south-western coast of Kyushu, Japan. ... The Japanese representatives, Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu, on board USS Missouri during the surrender ceremonies on 2 September 1945. ... This article is about the day of the year. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... John R. Hodge, full name John Reed Hodge, (June 12, 1893 - November 12, 1963) was a military officer of the United States Army. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 â€“ December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. ... A sphere of influence is a metaphorical region of political influences surrounding a country. ...

However, as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea lacked widespread international diplomatic recognition, its representatives were not allowed to participate in the San Francisco Peace Conference, nor was the Provisional Government a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco.^[25] Diplomatic recognition is a political act by which one state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government, thereby according it legitimacy and expressing its intent to bring into force the domestic and international legal consequences of recognition. ... Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru gives a speech on reconciliation and rapport ) at the San Francisco Peace conference. ...

Economy and exploitation

Korea during the late Joeson period was a largely an isolationist pre-industrial society, with most foreign trade prohibited and attempts at economic modernization stifled by an extremely conservative Court and landed aristocracy. For the electronic album, see Isolationism (album). ... Pre-industrial society refers to specific social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of Capitalism. ... International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries (an exporter and an importer). ...

During the early period of Japanese rule, the Japanese government concentrated on building a significant transportation infrastructure on the Korean peninsula, including development of port facilities, an extensive railway system, including a main truck railway from the southern port city of Pusan through the capital of Keijo and north to the Chinese border. This transportation infrastructure was intended not only to facilitate a colonial mercantilist, colonial economy^[26] for the extraction of raw materials (timber), foodstuffs (mostly rice and fish), and mineral resources (coal and iron ore), but was also viewed as a strategic necessity for the Japanese military to control Korea and to move large numbers of troops and materials to the China border at short notice. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Port (disambiguation). ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... Busan Metropolitan City, also known as Pusan[1] is the largest port city in the Republic of Korea. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism. ... Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for useâ€”from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial useâ€”as structural material for construction or wood... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ...

From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, particularly during the tenure of Japanese Governor-General Kazushige Ugaki, concentrated efforts were to build up the industrial base in the Korean peninsula, especially in the areas of heavy industry, such as chemical plants and steel mills, and munitions production. The Japanese military felt that having production closer to the source of raw materials and closer to the potential front lines in a future war with China, would be of benefit.^[27] Kazushige Ugaki ). (9 August 1868 - 30 April 1956) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and twice Governor-General of Korea. ... Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning compared to light industry. ... Munition is often defined as a synonyn for ammunition. ...

However, by the early 1930s, Japanese investment was limited due to the worldwide economic depression, competition for investment opportunities from the potentially more lucrative Manchukuo and by Japans own limited economic capacity. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi) - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II - Established 1932 - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of...

As Imperial Japan began feeling the strains of World War II, Japan "siphoned off more and more of Korea's resources, including its people, to feed its war machine."^[28]

Japanese migration and land confiscation

Prior to the annexation of Korea, from around the time of the First Sino-Japanese War, Japanese merchants began settling in towns and cities around Korea seeking economic opportunities. After annexation, the Japanese government wanted more ethnic Japanese settlers to take root in Korea and encouraged further migration to help consolidate and expand Japanese influence. By 1910, the number of Japanese settlers in Korea reached over 170,000, creating the largest overseas Japanese community in the world at the time. Combatants Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan Commanders Li Hongzhang Yamagata Aritomo Strength 630,000 men Beiyang Army Beiyang Fleet 240,000 men Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy Casualties 35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead, 3,973 wounded The First Sino-Japanese War (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese...

Many Japanese settlers were interested in acquiring agricultural land in Korea even before Japanese landownership was officially legalized in 1906. This was facilitated by a land reform introduced by Japanese Governor-General Terauchi Masatake which subsequently proved extremely unpopular with large segments of the Korean population. The Korean land ownership system was a complex system of absentee landlords, partial owner-tenants, and cultivators with traditional but without legal proof of ownership. Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted cadastral surveys that reestablished ownership by basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). Ownership was denied to those who could not provide such written documentation (mostly lower class and partial owners, who had only traditional verbal "cultivator rights"). Although the plan succeeded in reforming land ownership/taxation structures, it added tremendously to the bitter and hostile environment of the time by enabling a huge amount of Korean land to be seized by the government and sold at subsidized costs to any Japanese family willing to settle in Korea as part of a larger effort at colonization.^[29].-1... Field Marshal Count Masatake Terauchi ) (5 February 1852 â€“3 November 1919) was Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 18th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 October 1916 to 29 September 1918. ... An English deed written on fine parchment or vellum with seal tag dated 1638. ... In economics, a subsidy is generally a monetary grant given by a government to lower the price faced by producers or consumers of a good, generally because it is considered to be in the public interest. ... A family of Russian settlers in the Caucasus region, ca. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ...

