This article is part of the series: Territorial changes of Poland History of Poland Geography of Poland Borders of Poland Historical administrative divisions of Poland
World War I
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919)
Treaty of Versailles
Silesian uprisings
Polish Corridor
World War II
Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
Administrative division of Polish territories during WWII
Tehran Conference
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Post World War II
Territorial changes of Poland after World War II
Treaty of Zgorzelec
Treaty of Warsaw
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Lines
Curzon Line
Oder-Neisse line
Areas
Kresy Wschodnie ("Eastern Borderlands")
Kresy Zachodnie
Recovered Territories
Former eastern territories of Germany
Zaolzie
See also
Territorial changes of Germany

Polish voivodeships 1922-1939. The eastern voivodships can be considered as roughly equivalent with 'Kresy'.

The term Eastern Borderlands, or simply Borderlands, was firstly used to define the Polish eastern frontier. The Tatar Horde settled on the Lower Dnieper River in the Borderlands (see: Wild Fields). Then, The Borderlands referred to the eastern frontiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the period of the Second Polish Republic, The Borderlands were equated with the lands to the east of Curzon line. In September 1939 the Borderlands were occupied by the Soviet Union and after World War II they were incorporated as a part of the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. When the Soviet Union dissolved the Borderlands were included in the territories of countries which gained independence. Main article: History of Poland In the period following its emergence in the 10th century, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christianity, created a strong Central European state and integrated Poland into European culture. ... Image File history File links Polska_map_blank. ... Over the past millennium, the territory ruled by Poland has shifted and varied greatly. ... Kraków Katowice WrocÅ‚aw Łódź PoznaÅ„ Bydgoszcz Lublin BiaÅ‚ystok GdaÅ„sk Szczecin Warsaw Baltic Sea Tatra Sudetes Russia Lithuania Belarus Ukraine Slovakia Czech Republic Ger. ... Kraków Katowice WrocÅ‚aw Łódź PoznaÅ„ Bydgoszcz Lublin BiaÅ‚ystok GdaÅ„sk Szczecin Warsaw Baltic Sea Tatra Sudetes Russia Lithuania Belarus Ukraine Slovakia Czech Republic Ger. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Soldiers of the Greater Polish Army The Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919, or Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku; German: Großpolnischer Aufstand) or Posnanian War was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland (also called the Grand Duchy of PoznaÅ„ or... The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... The Silesian Uprisings (Polish: Powstania Å›lÄ…skie) was a series of three military insurections (1919-1921) of the Polish people in the Upper Silesia region against the German/Prussian forces in order to force them out the region and join it with Poland, that regained her independence after the World... A Polish map showing the territory known as the Polish Corridor The Polish Corridor was the name given to a strip of territory which was transferred from Germany to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ... Reichsgau and General Governement in 1941 At the beginning of World War II, significant Polish areas were annexed by Nazi Germany. ... Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and... Administrative division pf Polish territories during WWII can be divided into several phases, when territories of the Second Polish Republic were administered first by the Nazi Germany (in the west) and Soviet Union (in the east), then by Nazi Germany (following Operation Barbarossa) and finally Soviet Union again. ... Left to right: General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom . ... The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ... Territorial changes of Poland after World War II have been very extensive. ... The Treaty of Zgorzelec or the Treaty between the Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic concerning the demarcation of the established and existing Polish-German state border was signed in Zgorzelec, Lower Silesia, Poland on July 6, 1950 by the prime ministers Józef Cyrankiewicz of Poland and... The Treaty of Warsaw is a treaty between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany is the final peace treaty negotiated between the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and... The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ... The Oder-Neisse line (Polish: , German: ) marked the border between German Democratic Republic and Poland between 1950 and 1990. ... