Koryo-saram
Yuliy Kim, bard and playwright of Russia
Total population
500,000 Image File history File links Yuly-Kim-1. ... Yuliy Chersanovich Kim (Юлий Черсанович Ким; born December 23, 1936) is one of Russias foremost bards and playwrights. ... Bulat Okudzhava, a pioneer of the Bard genre For other meanings of the word, see Bard (disambiguation). ...
Regions with significant populations
Uzbekistan 198,000 [1]  Russia 125,000 [1]  Kazakhstan 105,000 [1]  Kyrgyzstan 19,000 [1]  Ukraine 12,000 [1]  Tajikistan 6,000 [1]  Turkmenistan 3,000 [1]
Languages
Russian, Koryo-mar
Religions
Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism, Buddhism, others[2]
Related ethnic groups
Koreans, Sakhalin Koreans

Koryo-saram (Russian: Корё сарам; Koryo-mar: 고려사람) is the name which ethnic Koreans in the Post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former USSR, primarily in the newly independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in southern Russia (around Volgograd), the Caucasus, and southern Ukraine. These communities can be traced back to the Koreans who were living in the Russian Far East during the late 19th century. Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tajikistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ... Koryo-mar (Hangul: 고려말; Russian: Корё мар; Standard Korean: 중앙아시아한국어, literally Central Asia Korean language) is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the North Hamgyong dialect of Korean. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Eastern Orthodox Church... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Sakhalin Koreans trace their roots back to immigrants from Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s. ... Koryo-mar (Hangul: 고려말; Russian: Корё мар; Standard Korean: 중앙아시아한국어, literally Central Asia Korean language) is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the North Hamgyong dialect of Korean. ... Post-Soviet states in alphabetical order: 1. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Volgograd (Russian: ), formerly called Tsaritsyn (Russian: ) (1598–1925) and Stalingrad (Russian: ) (1925–1961) is a city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ...

There is also a separate ethnic Korean community on the island of Sakhalin, typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans. Some may identify as Koryo-saram, but many do not. Unlike the communities on the Russian mainland, which consist mostly of immigrants from the late 1800s and early 1900s, the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans came as immigrants from Kyongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s, forced into service by the Japanese government to work in coal mines in Sakhalin (then known as Karafuto Prefecture in order to fill labour shortages caused by World War II.^[3] Sakhalin (Russian: , IPA: ; Japanese: 樺太 ) or サハリン )); Chinese: 庫頁; also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50 and 54°24 N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. ... Sakhalin Koreans trace their roots back to immigrants from Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces in the late 1930s and early 1940s. ... Gyeongsang (Gyeongsang-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Jeolla (Jeolla-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Karafuto (樺太) is the Japanese name for the southern part of the island of Sakhalin or the entire island of Sakhalin. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Autonym

The name "Koryo-saram" appears to originate from the word "Korea" rather than from that of the Goryeo dynasty. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the name Soviet Korean was also used. Russians may also lump Koryo-saram under the general label Koreitsy (Russian: корейцы); however, this usage makes no distinctions between ethnic Koreans of the local nationality and the Korean nationals (citizens of South and North Koreas). Taegeuk is a traditional symbol of Korea Capital Gaegyeong Language(s) Korean Religion Buddhism Government Monarchy Wang  - 918 - 946 Taejo  - 949 - 975 Gwangjong  - 1259 - 1274 Wonjong  - 1351 - 1374 Gongmin Historical era 918 - 1392  - Later Three Kingdoms rise 892  - Coronation of Taejo June 15, 918  - Korea-Khitan Wars 993 - 1019  - Mongolian...

In Standard Korean, the term "Koryo-saram" is typically used to refer to historical figures from the Goryeo dynasty;^[4] to avoid ambiguity, Korean speakers use a word Goryeoin (Korean: 고려인; Hanja:高麗人, meaning the same as "Koryo-saram") to refer to ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states.^[3] However, the Sino-Korean morpheme "-in" (인) is not productive in Koryo-mar, the dialect spoken by Koryo-saram, and as a result, only a few (mainly those who have studied Standard Korean) refer to themselves as Goryeoin; instead, Koryo-saram has come to be the preferred term.^[5] Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... Sino-Korean describes those elements of the Korean language that come directly or indirectly from Chinese — namely, Hanja and the words formed from them. ... Koryo-mar (Hangul: 고려말; Russian: Корё мар; Standard Korean: 중앙아시아한국어, literally Central Asia Korean language) is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the North Hamgyong dialect of Korean. ...