Japanese landlords included both individuals and corporations, such as the Oriental Development Company. Former Korean landowners as well as agricultural workers, became tenant farmers, having lost their entitlements almost overnight. A tenant farmer is one who resides on and farms land owned by a landlord. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

It is estimated that by 1910 perhaps 7 to 8 percent of all arable land was under Japanese control. This ratio increased steadily. During the years 1916, 1920, and 1932, during which the ratio of Japanese land ownership started at 36.8%, then rose to 39.8%, and finally jumped to 52.7%, while the ratio of Korean ownership began at 63.2%, decreased to 60.2%, and finally fell to 47.3%. This level of tenancy was very similar to that of farmers in Japan itself, but with the difference being that in Korea, the landowners were mostly Japanese, and the tenants were all Koreans. As was often the case in Japan itself, tenants were forced to pay over half their crop as rent, they were often forced to send wives and daughters to factories or to sell daughters into prostitution to pay for taxes. ^[29] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Korea lagged behind Japan proper in the rise of agricultural cooperatives and advances in cash crop and mechanized agriculture, and thus suffered from occasional famine through crop failure and over taxation. Cooperative farming (or Cooperative Agriculture) is a system, in which farmers pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. ... In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for money. ... Mechanised agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery in order to massivly increase output. ... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ...

By the 1930s, the growth of the urban economy and flight of farmers to the cities gradually weakened the hold of the landlords. With the growth of the wartime economy, the government recognized that landlordism was an impediment to increased agricultural productivity, and took steps to increase control over the rural sector through the formation of the Central Agricultural Association, which was a compulsory organization under the wartime command economy. This article needs cleanup. ... A planned economy is an economic system in which economic decisions are made by centralized planners, who determine what sorts of goods and services to produce, and how they are to be priced and allocated. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Forced labor conscriptions

From 1939, labor shortages as a result of over-drafting of Japanese males for the military World War II led to organized official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan, initially through civilian agents, and later directly, often involving elements of coercion. As the labor shortage increased, by 1942, the Japanese authorities extended the provisions of the National Mobilization Law to include the involuntary conscription of Korean workers for factories and mines on the Korean peninsula, Manchukuo and the involuntary relocation of workers to Japan itself as needed. A Labor shortage is an economic condition in which there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees) to fill the market-place demands for employment at any price. ... Conscript redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Flag Anthem National Anthem of Manchukuo Map of Manchukuo Capital Hsinking Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor - 1932 - 1934 Datong (Chief Executive) (Aisingioro Puyi) - 1934 - 1945 Kangde-Emperor (Aisingioro Puyi) Prime Minister - 1932 - 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu - 1935 - 1945 Zhang Jinghui Historical era World War II - Established 1932 - Disestablished 1945 Manchukuo (, State of...

Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including Karafuto Prefecture (present-day Sakhalin, now part of Russia) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were often forced to work under appalling conditions. About 60,000 are estimated to have died between 1939 and 1945 from harsh treatment, inhumane working conditions and Allied bombings.^[30] The total deaths of Korean forced laborers in Korea and Manchuria is estimated to be between 270,000 and 810,000.^[31] The 43,000 in Karafuto, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union just prior to Japan's surrender, were refused repatriation to either mainland Japan or the Korean peninsula, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin, stateless; they became the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans.^[32] Karafuto (æ¨ºå¤ª) is the Japanese name for the southern part of the island of Sakhalin or the entire island of Sakhalin. ... Sakhalin (Russian: , IPA: ; Japanese: æ¨ºå¤ª ) or ã‚µãƒãƒªãƒ³ )); Chinese: åº«é ; also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45Â°50 and 54Â°24 N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sakhalin Koreans trace their roots back to immigrants from Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s. ...

In 1938, an estimated 800,000 ethnic Koreans were living in Japan as immigrants. The combination of immigrants and forced labor workers during World War II brought that total to over 2 million by the end of the war, according to estimates by the American occupation authorities. In 1946, some 1,340,000 ethnic Koreans were repatriated to Korea, with 650,000 choosing to remain in Japan .^[33], where they now form the Zainichi Korean community. A 1982 survey by the Korean Youth Association showed that conscripted labor accounts for 13.3% of first-generation Zainichi Koreans. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... SCAP, short for Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, was the title for Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following WWII. The title did belong to Dwight David Eisenhower during WWII, however, he had nothing to do with the attacks on Japan. ... Zainichi Koreans, also often known as Zainichi for short, are the permanent ethnic Korean residents of Japan. ...

Politics and culture

Residents of the Korean peninsula, whether ethnic Korean or Japanese, did not have the right to vote or right to hold office in Japan's House of Representatives. The election law was amended in 1945 to allot 18 seats of the House of Representatives to the Korean peninsula, but this did not go into effect because of the end of the war later in the same year. Koreans in Japan were, however, eventually given the right to vote and to hold office. Pak Chun-geum (박춘금, 朴春琴) was the first ethnic Korean to be elected into the House of Representatives in 1932, re-elected in 1938, and continued to serve throughout the Second World War. Several members of the Korean Royalty and aristocracy were appointed to the House of Peers including Pak Yeong-Hyo (박영효, 朴泳孝) in 1932. 38 Koreans were elected into local assemblies in 1942. The House of Representatives ) is the lower house of the Diet of Japan. ... The House of Peers (è²´æ—é™¢ Kizokuin) was the upper house of the Imperial Diet under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (in effect from 11 February 1889 to 3 May 1947). ...

