Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës.

The Kosovo Liberation Army or KLA (Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or UÇK) was an ethnic Albanian paramilitary group which sought independence for the province of Kosovo from Yugoslavia and Serbia in the late 1990s. BBC Balkans Correspondent Paul Wood on Tuesday 20 March 2001 wrote that "the Kosovo Liberation Army became the most successful guerilla movement of modern times"^[1]. Image File history File links Uck_kla_logo. ... Image File history File links Uck_kla_logo. ... Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbian Government Republic President  - 1992 - 1993 Dobrica Ćosić  - 1993 - 1997 Zoran Lilić  - 1997 – 2000 Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević  - 2000 - 2003 Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Prime Minister  - 1992 - 1993 Milan Panić  - 1993 - 1998 Radoje Kontić  - 1998 - 2000 Momir Bulatović  - 2000 - 2001 Zoran Žižić  - 2001 - 2003 DragiÅ¡a Pe... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ...

Its campaign against Serbian security forces precipitated a major Yugoslav military crackdown which led to the Kosovo War of 1998-1999. The CIA, USA, the UN^[2] and the Yugoslav authorities considered it to be a terrorist organization^[3].The Serbian government reported that the KLA had killed more than a 10,000 civilians, both Serbs and Albanians^[4][5] The Yugoslav Peoples Army (Jugoslavenska/Jugoslovenska narodna armija, JNA, Slovene Jugoslovanska ljudska armada, JLA) was the army of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia prior to its dissolution. ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbian Government Republic President  - 1992 - 1993 Dobrica Ćosić  - 1993 - 1997 Zoran Lilić  - 1997 – 2000 Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević  - 2000 - 2003 Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Prime Minister  - 1992 - 1993 Milan Panić  - 1993 - 1998 Radoje Kontić  - 1998 - 2000 Momir Bulatović  - 2000 - 2001 Zoran Žižić  - 2001 - 2003 DragiÅ¡a Pe... This article is becoming very long. ...

But this pattern of Serbian state propaganda failed to convince the international opinion which was receiving images of mutilated bodies of albanian civilians killed by the serbian army and paramilitary formations. Soon it was proven that it was the Serbian armed forces who actually carried out the mass killings and expulsion of the civilians in Kosovo and not the KLA. [1]. The scale of the atrocities prompted the first-ever NATO war against a sovereign country, and the biggest military action in Europe since the Second World War. [2]

History

Emergence of the KLA (1995-1996)

In 1995, isolated attacks on Serbian police and civil targets were carried out by unnamed parties in Kosovo, though it was not until February 1996 that the name "Kosovo Liberation Army" was used for the first time following a series of attacks against targets that included police stations, Serb government officials, and Serb refugee centers in western Kosovo.^[6]

Observers initially doubted the existence of the KLA. The moderate Kosovo Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova attributed the attacks to Serbian agents provocateurs. However, it soon became clear that the KLA was genuine. The Serbian authorities denounced it as a terrorist organization and increased the number of security forces in the region. This had the counterproductive effect of boosting the credibility of the embryonic KLA among the Kosovo Albanian population. Ibrahim Rugova (December 2, 1944 – January 21, 2006) was the first President of Kosovo and of its leading political party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK). ...

The founders of the KLA were Kosovo Albanians who were frustrated by the Rugova-backed "passive resistance" strategy. They sought to bring the issue of Kosovo's relations with Serbia to a head by provoking an open conflict, in which they believed the West would be forced to intervene. Two founding members of the KLA worth noting are; Zahir Pajaziti and Adem Jashari.^{[citation needed]} Adem Jashari (November 28, 1955 – March 6, 1998), local commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). ...

Kosovo War (1997-1999)

The KLA grew considerably in size between 1997 and 1999. It carried out numerous attacks on Serbian police, army, and civilian targets, and set up roadblocks in the countryside. By May 1998, it effectively controlled a quarter of the province, centered on the region of Drenica; its stronghold was located in the village of Prekaz.^{[citation needed]} This article is about a region in Kosovo. ...