Origin

Immigration to the Russian Far East and Siberia

The 1800s saw the decline of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. A small population of wealthy elite owned the farmlands in the country, and poor peasants found it difficult to survive. Koreans leaving the country in this period were obliged to move toward Russia, as the border with China was sealed by the Qing Dynasty. Many peasants considered Siberia to be a land where they could lead better lives and they subsequently migrated there. As early as 1863, migration had already begun, with 13 households recorded near Novukorut Bay. These numbers rose dramatically, and by 1869 Korean composed 20% of the populatiion of the Maritime Province.^[6] Prior to the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, Koreans outnumbered Russians in the Russian Far East, and the local governors encouraged them to naturalize.^[7] The 1897 Russian Empire Census found 26,005 Korean speakers (16,225 men and 9,780 women) in the whole of Russia, while a 1902 survey showed 312,541 Koreans living in the Russian Far East alone.^[7][8] Korean neighborhoods could be found in various cities and Korean farms were all over the countryside.^[3] Territory of Joseon after Jurchen conquest of King Sejong Capital Hanseong Language(s) Korean Religion Neo-Confucianism Government Monarchy Wang  - 1392 - 1398 Taejo (first)  - 1863 - 1897 Gojong (last)1 Yeong-uijeong  - 1431 - 1449 Hwang Hui  - 1466 - 1472 Han Myeonghoe  - 1592 - 1598 Ryu Seongryong  - 1894 Kim Hongjip Historical era 1392-1897... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... Administrative center Vladivostok Area - total - % water Ranked 26th - 165,900 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 26th - est. ... Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green. ... Russian Empire Census of 1897 was the first and the only census carried out in the Imperial Russia. ... Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운) is a term to describe the Korean ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area. ...

In the early 1900s, both Russia and Korea came into conflict with Japan. Following the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1907, Russia enacted an anti-Korean law at the behest of Japan, under which the land of Korean farmers was confiscated and Korean laborers were laid off. ^[9] At the same time, Russia continued to serve as sanctuary for the Korean independence movement. Korean nationalists and communists escaped to Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Manchuria. With the October Revolution and the rise of communism in East Asia, Siberia was home to Soviet Koreans that organised in armies like the Righteous Army to oppose Japanese forces. ^[3] In 1919, the March First Movement for Korean independence was supported by Korean leaders who gathered in Vladivostok's Sinhanchon (literally, "New Korean Village") neighborhood. This neighborhood became a center for nationalist activities, including arms supply; the Japanese attacked it on April 4, 1920, leaving hundreds dead.^[10] Combatants Russian Empire Empire of Japan Commanders Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov† Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo The Russo–Japanese War , February 10, 1904 – September 5, 1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire over... The nature of the search for Korean independence under the repressive Japanese occupation period (1890-1945) has a particularly complicated and diverse history. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... “Red October” redirects here. ... Geographic East Asia. ... In Korea, during the long period of Japanese invasion and occupation from 1890 to 1945, the disbanded imperial guard, and Confucian scholars, as well as farmers, formed successive armies to fight for Korean freedom on the Korean peninsula. ... The March first movement of 1919, or Samil, took place in Korea in order to regain independence from Japan, as Japanese occupation began in the late 19th century. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

Deportation to Central Asia

Main article: Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union

Between 1937 and 1939, Stalin deported over 172,000 Koreans to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, on the official premise that the Koreans might act as spies for Japan. Many community leaders were purged and executed, and it would be over a decade and a half before Koryo-saram would be again permitted to travel outside of Central Asia. Up until the era of glasnost, it was not permitted to speak openly of the deportations.^[3] The deportees cooperated to build irrigation works and start rice farms; within three years, they had recovered their original standard of living.^[11] The events of this period led to the formation of a cohesive identity among the Korean deportees.^[11] However, as the Korean language was prohibited for decades, subsequent generations lost the use of the Korean language. The total deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, over 172,000 persons, in September-October 1937 from the border regions of the Russian Far East was part of the systematic Stalins policy of population transfer in the Soviet Union. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... //   (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ...