Assimilation of the royalty

Following the forced dissolution of the Korean Empire and the assassination of Empress Myeongseong at the hands of Japanese agents, the Korean royalty was incorporated into the Japanese royalty. Since the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty lacked legality as it was never signed by the Korean Emperor,^[18] an effort was made to inter-marry the royalty of the two houses in an attempt to validate the occupation of Korea. Yi Eun, then the Imperial Crown Prince of Korea, married Masako of Nashimotonomiya. Pro-Japanese Koreans (or Chinilpa) who supported or helped the annexation were also given titles of Japanese nobility. Lee Wan-Yong, the last prime minister of the Korean Empire, was given the title of Count (later Duke) by Japanese fiat and against Korean resistance. In total, 76 Koreans were titled Count, Baron, etc. all of which were later invalidated by the Korean Governments after receiving formal charges of betrayal against the state. This does not cite any references or sources. ... Empress Myeongseong (October 19, 1851 â€“ October 8, 1895), was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. ... The Korean Imperial Household The Korean Imperial Household consists of the descendants of the Joseon Dynasty royal family. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Treaty of Annexation of Korea by Japan, also called in Korea ê²½ìˆ êµì¹˜(åºšæˆŒåœ‹æ¥), meaning Humiliation of the Nation in the Year of the Dog, was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments. ... Prince Imperial Yeong, the Crown Prince Uimin (also Euimin), (born 20 October 1897 â€“ 1 May 1970) was the 28th Head of Korean Imperial House, and the last crown prince of Korea. ... A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. ... Yi Bangja, Crown Princess Uimin(also Euimin) of Korea (born 4 November 1901 - 30 April 1989) was the consort of Crown Prince Eun of Korea. ... Chinilpa (ì¹œì¼íŒŒ, è¦ªæ—¥æ´¾, literally people friendly to Japan) or Ilpa (ì¼íŒŒ, æ—¥æ´¾) is a Korean slur for pro-Japanese Koreans, including but not limited to the pro-Japanese activists and collaborators as well as those who worked for the better relationship with Japan during the periods of Korean Empire and Korea under Japanese rule... Lee Wan-Yong is a Korean politician, who had an instrumental role in putting Korea under the de facto Japanese occupation in 1910. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ...

‘Cultural genocide’

The Japanese colonization of Korea has been mentioned as the case in point of "cultural genocide" by a graduate student Ms. Matsumura at the Comparative Genocide Studies group at the University of Tokyo.^[34] The colonial government put into practice the suppression of Korean culture and language in an "attempt to root out all elements of Korean culture from society".^[28] Cultural genocide is a term used to describe the deliberate destruction of the cultural heritage of a people or nation for political or military reasons. ... Todai redirects here. ...

Initially, the Japanese sponsored several Korean language newspapers to counter the strong anti-Japanese message of the chief Korean publication Hwangson Sinmun (1898-1910),^[35] and in fact kept issuing the Korean language newspaper Maeil Sinbo (매일신보; 每日新報) until the Japanese surrender in 1945.^[36]^[35] Anti-Japanese sentiment refers to the view of the Japanese people or of the Japanese nation with suspicion or hostility. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ... The Japanese representatives, Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu, on board USS Missouri during the surrender ceremonies on 2 September 1945. ...

Other means of cultural suppression included the method of “altering” public monuments, including several well-known temples, palaces, scripts, memorials, and statues. Songs and poems originally dedicated to Korean Emperors were re-written to adore the Japanese Emperor. Carved monuments underwent alterations to the Chinese characters to delete or change part of their meaning. The Editing Agency of Korean History confiscated and burned Korean history books. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Agency for Editing of Korean History (KyÅ«jitai: ; Shinjitai: ; RÅmaji: ChÅsenshi HenshÅ«kai) was established in June 1925 by the Japanese government of Royal edict in order to legitimate Japans 1910 annexation of Korea. ...

Two of the more notorious events included the Sungnyemun, a virtual symbol of Korea, which was altered by the addition of large, Shinto-style golden horns near the roofs (later removed by the South Korean government after independence), and the incident of Gyeongbokgung, a former Korean palace which was demolished and the Japanese General Government Building built in the exact location. In addition, many ancient Korean texts that were discovered mentioning Korean military and cultural exploits or Japan's historic inferiority and uncivilized behavior such as Wokou were deleted methodically; in general, the awareness of Korean history among Koreans declined during this period. This process of altering history was carried out by the Editing Agency of Korean History. Namdaemun is located in the heart of Seoul and is an area with a mix of old and new. ... Gyeongbokgung (Gyeongbok Palace) is a palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. ... The Japanese Government-General Building (often referred to outside Korea as the Seoul Capitol) was the chief administrative building in Seoul during the Japanese occupation of Korea and the seat of the Governor-General of Korea. ... Sixteenth century Japanese pirate raids. ... The Agency for Editing of Korean History (KyÅ«jitai: ; Shinjitai: ; RÅmaji: ChÅsenshi HenshÅ«kai) was established in June 1925 by the Japanese government of Royal edict in order to legitimate Japans 1910 annexation of Korea. ...