The Serbian government was initially uncertain about how to react to the KLA. The Ministry of the Interior (MUP) simply ceased patrolling large areas of Kosovo, while the Yugoslav Army (VJ) often ignored KLA activity. Ibrahim Rugova's "shadow government" also faced a dilemma; it was unwilling to endorse the KLA's violent tactics but was wary of losing support to the radicals. Its position worsened after the KLA assassinated a number of Albanians regarded as "collaborators" with the Serbian government.^{[citation needed]}

The size of the KLA at this point was frankly unknown for certain. Spokesman Jakup Krasniqi claimed 30,000 men under arms, while other estimates ranged between 10,000 and 50,000. The Serbs, by contrast, claimed that the KLA comprised only a few hundred radicals. Whatever number was most accurate, it was certain that the KLA was militarily weak. Its fighters were equipped with small arms such as AK-47 assault rifles and a few RPG-7 anti-tank weapons; this was no match for the heavy weapons of the Serbian security forces.^{[citation needed]} Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The RPG-7 (Russian: ) is a widely-produced, portable, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket propelled grenade weapon. ...

This disparity became clear in the summer of 1998, when the Serbian government decided to act following a botched KLA attempt to seize the town of Orahovac. The state security forces launched an offensive against the KLA, crushed most of its organization, regained control over most of the province (save for a pocket around the border town of Junik). This prompted an outcry from the Europe and NATO powers led by the US. Orahovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Ораховац or Latin alphabet: Orahovac, Albanian: Rahovec or Rahoveci) is a town and municipality in western Kosovo, a Serbian province under UN administration. ... Small town in Kosovo ...

The KLA responded by reorganizing itself with a central command structure (modelled on that of the IRA) and training organization. It established a General Staff (Shtabi i Pergjithshem) of between 16-20 members and divided Kosovo into seven military operational zones, commanded semi-independently by local commanders operating under pseudonyms. The KLA also established a political arm, the Drejtoria Politike, led by prominent Kosovo independence activist Hashim Thaci. It built training camps and bases in the safe haven of north-eastern Albania, even establishing its own military academy (the Akademia e Ardhshme Ushtarake) where ethnic Albanians, formerly Yugoslav Army officers, trained new recruits. According to Serbian accounts, the primary KLA training camps in Albania were Labinot, near Tirana, Tropojë, Kukës and Bajram Curri near the Yugoslav-Albanian border.^{[citation needed]} The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) is a paramilitary group which aimed, through the use of violence, to achieve three goals: (i) British withdrawal from Ireland, (ii) the political unification of Ireland through the merger of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and (iii) the creation of an all... Hashim Thaci Leader of KLA Hashim Thaci (Full Albanian variation: Hashim Thaçi; sometimes Hashim Thaqi, Serbo-Croat: HaÅ¡im Tači) (born 24 April 1968 in Buroje/Brocna in the municipality of Srbica (northwest of Drenica valley], Kosovo, Serbia, Yugoslavia) is a terrorist and the president of the Democratic... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country Albania Founded 1614 Elevation 295 ft (90 m) Population (2005 est)[1]  - City 585,756  - Metro 700,000 Tirana (Albanian: Tiranë or Tirana) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Albania. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Kukës (Albanian: Kukës or Kukësi) is a town in Albania located at 42. ... Bajram Curri is a town in Northern Albania on the border with Kosovo. ...

The Serbian offensive was publicized throughout Europe and attracted an unprecedented response from the Albanian expatriate community. Thousands of young emigrant Albanians left their jobs and made their way to the training camps in such large numbers that the KLA was initially unable to cope^{[citation needed]}. KLA fund raising was equally successful, raising millions of dollars in the central European underworld,^[7][8] for the guerrilla army and permitting it to buy considerable amounts of weapons on the black market.

The KLA continued to rely principally on small arms but expanded its arsenal to include SA-7 and FIM-92 Stinger shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles, as well as light artillery such as mortars^{[citation needed]}. A soldier posing with a Strela launcher The 9K32 Strela-2 (Russian 9К32 стрела-2 - arrow, NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system similar to the US Army REDEYE, with... The FIM-92 Stinger is a man portable infra-red homing surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the US armed services, with whom it entered service in 1981. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. ... US soldier loading a M224 60-mm mortar. ...