Post-deportation

Scholars estimated that as of 2002, roughly 470,000 Koryo-saram were living in the Commonwealth of Independent States, including 198,000 in Uzbekistan, 125,000 in Russia, 105,000 in Kazakhstan, 19,000 in Kyrgyzstan, 9,000 in Ukraine, 6,000 in Tajikistan, 3,000 in Turkmenistan, and 5,000 in other constituent republics.^[1] 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...  Member state  Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders  -  Executive Secretary Viktor Yanukovych Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ...

Russia

The 2002 census gave a population of 148,556 Koreans in Russia, of which 75,835 were male and 72,721 female.^[12] About one-fourth reside in Siberia and the Russian Far East; the Korean population there trace their roots back to a variety of sources. Aside from roughly 33,000 CIS nationals, mostly migrants retracing in reverse the 1937 deportation of their ancestors, between 4,000 and 12,000 North Korean migrant labourers can be found in the region. Smaller numbers of South Koreans and ethnic Koreans from China have also come to the region to settle, invest, and/or engage in cross-border trade.^[13] Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ...  Member state  Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders  -  Executive Secretary Viktor Yanukovych Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... North Koreans in Russia consist mainly of three groups: international students, guest workers, and defectors and refugees. ... South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK; Korean: Daehan Minguk (Hangul: 대한 민국; Hanja: 大韓民國)), is a country in East Asia, covering the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. ... This article talks about the Korean people (朝鲜族/조선족) in China. ...

Other European countries

In the 2001 census in Ukraine 12,711 people defined themselves as ethnic Koreans, up from 8,669 in 1989. Of these only 17.5% gave Korean as their first language. The vast majority (76%) stated their mother tongue was Russian, whilst 5.5% stated Ukrainian.^{[citation needed]} The largest concentrations can be found in Kharkov, Kiev, Odessa, Nikolaev, Cherkassy, Lvov, Lugansk, Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhie, and Crimea. The largest ethnic representative body, the Association of Koreans in Ukraine, is located in Kharkov, where roughly 150 Korean families reside; the first Korean language school was opened in 1996 under their direction.^[1][14] Kharkov (rus: Ха́рьков) or Kharkiv (ukr: Ха́рків) is the second largest city in Ukraine, a center of Kharkivska oblast. It is situated in the northeast of the country and has a population of two million. ... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2005)  - City 3,950,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Map of Ukraine with Odesa highlighted. ... Nikolayev may refer to one of the following: A town and an important ship building and naval center of Ukraine and, formerly, of the Soviet Union and Imperial Russia. ... Cherkasy (Ukrainian Черкаси) - a city in the central part of Ukraine (about 200km south of Kyiv), capital of Cherkaska oblast, with 280,700 inhabitants (2004). ... Lviv ( Львів in Ukrainian; Львов, Lvov in Russian; Lwów in Polish; Leopolis in Latin; Lemberg in German—see also cities alternative names) is a city in western Ukraine with 830,000 inhabitants (an additional 200,000 commute daily from... Luhansk (Ukrainian: Луганськ, Luhansk; Russian: Луга́нск, Lugansk) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. ... Map of Ukraine with Donetsk highlighted. ... REDIRECT Dnipropetrovsk ... Zaporizhia (Ukrainian: , Zaporizhzhia; Russian: , Zaporozhye) is a city in south-eastern Ukraine, the capital of Zaporizhia Oblast. ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Location of Crimea (red) on the map of Ukraine. ... This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language. ...

Central Asia

The majority of Koryo-saram in Central Asia reside in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Korean culture in Kazakhstan is centered in Almaty, the former capital. For much of the 20th century, this was the only place in Central Asia where a Korean language newspaper (the Koryo Shinmun) and Korean language theater were in operation.^[15] The Korean population here was sheltered by the local governor from the restrictions placed on them elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} The censuses of Kazakhstan recorded 96,500 Koryo-saram in 1939, 74,000 in 1959, 81,600 in 1970, 92,000 in 1979, 100,700 in 1989, and 99,700 in 1999.^[16] Map showing Almatys location in Kazakhstan Almaty Orthodox church Mosque Almaty (Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata, also Vernyj, Vyernyi (Верный) in Imperial Russia) is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,185,900 (2004) (8% of the population of Kazakhstan) citizens. ...