This eventually led to a revival in Korean nationalism, including in-depth research projects into Hangul, the Korean alphabet, which resulted in the standardization of the Korean writing system by scholars such as I Hui-Seong (이희승) and Choe Hyeon-bae (최현배) in the 1930s, as well as underground publications of books about historical Korean figures. Historians, such as Sin Chae-ho, were active in trying to present a Koreanized version of ancient history using textual material. Korean Nationalism is a term referring to the cultural, historical, political, and shared social history and that unifies the Korean people. ... Jamo redirects here. ... Sin Chae-ho (1880-1936) was a Korean historian who questioned whether Korean territory should rightly be limited to only the peninsula, or whether claim could be laid upon areas such as Manchuria, which had at times been inhabited by sizeable Korean populations. ...

Forced name changes

In 1911 a proclamation, “Case Concerning the Changing of Korean Names” (朝鮮人ノ姓名改称ニ関スル件) was issued barring ethnic Koreans from taking Japanese names and to retroactively revert the names of Koreans that had already registered under Japanese names back to the original Korean ones^[37] in an attempt to better segregate individuals of Korean and Japanese ancestry.^[37] By 1939, however, the focus had shifted towards colonial assimilation, and Imperial Decree 19 on Korean Civil Affairs (조선민사령; “帝令19朝鮮民事令”)^[38] went into effect, whereby all Koreans had to surrender their Korean family name and adopt Japanese surnames. A country study conducted by the Library of Congress states that “Korean culture was quashed, and Koreans were required to speak Japanese and take Japanese names.”^[39]^[40]^[41] This forced name change, called Changssi-gaemyeong (창씨개명; 創氏改名), was part of Japan's assimilation policy.^[42]^[43]^[44] In all, some 9.6% of Koreans changed their last name to a Japanese one during the colonial occupation. Literal meaning: Create a surname (shi) and change (your) given name). ... Not to be confused with Intermarriage. ... A Korean personal name consists of a family name followed by a given name. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ...

Education in Korea under Japanese rule

In Joeson dynasty Korea, education was limited to private academies for the aristocracy. Following the annexation of Korea, the Japanese administration introduced universal education patterned after the Japanese school system, with a pyramidal hierarchy of elementary, middle and high schools, cumulating at the Keijō Imperial University in Seoul. As in Japan itself, education was viewed primarily as an instrument of “Imperial Citizen Forming” (황민화; 皇民化) with a heavy emphasis on moral and political indoctrination. Although the Japanese colonial government did provide educational material for Korean culture and Korean language to some degree, such as a textbook of Hangul^[45] and grammar to mix Hangul with Chinese characters (in the version designed by Kakugorō Inoue),^[46] classes focused mostly on teaching the history of the Japanese Empire as well as glorification of the Imperial House of Japan. The history of Korea was not part of the curriculum. As in Japan itself, students were made to worship at the school's Shintō shrine regardless of their religious beliefs, and bow before portraits of the Emperor and copy of the Imperial Rescript on Education. As the Japanese administrative policy shifted more strongly towards assimilation from the 1930s (同化政策; dōka seisaku), all classes were taught in Japanese with Korean language becoming an elective. Later this policy was replaced by a “Penalty Point” system whereby students were academically penalized for the use of the Korean language during school time. Eventually the use of Korean language was “forbidden in all schools and business”.^[28] During colonial times, elementary schools were known as “Citizen Schools” (국민학교; 國民學校; gungmin hakgyo) as in Japan, as a means of forming proper “Imperial Citizens” (皇國民; Hwanggungmin) since early childhood. Elementary schools in South Korea today are known by the name chodeung hakgyo (초등학교; 初等學校) (literally “Elementary School”) as the term “gungmin hakgyo” has become a politically incorrect term. // Public education is education mandated for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... Short name Statistics Location map Map of location of Seoul. ... The traditional culture of Korea is shared by South Korea and North Korea, but there are regional differences. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ... His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Akihito of Japan The Emperor of Japan (天皇, tennō) is Japans titular head of state and the head of the Japanese imperial family. ... Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko of Japan. ... The Imperial Rescript on Education (教育勅語 Kyôiku Chokugo) was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan on October 30, 1890. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ... A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... Politically Incorrect was a late-night, half-hour political talk show hosted by Bill Maher that ran from 1993 to 2002. ...

