Koreans in China, also referred to as Chaoxianzu (朝鲜族 in Chinese), are citizens of China who are ethnically Korean. They form one of the 56 ethnicities officially recognized by the Chinese government. As of the year 2000, there were two million ethnic Koreans in China. Most of them live in Northeast China. The largest ethnic Korean population in China live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (854,000 in 2000). Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Jílín; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Liáoníng) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The word citizen may refer to: A person with a citizenship Citizen Watch Co. ... Ethnolinguistic map of China The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is a multi-ethnic unitary state and, as such, officially recognizes 56 nationalities or mínzú (民族), within China: the Han being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities. ... State power within the government of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) is divided among three bodies: the Communist Party of China, the state, and the Peoples Liberation Army, (PLA). ... This article is in need of attention. ... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Yanbian Korean Ethnic Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Korean: 연변조선족자치주 Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju) is an autonomous prefecture in Jilin province, in the northeastern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

History

Throughout history, due to the close interactions between China and Korea, some degree of population movements have always occurred between the two neighboring countries. There were written records of Korean migrations in the early Qing Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and earlier. The majority of early Korean populations in China had assimilated with Chinese society, and vice versa. The current Korean population in China is mainly descended from migrants who came between 1860 and 1945. In the 1860s, a series of natural disasters struck Korea, leading to disastrous famines. Along with the Qing dynasty's loosing of border controls and acceptance of external migration into Northeast China, this pushed many Koreans to migrate. By 1894, an estimated 34,000 Koreans lived in China, with numbers increasing to 109,500 in 1910.^{[citation needed]} After the Japanese annexation of Korea, larger numbers of Koreans moved to China. Some merely fled from Japanese rule, while others intended to use China as a base for their anti-Japanese resistance movements. By 1936, there were 854,411 Koreans in China. As Japanese rule extended to China, the Japanese government forced Korean farmers to migrate north to China to develop the land. During World War II, many Koreans in China joined the Chinese peoples in fighting against the Japanese invaders. Many also joined on the Communist side and fought against the Chinese Nationalist armies during the Chinese Civil War. After 1949, estimated at about 600 thousand individuals, or 40% of the Korean population at the time, chose to return to the Korean peninsula. But most Koreans chose to stay in China and took up Chinese citizenship between 1949 (the end of the Chinese Civil War) and 1952.^[1] Korea (Korean: 한국 in South Korea or ì¡°ì„  in North Korea, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ... The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 Ukhaatu Khan History  - establishing the Yuan Dynasty 1271  - Fall of Dadu September 14, 1368 Population  - 1330 est. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Korea (Korean: 한국 in South Korea or ì¡°ì„  in North Korea, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... Approximate extent Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: Dōngběi; literally east-north), historically known as Manchuria, is the name of a region (ca. ... Flag of the Japanese Resident General of Korea Anthem Kimi ga Yoa Korea under Japanese Occupation Capital Keijo Language(s) Korean, Japanese Religion Shintoisma Government Constitutional monarchy Emperor of Japan  - 1910–1912 Emperor Meiji  - 1912–1925 Emperor Taisho  - 1925–1945 Emperor Showa Governor-General of Korea  - 1910–1916 Masatake Terauchi... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist Party of China (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; pinyin: Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang; Tongyong Pinyin: Jhongguo Guomindang; literally the National Peoples Party of China... Combatants Kuomintang of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional...

Since 1949

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yanbian, where most ethnic Koreans live, was designated as an autonomous county in 1952, and was upgraded to an autonomous prefecture in 1955. Starting in the 1980s, along with the reform and opening up of China and the improvement in South Korea-China relations, many ethnic Koreans in China went to South Korea as migrant labourers to seek better lives; their population there is estimated at 219,000, forming more than half of all Chinese citizens in Korea.^[2]. However, the living standard of those who remained behind has continued to improve; one 2004 survey showed that ethnic Koreans had the second highest quality of life in China, after the Manchu, as measured by an overall score which took into account infant mortality, life expectancy, and literacy rates.^[3] Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has become the traditional homeland of most Koreans in China around the end of the Manchu Dynasty (late 19th centuries. ... // The rise of Deng Xiaoping Mao Zedongs death in September 1976 meant the end of an iconic figure of Chinese communism, who was referred to as the great helmsman. Former minister of public security, Hua Guofeng, was quickly confirmed as party chairman (he had succeeded Zhou as Premier upon... South Korea-China relations refers to the international relations between Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Peoples Republic of China. ... Ethnic Chinese in Korea have existed as a recognizable community for at least 120 years. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ...

Culture

Bilingual (Chinese and Korean) signs in Yanji, China

Most ethnic Koreans in China speak Mandarin Chinese and Korean. Image File history File links Yanji. ... Image File history File links Yanji. ... Yánjí (Chinese: 延吉; pinyin: ) is the capital city of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, within Jilin province of northeastern China. ... Standard Mandarin – also known as Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese – is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ...

Most ethnic Koreans in China are not affiliated with any religion, though minorities believe in Buddhism and Christianity. South Korean churches have been known to send missionary groups to evangelize among the ethnic Koreans in China and refugees from North Korea, especially in the Northeast. This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch...

North Korean refugees

China also has an unknown number of North Korean refugees, as well as a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong; neither of these are typically considered to be members of the ethnic Korean community, and the Chinese census does not count them as such. Some North Korean refugees who are unable to obtain transport to South Korea instead marry ethnic Koreans in China and settle there, blending into the community; however, they are still subject to deportation if discovered by the authorities.^[4] A number of individuals have defected from North Korea Different terms are in official and unofficial use in East Asian languages to refer to this group of refugees. ... Koreans in Hong Kong were the 12th-largest ethnic minority in Hong Kong as of the 2001 census, forming 1. ...

South Korean expatriates

After the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle in China. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao.^[5] The South Korean government officially recognises six Korean international schools in China, located in Yanbian, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Yantai, and Dalian, all founded between 1997 and 2003.^[6] Typically, they come to China as employees of South Korean corporations on short-term international assignments; when their assignments are completed, many prefer to stay on in China, using the contacts they have made to start their own consulting businesses or import/export firms. Other South Koreans also moved to China on their own after becoming unemployed during the 1997 financial crisis; they used funds they had saved up for retirement to open small restaurants or shops.^[7] The low cost of living compared to Seoul, especially the cheap tuition at international schools teaching both English and Chinese, is another pull factor for South Korean migration to China. The number of South Koreans in China is estimated to be 300,000 to 400,000 as of 2006; at the current rate of growth, their population is expected to reach one million by 2008.^[5] Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Wu (Long-short): ZÃ¥nhae; Shanghainese (IPA): ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the ninth largest in the world. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ching-tao), well-known to the West by its Postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has become the traditional homeland of most Koreans in China around the end of the Manchu Dynasty (late 19th centuries. ... Beijing (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ;  ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Wu (Long-short): ZÃ¥nhae; Shanghainese (IPA): ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the ninth largest in the world. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: TiānjÄ«n; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is one of the four municipalities of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Yantai (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Japanese: Dairen; Russian: Далянь, Dalian or Дальний, Dalny) is the governing sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Province of Northeast China. ... The East Asian Financial Crisis was a period of economic unrest that started in July 1997 in Thailand and South Korea with the financial collapse of Kia, and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered Four Asian Tigers. ... International schools are private schools that cater mainly to children who are not nationals of the host country, often the children of the staff of international businesses, international organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Famous ethnic Koreans in China

• Cui Jian (崔健, in Korean 최건/Choi Geon), Chinese rock musician, composer, trumpet player and guitarist
• Jin Haixin (金海心, in Korean 김해심/Kim Hae-sim), pop star
• Li Dezhu (李德洙, in Korean 이덕수/Lee Deok-su), Chief Executive of the State Ethnic Affairs of PRC
• Li Yongtai, (李永泰, in Korean 이영태/Lee Yeong-tae), Member of the 9th NPC Standing Committee, Deputy Commander of the PLAAF
• Zhao Nanqi (趙南起, in Korean 조남기/Cho Nam-gi), People's Liberation Army General, former Vice Chairman of The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
• Li Chengliang (李成樑, in Korean 이성량/Lee Seong-yang), General of Ming Dynasty
• Li Rusong (李如松, in Korean 이여송/Lee Yeo-song), General of Ming Dynasty
• Li Rubai (李如柏, in Korean 이여백/Lee Yeo-baek), General of Ming Dynasty

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Cui (å´”). Cui Jian (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Korean: 최건; born August 2, 1961) is a Beijing-based musician, songwriter, trumpet player, guitarist and composer. ... Chinese Rock (中国摇滚, pinyin: Zhōngguó yáogÇ”n; also 中国摇滚音乐, Zhōngguó yáogÇ”n yÄ«nyuè, lit. ... The Peoples Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) is the aviation branch of the Peoples Liberation Army, the military of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议 Pinyin: Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi), abbreviated CPPCC, is an advisory body in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Li Chengliang was a general of Korean descent in the reign of the Wanli Emperor during the Ming Dynasty who was in charge of maintaining peace and relations with the Jurchen tribes. ... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ... Li Ru-song (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (1549-1598) was the Commander-in-chief of the Ming Empires army that was sent to defend Korea at the request of Korean King Seonjo against the Japanese invasion masterminded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. ... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ... Li Rubai was a general of Ming Dynasty. ... Ming China under the Yongle Emperor Capital Nanjing (1368-1421) Beijing (1421-1644) Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1368-1398 Hongwu Emperor  - 1627-1644 Chongzhen Emperor History  - Established in Nanjing January 23, 1368  - Fall of Beijing 1644  - End of the Southern Ming April, 1662 Population  - 1393 est. ...

See also

• Korean people
• Ethnic Chinese in Korea
• Korean Chinese cuisine
• Yanbian

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Ethnic Chinese in Korea have existed as a recognizable community for at least 120 years. ... Korean Chinese cuisine is derived from mainland Chinese cuisine but has been strongly influenced by local ingredients in such as way that it can be regarded as being more Korean than Chinese. ... Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has become the traditional homeland of most Koreans in China around the end of the Manchu Dynasty (late 19th centuries. ...

Note

1. ^ Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China". The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy: Ch. 6: 101-131, Institute for International Economics. 
2. ^ Kim, Hyung-jin. "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes", Yonhap News, 2006-08-29. Retrieved on 2006-12-08. 
3. ^ Zhang Tianlu (2004-03-26). "中国少数民族人口问题研究 (Research on the topic of Chinese minority ethnic group populations)". National Population and Family Planning Commission of China. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. See section "民族人口生活质量问题研究".
4. ^ Haggard, Stephen (December 2006). "The North Korean Refugee Crisis: Human Rights and International Response". U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
5. ^ ^{a b} "到了中国就不想回国 在华韩国人激增 (After arriving in China, they don't want to go home; number of South Koreans in China increasing sharply)", Wenhua Ribao, 2006-04-01. Retrieved on 2007-03-18. 
6. ^ Overseas Korean Educational Institutions. National Institute for International Education Development of the Republic of Korea (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
7. ^ Kim, Hyejin. "South Koreans find the good life in China", Asia Times. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.