As late as 1997, the KLA had been recognized by the U.S. as a terrorist organization supported in part by heroin trafficking.^[9] United States President Bill Clinton's special envoy to the Balkans, Robert Gelbard, described once the KLA as, "without any questions, a terrorist group"^[10]. Nevertheless, by February 1998, the KLA had been removed from the United States State Department's terrorism list [3]. According to reliable sources, KLA representatives had already met with American, British, and Swiss intelligence agencies in 1996, and possibly "several years earlier".^[11] In the same year, a British weekly newspaper, The European, stated that "German civil and military intelligence services have been involved in training and equipping the rebels with the aim of cementing German influence in the Balkan area."^[12] Former senior adviser to the German parliament Matthias Küntzel proved later on that his country secret diplomacy had been instrumental in helping the KLA since its creation.^[13] According to The Sunday Times, "American intelligence agents have admitted they helped to train the Kosovo Liberation Army before NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia" [4]. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ... The European, billed as Europes first national newspaper, was a weekly newspaper founded by Robert Maxwell, the first edition appearing on May 11, 1990. ... Matthias Küntzel (1955), is a German author and a political scientist. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ...

The new Albanian government disclaimed any support for the KLA but did not close the border with Kosovo or the camps in Albania. It was probably not in a position to do so in any case, as the north-east of the country was in a state of anarchy at the time. In Kosovo, the KLA learned from its earlier mistakes, avoiding concentrating its strength in villages (so presenting the Serbs with easy targets). Instead, it mounted hit-and-run attacks from the hills and forests of western Kosovo. KLA fighters attacked Serbian military and sometimes civilian targets, while Serbian forces retaliated with force; this resulted in mass killings such as the Racak incident in January 1999. The violence prompted more Kosovars to flee and increased the pressure on Western powers to intervene. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The Kosovo War and aftermath (1999-)

Members of the Kosovo Liberation Army meet U.S. Marines following the Kosovo War

Full-scale war broke out in Kosovo in March 1999. The Serbian and Yugoslav forces launched an offensive against the KLA. The KLA initially suffered heavy losses and was driven back into Albania, with only a few thousand fighters remaining in Kosovo itself. Its commander, Sylejman Selimi, a political appointee with no formal military training, was removed in May 1999 and replaced with Agim Çeku, a former Croatian Army brigadier-general. Although it had little direct military impact on the much stronger Serbian forces, the KLA did play one vital role in the war. After Ceku's appointment, it began to take a much more aggressive stance by attacking security force units and forcing them into the open, where NATO aircraft were able to attack them.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Kla_members. ... Image File history File links Kla_members. ... Agim Çeku (born 29 October 1960 in the village of ĆuÅ¡ka [1] near Peć, in Kosovo, Yugoslavia), is the current Prime Minister of Kosovo, a Serbian province under United Nations administration. ... Croatian Ground Army (Croatian: Hrvatska kopnena vojska), commonly referred as Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. ... This article is about the military alliance. ...

When the war ended, NATO and Serbian leaders agreed to a peace settlement that would see Kosovo governed by the United Nations with the KLA being demilitarized. The KLA was, however, not a signatory to the peace accords. KLA agreed to be transformed and disarmed [5]. NATO sought to bring it into the peace process with a promise to establish a 3,000-strong Kosovo Protection Corps drawn from KLA ranks and charged with disaster response, search and rescue, assistance with de-mining, providing humanitarian assistance, and helping to rebuild infrastructure and communities. The KPC's operational sectors were very similar to those established by the KLA, illustrating the continuity between the two organizations. The KPC took over the former Yugoslav Army barracks; each zone had its battalions established there. UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC or TMK in Albanian) Logo The Kosovo Protection Corps is a civilian emergency services organization in Kosovo. ... Search and Rescue (acronym SAR) is an operation mounted by emergency services, often well-trained volunteers, to find someone believed to be in distress, lost, sick or injured either in a remote or difficult to access area, such as mountains, desert or forest (Wilderness search and rescue), or at sea... Hydrema mine clearing vehicle MineWolf tiller-based demining machine deployed in Sudan Digger Mini Flail for Mine Clearance Demining is the process of removing landmines or naval mines from an area. ...