Military conscription

Starting in 1938, Koreans both enlisted and were conscripted into the Japanese military and the first "Korean Voluntary" Unit was formed. Among notable Korean personnel in the Imperial Army was Hong Sa-ik who was only ethnic Korean general in the Japanese army, attaining the rank of lieutenant general and later hanged for war crimes. Of those who survived, some later gained administrative posts in the government of South Korea; well-known examples include Park Chung Hee, who years later became president of South Korea, Chung Il-kwon (정일권,丁一權), prime minister during 1964–1970, and Paik Sun-yup, South Korea's youngest general, famous for his defense of the Pusan Perimeter during the Korean War. The first 10 of the Chiefs of Army Staff of South Korea graduated the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and no one from the Korean Liberation Army.^[47]^[48] Hong Sa-ik (March 4, 1889â€“September 26, 1946)[1] was a Lieutenant General in the Imperial Japanese Army, and the highest-ranking ethnic Korean in Japan to be charged with war crimes relating to the conduct of the Empire of Japan in World War II. A graduate of the... Park Chung-hee (November 14, 1917 â€“ October 26, 1979) was former ROK Army general and the president of the Republic of Korea from 1961 to 1979. ... Chung Il-kwon (November 21, 1917 - January 22, 1994) was a South Korean general during the Korean War. ... General Paik Sun-yup (born November 23, 1920) is a Korean military officer of Manchukuo and the Republic of Korea. ... The Pusan Perimeter was the area in extreme southeast Korea that was held by US and South Korean troops during the furthest advance of the North Korean troops, in the summer and fall of 1950, during the Korean War. ... Belligerents United Nations: Republic of Korea Australia Belgium Canada Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Philippines South Africa Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Naval Support and Military Servicing/Repairs: Japan Medical staff: Denmark Italy Norway India Sweden DPR Korea PR China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung... The Imperial Japanese Army Academy ) was the principal officerâ€™s training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. ... The Korean Liberation Army was the armed force of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and was created on September 17, 1941 in Chongqing, China. ...

Starting in 1944, Japan started conscription of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944. Before 1944, 18,000 Koreans passed the examination for induction into the army. Koreans to provide workforces to mines and construction sites around the island nation. The discovery proved that the number of conscripted Koreans reached its peak in the year in preparation for the war in the Japanese mainland.[3] The application ratio was allegedly 48.3 to 1 in 1943. From 1944, about 200,000 Korean males were inducted into the army. The number of Korean military personnel was 242,341, and 22,182 of them died during World War II. At the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 148 Koreans were convicted of Class B and C war crimes, 23 of whom were sentenced to death. (920 Japanese sentenced to death. 26 Taiwanese sentenced to death) In 2002, South Korea started an investigation of Japanese collaborators. Part of the investigation was completed in 2006 and a list of names of individuals who profited from exploitation of fellow Koreans were posted. Many collaborators were able to afford higher education with the money they had made; this allowed them to take up influential positions and afford to contribute to the well-being of their children who thus also profited. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trials, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal or simply as the Tribunal, was convened to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for three types of crimes: Class A (crimes against peace), Class B (war crimes... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

Japanese war crimes, Atomic bomb casualties

During World War II, women who served in the Japanese military brothels were called Comfort women. Historians estimate the number of comfort women between 10,000 and 200,000, which include Japanese women.^[50]^[51] According to testimonies, there were cases that Japanese officials and local collaborators kidnapped or recruited under guise of factory employment poor, rural women from Korea (and other nations) for sexual slavery for Japanese military. Alternate Japanese name Chinese name Korean name Comfort women ) or military comfort women ) is a euphemism for the thousands of women who were forced into sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War II.[1] There is still some disagreement about exactly how many women were victimized. ... Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices: forced prostitution single-owner sexual slavery ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes where sex is common or permissible In general, the nature of slavery means that the slave is...

As investigations continue, more evidence continues to surface. There has been evidence of the Japanese government intentionally destroying official records regarding Comfort Women.^[52]^[53] Nonetheless, Japanese inventory logs and employee sheets on the battlefield show traces of documentation for government sponsored sexual slavery. In one instance, names of known Comfort Women were traced to Japanese employment records. One such woman was falsely classified as a nurse along with at least a dozen other verified comfort women who were not nurses or secretaries. Currently, the South Korean government is looking into the hundreds of other names on these lists.^[54]

In the case of Korean A-bomb victims in Japan during World War II, many Koreans were drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There were a total of 70,000 Korean casualties in both cities; 40,000 were killed and 30,000 were exposed to the A-bomb radiation.

During Japanese Occupation of Korea, most Koreans became victims of Japanese war crimes, such as Christians being crucified, Korean villages found hiding resistance fighters were dealt with harshly often with summary execution, rape, murder, at times burying elderly people alive; other crimes included human experimentation, mass murder, forced labour, preventable famine and looting. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. ... Human experimentation involves medical experiments performed on human beings. ... Mass murder (massacre) is the act of murdering a large number of people, typically at the same time, or over a relatively short period of time. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... Looting (which derives via the Hindi lut from Sanskrit lung, to rob), sacking, plundering, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as during war,[1] natural disaster,[2] or rioting. ...

Koreans along with many other Asians were experimented on in secret military medical experimentation units, such as Unit 731, Unit 516, and many more. An estimated 270,000 - 810,000 Koreans died in seven years from forced labor alone.^[55] Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937â€“1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried... Unit 516 was a top secret Japanese chemical weapons facility, operated by the Kempeitai, in Qiqihar (é½Šé½Šå“ˆçˆ¾), China. ...