The population in Uzbekistan is largely scattered in rural areas. This population has suffered in recent years from linguistic handicaps, as the Koryo-saram there spoke Russian but not Uzbek. After the independence of Uzbekistan, many lost their jobs due to being unable to speak the new national language. Some emigrated to the Russian Far East, but found life difficult there as well.^[17] Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ...

There is also a small Korean community in Tajikistan. Mass settlement of Koreans in the country began during the late 1950s and early 1960s, after the loosening of restrictions on their freedom of movement which had previously kept them confined to Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Pull factors for migration included rich natural resources and a relatively mild climate. Their population grew to 2,400 in 1959, 11,000 in 1979, and 13,000 in 1989; most lived in the capital Dushanbe, with smaller concentrations in Qurghonteppa and Khujand. Like Koreans in other parts of Central Asia, they generally possessed higher incomes compared to members of other ethnic groups. However, with the May 1992 onset of civil war in Tajikistan, many fled the country entirely; by 1996, their population had fallen by over half to 6,300 people.^[18] Most are engaged in agriculture and retail business.^[19] Violence continued even after the end of the civil war; in 2000, suspected Hizb ut-Tahrir members exploded a bomb in a Korean Christian church in Dushanbe, killing 9 and wounding 30.^[20] Dushanbe (Душанбе), population 562,000 people (2000 census), is the capital of Tajikistan. ... Qurghonteppa (formerly known as Kurgan-Tyube) is a city in southwestern Tajikistan. ... Khujand (Tajik Хуҷанд or خجند, also transliterated as Khudzhand, Russian: , formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1939 and Leninabad until 1992), is the second largest city of Tajikistan. ... Combatants Peoples Democratic Party of Tajikistan Communist Party of Tajikistan Socialist Party of Tajikistan United Tajik Opposition Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan Casualties Over 50,000 killed, 1. ... Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabic: حزب التحرير; English: Party of Liberation) is an international non-sectarian Sunni pan-Islamist political party whose goal is to unite all Muslim countries in a unitary Islamic state or caliphate, headed by an elected caliph,[2] which will establish the laws of the Islamic Shariah and...

Return migration to Korea

As many as 10,000 Uzbekistanis work in South Korea, a sizable portion of them being ethnic Koreans. It is estimated that remittances from South Korea to Uzbekistan exceed $100 million annually.^[21]-1...

Culture

After their arrival in Central Asia, the Koryo-saram quickly established a way of life different from that of neighboring peoples. They set up irrigation works and became known throughout the region as rice farmers.^[11] They interacted little with the nomadic peoples around them, and focused on education. Although they soon ceased to wear traditional Korean clothing, they adapted Western-style dress rather than the clothing worn by the Central Asian peoples. ^[22] Hanbok (South Korea) or Chosŏn-ot (North Korea) is the traditional Korean dress. ...

Koryo-saram have preserved the Korean cuisine particularly well. The cuisine of the Koryo-saram is closest to that of the Hamgyong provinces in North Korea, and is dominated by meat soups and salty side dishes.^[23] The Koryo-saram are particularly known among neighboring peoples for their bosintang (dog-meat soup), which is served to honored guests and at restaurants. ^[23] Korean cuisine is based on the traditional foods and preparation techniques of Korea. ... Hamgyŏng (Hamgyŏng-do) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Bosintang (variously also known as Boshingtang, Boshintang, Poshingtang, Poshintang and other variations on the theme) is a South Korean soup having as its primary ingredient dog meat. ...

The ritual life of the Koryo-saram community has changed in various respects. Marriages have taken on the Russian style.^[23] At traditional Korean funerals, the name of the dead is written in hanja, or Chinese characters; however, as hardly anyone is left among the Koryo-saram who can write in hanja, the name is generally written in hangul only. On the other hand, the rituals for the first birthday and sixtieth anniversary have been preserved in their traditional form.^[24] Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... Jamo redirects here. ...

Personal and family names

See also: List of Korean family names and Cyrillization of Korean

Many Korean surnames, when Cyrillized, are spelled and pronounced slightly different from the romanisations used in the US and the resulting common pronunciations, as can be seen in the table at right. The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... Kang can mean: Kang, Botswana Kang bed-stove Kang (tribe) - tribe of Jatts Kang Chol-Hwan, defector from North Korea Kang - A common Korean last name. ... Kim is the most common family name in Korea. ... Park or Pak is one of the more numerous family names of the Korean people in Korea. ... This article is about the predominantly Korean surname Choi (최/崔채/蔡), sometimes transliterated as Choi, see Cai (surname). ... This is a list of Korean names, in Hangul alphabetical order. ... The Kontsevich system (Russian: Система Концевича/Sistema Kontsevicha) for the Cyrillization of the Korean language was created by the Russian scholar Lev Kontsevitch (Russian: Лев Концевич) on the basis of the earlier system designed by Aleksandr Kholodovich (Russian: Александр Холодович). It is currently the main system of transcribing Korean words into the Russian language. ...

Furthermore, Korean naming practises and Russian naming practises conflict in several important ways; Koryo-saram have resolved each of these conflicts in a different way, in some cases favouring Russian patterns, in others, Korean patterns. The Korean name Hong Gildong (a common anonymous name, like John Doe in American English). ... This article gives the general understanding of naming conventions in the Russian language as well as in languages affected by Russian linguistic tradition. ...

Patronymics

After the first generation of settlers, Koryo-saram tended to abandon traditional Korean naming practices and follow Russian naming patterns, using a Russian given name, Russian-style patronymic (derived from the father's name, regardless of whether his name was Russian or Korean), and Korean surname. For example, Kim Jong-il was registered as Yuri Irsenovich Kim (Юрий Ирсенович Ким) in Soviet records, where the "Irsen" in the patronymic was the Cyrillization of the given name of his father Kim Il-sung.^[25][26] Succeeding generations tended to have both a Russian given name and a Russian patronymic.^[27] This differs from the pattern typical in the US, where Korean American parents often register their children with a Korean given name as their legal middle name (e.g. Daniel Dae Kim, Harold Hongju Koh). The Korean name Hong Gildong (a common anonymous name, like John Doe in American English). ... This article gives the general understanding of naming conventions in the Russian language as well as in languages affected by Russian linguistic tradition. ... Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born February 16, 1942) is the leader of North Korea. ... A Cyrillization is a system for representing a language with the Cyrillic alphabet, where the source language use a writing system other than the Cyrillic alphabet (compare this to Romanization). ... Kim Il-sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Daniel Dae Kim (born August 4, 1968) is a Korean/American actor. ... Harold Hongju Koh (born December 8, 1954, Boston, MA, United States) is a Korean-American lawyer, legal scholar, former U.S. State Department official, and current Dean of the Yale Law School (since July 1, 2004). ...

Surnames of married women

Another area in which traditional Korean naming practices clashed with Russian custom was in the use of surnames by married couples. In Russia, a wife traditionally takes her husband's surname after marriage, whereas Korean women, following the Chinese practice, retain their original surname even after marriage. In this regard, the Koryo-saram appear to have kept to Korean tradition much more closely, rather than adopting the Russian practice; for example, out of 18 ethnic Korean babies born in the Kalinin district of Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1980, 10 were to parents with different surnames, possibly indicating the extent of this practice. ^[28]

Declining for gender

Russian surnames are typically declined to indicate the gender of their bearer, while Korean surnames are not, as the Korean language lacks grammatical gender. In the former Soviet countries of Central Asia, many inhabitants, notably the Turkic peoples, had prefixes ov or ova added to their surnames; examples include even national leaders such as Nursultan Nazarbayev and Islom Karimov. However, Koryo-saram names do not follow this practice.^[28] Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев [Nûrsûltan Äbîshûlâ Nazarbayev]; Russian: Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев [Nursultan Abishyevic Nazarbayev] (born 6 July 1940 in Chemolgan, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) has served as the President of Kazakhstan since the Fall of the Soviet Union and the nations independence in 1991. ... Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov (Russian: Ислам Абдуганиевич Каримов Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov) (born on 30 January 1938) has served as the President of Uzbekistan since 1991. ...