The establishment of the KPC did not prove wholly successful, as many ex-KLA members resented losing their role as the army of Kosovo. For some time after the end of the war, numerous Serbs and some moderate Albanians were killed. Many of the killings were blamed on KLA members. Intimidation by the KLA was also blamed for the flight of thousands of Serbs from Kosovo after the war ended [6].

Ex-KLA members also made efforts to spread insurgency into neighboring regions ^{[citation needed]}. A new insurgent group called the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveda and Bujanovac, consisting of KLA veterans and local ethnic Albanians, began operating in the Preševo region of southern Serbia in 2000-2001. In the Republic of Macedonia, a new organization also named UÇK (this time standing for "National Liberation Army" in Albanian) took up arms against the Slav-dominated government. “Insurrection” redirects here. ... The Liberation Army of PreÅ¡evo, MedveÄ‘a and Bujanovac (Albanian: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Preshevës, Medvegjës dhe Bujanovcit - UCPMB) was a guerrilla group fighting for independence from Serbia for the three municipalities: PreÅ¡evo, MedveÄ‘a and Bujanovac, home to most of the Albanians of inner Serbia, adjacent... Preševo is a town in Serbia near the borders with the Republic of Macedonia and Kosovo. ... For an explanation of terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... This article is about the Albanian militant organization, for the World War II military detachment see: Macedonian National Liberation Army. ...

The KLA legacy remains powerful within Kosovo. Its former members still play a major role in Kosovar politics; its former political head Hashim Thaci is now the leader of the Democratic Party of Kosovo, one of the province's leading political opposition parties. Ramush Haradinaj, a former KLA regional leader, served briefly as Prime Minister of Kosovo before he turned himself in to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague to stand trial on war crimes charges [7]. The KLA's former military head, Agim Çeku, is the current Prime Minister of Kosovo. This has caused some controversy in Serbia, as Belgrade regards him as a war criminal, though he was never indicted by the Hague tribunal [8]. Hashim Thaci Leader of KLA Hashim Thaci (Full Albanian variation: Hashim Thaçi; sometimes Hashim Thaqi, Serbo-Croat: HaÅ¡im Tači) (born 24 April 1968 in Buroje/Brocna in the municipality of Srbica (northwest of Drenica valley], Kosovo, Serbia, Yugoslavia) is a terrorist and the president of the Democratic... The Democratic Party of Kosovo (Albanian: Partia Demokratike e Kosovës - short PDK; is the second largest political party in Kosovo, a province currently under UN administration. ... Ramush Haradinaj (born 3 July 1968 in the village of Glodjane near Dečani, in Kosovo, Yugoslavia) is a former guerrilla leader and prime minister of Kosovo. ... Prime Minister of Kosovo is the head of the Government of Kosovo. ... The Tribunal building in The Hague. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ...

Several former KLA members have been indicted on war crimes charges. Fatmir Limaj, one of the senior commanders of the KLA to have gone through a trial process in The Hague, was acquitted of all charges in November 2005 [9]. He is now a key member of the opposition. Another KLA member, Haradin Bala, was also indicted by the ICTY at the same time for having participated in the detention of Serb civilians and perceived Albanian collaborators at the Lapusnik Prison Camp, where Bala was a prison guard commander [10]. He was found guilty of torture, cruel treatment, and murder, and sentenced to 13 years imprisonment [11]. His appeal against the verdict is still pending [12]. Fatmir Limaj, Isak Musliu and Haradin Bala are charged by the ICTY with a series of beatings and murders in a KLA prison camp in a family compound in Lapusnik to deal with Serbs and suspected Albanian collaborators between May and July 1998 during the Kosovo War. ...

A group of dissidents of KLA have formed a small new group that is opposing the UNMIK in Kosovo. In 2007 it placed a bomb below a UN truck. It is closely associated with the terrorist Albanian National Army. It is apparent that forces with KLA origin have been behind the systematic destruction of Serbian Orthodox churches in Kosovo and harassment of non-Albanian minorities in the territory. [13] The United Nations Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is an interim civilian administration of the Serbian province (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), under the authority of the United Nations. ... The Albanian National Army (ANA) is an ethnic Albanian militant organization operating in the Republic of Macedonia. ...

Crimes

There have been widespread reports of war crimes committed by the KLA both during and after the conflict. These have been directed against both Serbs, other ethnic minorites (principally Roma) and against ethnic Albanians accused of collaborating with the Serb authorities. [14] According to a 2001 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW): Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Romani people (as a noun, singular Rom, plural Roma; sometimes Rrom, Rroma) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... Human Rights Watch Banner Human Rights Watch is a United States-based international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. ...

The KLA was responsible for serious abuses… including abductions and murders of Serbs and ethnic Albanians considered collaborators with the state. [15]

It is also believed that the KLA has played a key role in the ethnic cleansing, kidnappings and murder of Serbs and other ethnic minorities after the end of the war. HRW writes:

Elements of the KLA are also responsible for post-conflict attacks on Serbs, Roma, and other non-Albanians, as well as ethnic Albanian political rivals... widespread and systematic burning and looting of homes belonging to Serbs, Roma, and other minorities and the destruction of Orthodox churches and monasteries... combined with harassment and intimidation designed to force people from their homes and communities... elements of the KLA are clearly responsible for many of these crimes. [16]

The KLA is also accused of intentionally provoking attacks by Yugoslav security forces against civilian targets by, for example, staging attacks from villages, knowing that the response would create bad publicity for the government forces in the international media:

The KLA… engaged in military tactics in 1998 and 1999 that put civilians at risk. KLA units sometimes staged an ambush or attacked police or army outposts from a village and then retreated, exposing villagers to revenge attacks. Large massacres sometimes ensued, helping publicize the KLA's cause and internationalize the conflict. [17]

Following the end of the war several of the leading figures in the KLA have been convicted of war crimes by the ICTY, including crimes against humanity (torture, murder, kidnapping and rape). [18][19] In 2005 the then ‘Prime Minister’ of Kosovo and former KLA commander, Ramush Haradinaj, was indicted together with two of his lieutenants on 37 counts of war crimes. According to the ICTY he was responsible for a plot to drive out Serbs and other ethnic minorities from Kosovo through a campaign of murder, rape and torture. [20] Despite this, Ramush Haradinaj remains popular with many Kosovo Albanians. [21] The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia is a body of the United Nations established to prosecute war crimes in the former Yugoslavia. ...

The exact number of victims of the KLA is not known. According to a Serbian government report, from January 1 1998 to June 10 1999 the KLA killed 988 people and kidnapped 287; in the period from June 10 1999 to November 11 2001, when NATO took control in Kosovo, 847 were reported to have been killed and 1,154 kidnapped. This comprised both civilians and security force personnel: of those killed in the first period, 335 were civilians, 351 soldiers, 230 police and 72 were unidentified; by nationality, 87 of killed civilians were Serbs, 230 Albanians, and 18 of other nationalities. Following the withdrawal of Serbian and Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo in June 1999, all casualties were civilians, the vast majority being Serbs.^[4] According to Human Rights Watch, as “many as one thousand Serbs and Roma have been murdered or have gone missing since June 12, 1999.” [22]

Armament and logistics

The KLA represented a fairly typical example of a rebel group, as are found in conflicts all over the world such as the South America and Africa, although the KLA's tactics were a bit more dynamic, probably owing to the fact that some of its commanders had attained high ranking positions in the Yugoslav People's Army, the Croatian Army and the Albanian Army.^{[citation needed]} The Yugoslav Peoples Army (YPA) (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslovenska narodna armija or Jugoslavenska narodna armija; Serbian and Macedonian: Југословенска народна армија—JHA; Macedonian and Serbian Latin forms: Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and Bosnian: Jugoslavenska narodna armija—JNA; Slovene: Jugoslovanska ljudska armada—JLA) was the military force of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...

In weaponry, the KLA utilized weapons of mainly Soviet, Chinese, and Yugoslav origin. Ironically, a significant portion of its arms were obtained by bribing Yugoslav officers, who probably reasoned that since the KLA would obtain weapons one way or another, they may as well be the ones to profit from the sale.^{[citation needed]} The most common weapons were the Soviet AK-47 and the Yugoslav M-70 assault rifles. Snipers were used extensively. The KLA possessed RPG-7 and RPG-8 anti-tank weapons.^{[citation needed]} By the later stages of the war, they had obtained SA-7 and possibly SA-14 shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles, which were fired on at least one occasion against a Yugoslav helicopter, successfully destroying it.^{[citation needed]} Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947 g. ... The RPG-7 (Russian: ) is a widely-produced, portable, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket propelled grenade weapon. ... A soldier posing with a Strela launcher The 9K32 Strela-2 (Russian 9К32 стрела-2 - arrow, NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) is a man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system similar to the US Army REDEYE, with... The 9K34 Strela-3 (Russian 9К34 Стрела-3 - arrow, NATO reporting name SA-14 Gremlin) man-portable air defence missile system (MANPADS) was developed in Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela-2 (NATO reporting name...

See also

• Serbian-Albanian Conflict
• Kosovo War
• Albanians in Kosovo
• Operation Horseshoe
• List of designated terrorist organizations
• David Hicks
• Albanian National Army

The Serbian-Albanian Conflict is a struggle between the Serbs and Albanians that lasted through the XX century and is ongoing. ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... Albanians in Kosovo in 1991 The Albanians are the largest ethnic group in Kosovo. ... Operation Horseshoe (German: Hufeisenplan) was the name given by the German government to an alleged Serbian plan to expel the entire Albanian population of Kosovo. ... Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using terrorism as a military tactic to achieve their goals, and there is no international consensus on the bureaucratic definition of terrorism. ... For the American chaplain, see David Hicks (chaplain). ... The Albanian National Army (ANA) is an ethnic Albanian militant organization operating in the Republic of Macedonia. ...

References

BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

General references

• "KLA Action Fuelled NATO Victory", Jane's Defence Weekly, 16 June 1999
• "The KLA: Braced to Defend and Control", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 April 1999
• "Kosovo's Ceasefire Crumbles As Serb Military Retaliates", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 February 1999
• "Another Balkan Bloodbath? Part Two", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 March 1998
• "Albanians Attack Serb Targets", Jane's Defence Weekly, 4 September 1996
• "The Kosovo Liberation Army and the Future of Kosovo", James H. Anderson and James Phillips, 05/13/1999, Heritage Foundation, Heritage Foundation (Washington, USA)

Janes Defence Weekly (abbreviated as JDW) is a weekly magazine reporting on military and corporate affairs. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Janes Intelligence Review is a journal on military intelligence. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

External links

http://web.archive.org/web/20000301034049/http://www.janes.com/defence/features/kosovo/kla.html The KLA: braced to defend and control] Jane's Janes Information Group (often referred to as Janes) was founded by John F.T. Jane in 1898. ...

• Intelligence Resources page on KLA Federation of American Scientists
• Kosovo's Army in Waiting TIME
• The Kosovo Liberation Army: Does Clinton Policy Support Group with Terror, Drug Ties? - From 'Terrorists' to 'Partners' (United States Senate Republican Policy Committee)
• Independence for Kosova: For the KLA - against the Serbian army, Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)
• CRIGHTON, A (ed) (2003): Macedonia: The Conflict and the Media. Macedonian Institute for Media. Skopje. (also covering Southern Central Serbia) [23]
• GOVERNMENT OF SERBIA (2003): White Book on KLA (Part 1, Part 2)
• INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES: "The Kosovo Liberation Army" - Volume 4, Issue 7 - August 1998 [24]
• INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES: "The Kosovo Liberation Army" - Volume 4, Issue 7 - August 1998[25]
• KLA-NATO Demilitarization and transformation agreement.
• KOSOVAPRESS News agency organized by then KLA, and now close to the Democratic Party of Kosovo
• MIPT Knowledge Base. Entry about KLA [26]
• SOCIALISM TODAY: "The KLA and the struggle for Kosovar self-determination" [27]
• KLA and War on Terror
• MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Profile entry on KLA