Controversial statements regarding Japanese rule in Korea

The nature, legitimacy, and legacy of the Japanese annexation of Korea, especially its disputed role in contributing to the modernization of the Korean peninsula, is a topic of intense debate. In both Koreas, Japanese rule in the early twentieth century is taught as a ruthless attempt to exploit the Korean people. In both South and North Korea, Japanese historical revisionism is viewed along the same lines as Holocaust denial in modern Europe.^{[citation needed]}. The Japanese history textbook controversies are about government-approved history textbooks used in the secondary education (junior high schools and high schools) of Japan. ... Richard Harwoods Did Six Million Really Die? Holocaust denial is the claim that the mainstream historical version of the Holocaust is either highly exaggerated or completely falsified. ...

Nonetheless, controversial pro-Japanese statements of the occupation of Korea have been made by Korean academics:

Not to be confused with the University of Seoul. ... Joseon redirects here. ... Korea University is located in central Seoul, with a secondary campus in Jochiwon, South Korea, and is generally regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in Korea. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... For other places with the same name, see Korea (disambiguation). ... Modernization is the process of changing the conditions of a society, an organisation or another group of people in ways that change the privileges of that group according to modern technology or modern knowledge. ...

1910 interpretations and arguments

Early views of Japanese colonialism before the start of World War II were mixed. T. Philip Terry predicted the following in his 1914 guidebook Terry's Japanese Empire, Including Korea and Formosa:

However, not all outside accounts before the start of the war were as favorable towards the Japanese occupation. F.A. McKenzie in his book Korea's Fight for Freedom wrote the following in 1920:

Modern interpretations and arguments

Korea experienced a true modernization in post-World War II under the stewardship of the United States and the income from a highly export-oriented industrialization for several reasons:^[26] Currency 1 South Korean Won (W) = 100 Jeon(ChÅn) (theoretical) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations APEC, WTO and OECD GDP ranking 10th by volume (at nominal) (2006); 11th by volume (at PPP) (2006); GDP (Nominal) $981. ... Export-oriented Industrialization is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed-up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. ...

Belligerents United Nations: Republic of Korea Australia Belgium Canada Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Philippines South Africa Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Naval Support and Military Servicing/Repairs: Japan Medical staff: Denmark Italy Norway India Sweden DPR Korea PR China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung... Infrastructure is generally a set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework supporting an entire structure. ... Currency 1 South Korean Won (W) = 100 Jeon(ChÅn) (theoretical) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations APEC, WTO and OECD GDP ranking 10th by volume (at nominal) (2006); 11th by volume (at PPP) (2006); GDP (Nominal) $981. ... Park Chung Hee (November 14, 1917 - October 26, 1979) was the president of South Korea from 1961 to 1979. ... Miracle on the Han River (í•œê°•ì˜ ê¸°ì ) is a catchphrase often used in South Korea and by scholars to describe the period of rapid economic growth that took place in South Korea following the Korean War up until the Asian Financial Crisis. ... Map of East Asian Tigers Hong Kong Singapore South Korea Taiwan, Republic of China Skyline of Hong Kong Island, taken from Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong The skyline of Singapores Central Business District (CBD) seen here at dusk Taipei is Taiwans largest city and financial center. ... Chaebol (alternatively Jaebol) refers to a South Korean form of business conglomerate. ... Samsung Electronics (SEC, Hangul:ì‚¼ì„±ì „ìž; KRXS: 005930, KRXS: 005935, LSE: SMSN, LSE: SMSD) is the worlds largest electronics and information technology company[1], headquartered in Suwon, South Korea. ... The Hyundai Group, founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction company, was once South Koreas biggest conglomerate (chaebol). ... A leader in making and manufacturing Electronics LG redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Japan's coverup efforts

Many argue that sensitive information about Japan's occupation of Korea is difficult to obtain, and that this is due to the fact that the Government of Japan has gone out of its way to cover up many incidents that would otherwise lead to severe international criticism.^[65]^[52]^[53] On their part, Koreans have often expressed their abhorrence of human experimentation carried out by the Imperial Japanese Army where people often became human test subjects in such macabre experiments as liquid nitrogen tests or biological weapons development programs (See articles: Unit 731 and Shiro Ishii). Though some vivid and disturbing testimonies have survived, they are largely denied by the Japanese Government even to this day.^[66] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This article describes the structure of the Japanese Government For an outlook on current and historical political events, see Politics of Japan. ... Human experimentation involves medical experiments performed on human beings. ... The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (KyÅ«jitai: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸åœ‹é™¸è», Shinjitai: , Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun), or more officially Army of the Greater Japanese Empire was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945. ... A tank of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer (for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about -150 Celsius). ... Biological Weapons: Friend or Foe? By Dom Harris There is great debate about whether biological weapons are good or bad, and whether the world should be concerned about their development. ... Body disposal at Unit 731 Unit 731 was a covert biological warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937â€“1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried... Shiro Ishii Microbiologist Shiro Ishii (çŸ³äº•å››éƒŽ Ishii ShirÅ, June 25, 1892-1959) was the Lieutenant General of Unit 731, a biological-warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Sino-Japanese War. ...