Generation names

In Korea, it is common for siblings and cousins of the same generation to have one hanja syllable in common among all of their names; this is known as dollimja. Russians have no equivalent practise. Koryo-saram often do not have Korean names, because of a poor command of the Korean language among their relatives; however, birth records show that many siblings have been given Russian names starting with the same letters of the alphabet by their parents, indicating that the practise of dollimja has continued in a localised form.^[28] Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... Generation name is half of the two-Chinese character given name given to newborns in the same generation of one surname lineage. ...

Language

Main article: Koryo-mar

Due to deportation and the continuing urbanization of the population after 1952, the command of Korean among the Koryo-saram has continued to fall. This contrasts with other more rural minority groups such as the Dungan, who have maintained a higher level of proficiency in their ethnic language. In 1989, the most recent year for which data are available, the number of Russian mother tongue speakers among the Koryo-saram population overtook that of Korean mother tongue speakers. Koryo-mar (Hangul: 고려말; Russian: Корё мар; Standard Korean: 중앙아시아한국어, literally Central Asia Korean language) is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the North Hamgyong dialect of Korean. ... Dungan (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Russian: ) is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin. ...

The dialect spoken by Koryo-saram is closer to the Hamgyŏng dialect than to the Seoul dialect, though somewhat mutated over the generations. Many of those who retain some command of Korean report difficulties communicating with South Koreans. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Seoul dialect is the basis of the standard dialect of Korean in South Korea. ...

“Native Language” redirects here. ... “Native Language” redirects here. ... A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons. ... A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons. ...

Relations with Korean expatriates

Probably as a consequence of ethnic ties, South Korea was the second largest import partner of Uzbekistan, after Russia, and one of its largest foreign investors. The car manufacturer Daewoo set up a joint venture (August 1992) and a factory in Asaka, Andizhan province, in Uzbekistan. This article is about the chaebol Daewoo Group. ... A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. ... Asaka (Cyrillic: Асака) is a city in Andijan Province, Uzbekistan, located to the east of Andijan in the Ferghana Valley. ... Andijan (also Andijon, Andizhan, Andizan) is a city of western Uzbekistan. ...

The 2005 South Korean film Wedding Campaign, directed by Hwang Byung-kook, portrays two aging bachelor farmers from rural villages who hope to find wives. Having no romantic prospects in Korea, they opt to go through an international mail-order bride agency, which sends them to Uzbekistan and tries to match them with Korean women there.^[29] Korean cinema encompasses the motion picture industries of North Korea and South Korea. ... Wedding Campaign is 2005 South Korean film about a man who two lonely farmers who want to get married but cant find any women willing to live in the country with them; their campaign is a 10-day trip to Uzbekistan. ... Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode of the same name, see Mail Order Bride. ...

Prominent Koryo-saram

In cultural fields

• Alexander Kan, Russian-language fiction writer.
• Anatoly Kim, Russian-language fiction writer. [1]
• German Kim, head of the Department of Korean Studies at Al-Farabi University, Kazakhstan, and a leading scholar in the history of Koryo saram.
• Nikolai Shin, Uzbekistani painter
• Lavrenti Son, Russian and Korean-language playwright
• Yuliy Kim, singer, songwriter
• Roman Kim, one of the top contestants on Kazakhstani entertainment programme SuperStar KZ
• Victor Tsoi, lead singer of the Russian band Kino and a major figure in the development of the Soviet rock scene in the 1980s.
• Anita Tsoi, pop singer.

German Nikolaevich Kim (Russian: Герман Николаевич Ким) is Head of the Department of Korean Studies at Al-Farabi University, Kazakhstan and one of the leading internationally-recognised scholars of the Koryo-saram. ... Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Kazakh: ), often shortened to Al-Farabi University, is a university in Almaty, Kazakhstan. ... Nikolai Shin (born 1928 in Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai; died August 18, 2006 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan) was an Uzbekistani painter of Korean descent, sometimes referred to by Korean newspapers as the Picasso of Asia.[1][2] // Shins childhood was filled with hardships. ... Lavrenti Son (Russian: Лаврентий Сон) is a Koryo-saram playwright, author of short stories, and founder of Song Cinema, a documentary company producing movies about the minority ethnicities of the former USSR. His play Memory (기억), about the deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, is one of the few plays to ever... Yuliy Chersanovich Kim (Юлий Черсанович Ким; born December 23, 1936) is one of Russias foremost bards and playwrights. ... Roman Kim Roman Kim (Rus: Роман Ким) (born December 16 1985 in Temirtau, Kazakhstan) is a singer who rose to popularity after placing second in SuperStar KZ, the Kazakh version of Pop Idol, shown by Perviy Kanal Evraziya. ... – SuperStar KZ is a reality television show based on the popular British show Pop Idol. ... Grave of Victor Tsoi, 1992. ... Kino (Кино) was a Russian rock band headed by Viktor Tsoi. ...