A recent example of this behavior included the denial by the Japanese Government of the burial of non-Japanese test-subject bodies several dozen feet below buildings in Japanese urban areas (such as the bodies found under the Toyama No. 5 apartment blocks) in order to cover up these experiments. Flatly denied, even after the bodies are discovered as new developments are constantly being erected in Japan. The unmarked mass graves on the "west side of Tokyo is deeply troubling". The testimony of Toyo Ishii, a nurse involved in the coverup, are down played or ignored.^[65]^[67]^[68] "After more than 60 years of silence the 84-year-old nurse's story is the latest twist in the legacy of Japan's rampage." In addition, as cited above, much of the statistics are skewed due to the fact that they included Japanese migrants in Korea, making the poverty analysis of true Koreans indiscernible. Also, as referenced above the inventory logs and employee sheets were falsified by the Japanese in order to cover up the comfort women issue.^[53] These coverups and falsification of data have made accurate assessment of Japan's impact on Korea very difficult. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation). ...

See also

The nature of the search for Korean independence under the repressive Japanese occupation period (1890-1945) has a particularly complicated and diverse history. ... The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the Japanese occupation of Korea. ... There have been disputes between Japan and Korea (both North and South) on many issues over the years. ... The Chosen Army of the Imperial Japanese Army was headquartered in Keijo (now Seoul), and was responsible for the garrison of and operations on the Korean Peninsula during the Period of Japanese Rule. ... 2009 Lost Memories (2002) (Hangul: 2009 ë¡œìŠ¤íŠ¸ ë©”ëª¨ë¦¬ì¦ˆ) is a South Korean SF action movie, directed by Lee Si-myung. ...

Notes and references

^ http://www.b-29s-over-korea.com/Japanese-War-Crimes/index.html
^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/sla_japa.htm
^ http://www.aiipowmia.com/731/731caveat.html
^ http://www.davidchun.com/korea/archives/000133.html
^ http://populargusts.blogspot.com/2007/03/korean-towns-burned-by-japanese.html
^ http://tkdtutor.com/02Taekwondo/TaekwondoHistory/12ModernTKD01.htm
^ http://www.geocities.com/uioeastasia2002/KSP6revised.htm
^ http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-03/2007-03-03-voa30.cfm?CFID=234123093&CFTOKEN=67666245
^ Duus, Peter (1995). The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-0861F7.
^ A reckless adventure in Taiwan amid Meiji Restoration turmoil, THE ASAHI SHIMBUN, Retrived on 2007-7-22.
^ A reckless adventure in Taiwan amid Meiji Restoration turmoil, THE ASAHI SHIMBUN, Retrived on 2007-7-22.
^ Lee, Wha Rang. "Murder of Empress Myeongseong". Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ See Russian eyewitness account of surrounding circumstances at http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/queenmin.txt
^ Simbirtseva, Tatiana. "Queen Min of Korea: Coming to Power", 1996-05-08. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hadar, Oren. South Korea; The Choson Dynasty. Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
^ Hulbert, H. B. (1999). History of Korea. Routledge. ISBN 070070700X.
^ Keene, D. (2005). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. Columbia University Press. ISBN 023112340X.
^ ^a ^b "Treaty of Annexation", USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Yutaka, Kawasaki. "Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?", Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, 1996-08-07. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Lee, Ki-Baik; Translated by Edward W. Wagner with Edwar J. Shultz (1999). A New History of Korea (韓国史新論). Ilchorak/Harvard University Press, p. 1080. ISBN 0-674-61575-1.
^ March First Movement. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ Wells, Kenneth M. (1989). Background to the March First Movement: Koreans in Japan, 1905-1919.. Korean Studies, V. 13, 1989, pp. 1-21.
^ Lee, Ki-Baik; Translated by Edward W. Wagner with Edwar J. Shultz (1999). A New History of Korea (韓国史新論). Ilchorak/Harvard University Press, p. 344. ISBN 0-674-61575-1.
^ Land of the Rising Sun. The Rise of Nationalism, and the Impact of the Sam-Il (3-1) Movement As A Living Symbol of Anti-Japanese Resistance. Retrieved on 2006-07.
^ "50 Years from San Francisco: Re-examining the peace treaty and Japan's territorial problems." [1]
^ ^a ^b Lee, Jong-Wha. Economic Growth and human Production in the Republic of Korea, 1945 - 1992. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Pratt, Keith (2007). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1861893353.
^ ^a ^b ^c History of Korea; 20th Century. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ ^a ^b Nozaki, Yoshiko; Hiromitsu Inokuchi, Tae-young Kim. Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan’s Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Rummel, R. J. (1999). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7. Available online: Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 - Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ Rummel, R. J. (1999). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7. Available online: Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 - Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ Lankov, Andrei. "Stateless in Sakhalin", The Korea Times, 2006-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
^ Ryang, Sonia (2000). "Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin"., United Kingdom: Routledge.
^ ^a ^b Matsumura, Yuko. "Cultural Genocide" and the Japanese Occupation of Korea. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ ^a ^b Cohen, Nicole. Japanese Periodicals in Colonial Korea. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ The Mai-Il-Shinbo (The Mainichi-Shimpo), No. 11390, p. 4, 14 May 1939, Keijo (Seoul), Mai-Il-Shinbo-sa [2]
^ ^a ^b Mizuno, Naoki. "植民地支配と「人の支配」 (Colonial control and "human control")". . Kyoto University Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
^ 윤, 해동. 황국신민화정책자료해설 (Korean). Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ North Korea; The Rise of Korean Nationalism and Communism (1993-06). Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Part III: The problem from a historical perspective. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Fukuoka, Yasunori. Koreans in Japan: Past and Present. Saitama University Review, Vol.31, No.1.. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Japan’s minorities yet to find their place in the sun.. SAHRDC. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Stearns, Peter N.. The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001.. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Korean Permanent Residents in Japan. Center for US-Japan Comparative Social Studies. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ ハングルを奪った日帝 (Japanese). Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/umdb/newspaper1000/jpeg-s/01902.jpg
^ 육군 참모총장, The Republic of Korea Army (Korean). Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ "초기 육군 총장들은 일본 육사 출신, 여야 설전", CBS Nocut News/Naver, 2005-09-26. Retrieved on 2007-02-19. (Korean)
^ 太平洋戦争下の朝鮮及び台湾、友邦協会､1961, pg. 191
^ U.S. playwright takes up 'comfort women' cause. The Japan Times (2005). Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ Japan court rules against 'comfort women'. CNN.com (2001). Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ ^a ^b Horsley, William. "Korean World War II sex slaves fight on", BBC News, 2005-08-09. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Japan Boiled Comfort Woman to Make Soup", The Seoul Times. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Yun-deok, Kim. "Military Record of 'Comfort Woman' Unearthed", The Chosun Ilbo, 2005-01-11. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Rummel, R. J.. Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ 한국 선진 경제 시작은 근대화 시스템 도입에서. JongAngUSA.com (2005). Retrieved on 2008-01-15.
^ 일제식민지 경험이 경제발전 도왔다?. Segye Ilbo (2005). Retrieved on 2006-03-01.
^ "한승조 '일 식민지배는 축복' 기고 파문", Ohmynews.com, 2005-03-04. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. (Korean)
^ Jin-woo, Lee. "Writer angers comfort women", The Korea Times, 2005-04-15. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Japanese Empire Including Korea: Historical Sketch. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ McKenzie, F. A.. Korea's Fight for Freedom:Preface. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Cha, Myung Soo; Robert Whaples. The Economic History of Korea. Retrieved on 2004-06-21.
^ Korean (1945 - present). Columbia University. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kr0092)
^ ^a ^b Yamaguchi, Mari. "Nurse Reveals Wartime Atrocities Buried Beneath Quiet Tokyo Neighborhood", Associated Press, 2006-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ EastSouthWestNorth: Shinzo Abe's 'Apology'
^ "Scarred by history: The Rape of Nanking", BBC News, 2005-04-11. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
^ Barenblatt, Daniel; Victor Fic. "The horrors of Unit 731 revisited", Asia Times, 2005-01-29. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.

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Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... 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Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Isabella Lucy Birds black and white Picture Isabella Lucy Bird (October 15, 1831 - October 7, 1904) was a nineteenth-century English traveller and writer. ... Horace Newton Allen (1858 - 1932) served as a diplomat in the 19th century. ... Four horsemen of the Apocalypse by Albrecht DÃ¼rer Ukiyo-e woodcut, Ishiyama Moon by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1889) Woodcut is a relief printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface... Sakhalin (Russian: ), also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45Â° 50 and 54Â° 24 N. It is part of the Russian Federation and is its largest island. ... Karafuto (æ¨ºå¤ª) is the Japanese name for the southern part of the island of Sakhalin or the entire island of Sakhalin. ... During the period between 1910 and 1948 there were various Governors of Korea. ... Gyeonggi-do is the most populous province in South Korea. ... Gangwon Province or Gangwon-do was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Chungcheongbuk-do (North Chungcheong) is a province in the centre of South Korea. ... Chungcheongnam-do (South Chungcheong) is a province in the west of South Korea. ... Jeollabuk-do (North Jeolla) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. ... Jeollanam-do (South Jeolla) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. ... Gyeongsangbuk-do (North Gyeongsang) is a province in eastern South Korea. ... Gyeongsangnam-do (South Gyeongsang) is a province in the southeast of South Korea. ... South PyÅngan (PyÅngan-namdo) is a province of North Korea. ... North PyÅngan (PyÅngan-pukto) is a province of North Korea. ... Hwanghae (Hwanghae-do) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, and one of the thirteen provinces of Korea during the Japanese Colonial Period. ... South HamgyÅng (HamgyÅng-namdo) is a province of North Korea. ... North HamgyÅng (HamgyÅng-pukto) is a province of North Korea. ... The position of Governor-General of Taiwan existed when Taiwan and the Pescadores were part of the Empire of Japan, from 1895 to 1945. ... Taihoku Prefecture (å°åŒ—å·ž, Japanese: TaihokushÃ») was created in 1920. ... The South Pacific Mandate (Nan-Yo) refers to a group of islands in Micronesia. ... The Kwantung Leased Territory (Chinese: å…³ä¸œå·ž, Guandongzhou, Japanese: é–¢æ±å·ž; Kantoushu) was a composite territory in historic Eastern Manchuria that existed in the first half of the 20th century, from 1898 through 1945. ...

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