In sport

• Nellie Kim, Olympic gold medal gymnast, born in Shurab, Tajikistan to a Korean father and Tatar mother
• Kostya Tszyu, Australian boxer of Russian, Korean and Mongol descent, born in Serov, Russia

Nellie Vladimirovna Kim (Russian: ; b. ... Shurab is a town in Isfara district of the Sughd province, Tajikistan. ... Konstantin Kostya the Goit Tszyu (Russian: Константин (Костя) Цзю, pronounced in Australian English) (born September 19, 1969) is a Russian- born boxer of mixed Russian, Korean and Mongol descent. ... Coat of arms of Serov Serov (Russian: ) is a mining and commercial town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia and the administrative center of Serovsky District. ...

In politics

• Valery Kan, the youngest person ever elected to the Ussuriysk Duma
• Alexandra Kim, the first Korean communist
• Mikhail Kim, delegate to the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [2]
• Georgy Kim, Kazakhstan's Minister of Justice. [3]
• Kim Gyong Chun (金擎天/김경천), leading anti-White Army partisan leader in Siberia during the Russian Civil War. [4]
• Kim Jong-il, leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, born in Vyatskoye.

Valery Kan (Russian: Валерий Кан; Korean: 발레리 ê°•; born 1978 in Tashkent,[1] Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union (present Uzbekistan)) is Deputy of the urban Duma in the city of Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai, and head of the Voyage Taxi Company (Вояж-такси). He is of Koryo-saram descent, and has been active in promoting economic cooperation between... The Congress of the CPSU was the gathering of the delegates of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and its predecessors. ... Combatants Red Army Latvian Riflemen White Army (Monarchists) Ukrainian Peoples Republic Green Army (Cossacks) Black Army (Anarchists) Blue Army (Peasants) Czechoslovak Legion Allied intervention Other anti-Bolshevik forces Commanders Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Sergei Kamenev, Semyon Budyonny, Mikhail Frunze Alexander Antonov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Lavr Kornilov, Pyotr Wrangel... Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born February 16, 1942) is the leader of North Korea. ... Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai Vyatskoye (Russian: ) (alternatively romanized as Viatsk or Viatskoe) is a small fishing village in Khabarovsk Krai, located on the east side of the Amur River, 70 km northeast of Khabarovsk. ...

Notes

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 11 is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A news release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Inha University is a university in Incheon, South Korea. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Korea Times is the oldest of three English-language newspapers published daily in South Korea, along with The Korea Herald and JoongAng Ilbo. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ...

References

• Lee Kwang-kyu (2000). Overseas Koreans. Seoul: Jimoondang. ISBN 89-88095-18-9. 

See also

• South Korea-Russia relations
• Russians in Korea
• Dungan, the Turkic name for Hui Chinese who settled in Central Asia.
• Workers' Party of Korea, whose predecessors were founded by Korean nationalists in exile in the Soviet Union.

South Korea-Russia relations refers to the international relations between South Korea and Russia. ... Dungan (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Russian: ) is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of Chinese origin. ... The Hui people (Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Xiaoerjing: حُوِ ذَو )are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... The Workers Party of Korea (WPK; Korean chosŏngŭl: 조선로동당; hanja: 朝鮮勞動黨; McCune-Reischauer: Chosŏn Rodong-dang; revised: Joseon Rodong-dang ) is the ruling party of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. ...

External links

• (Russian) Association website
• Soviet Census data analyzed by mother tongue and second language, in English
• Koryo Saram: The Unreliable People (documentary film)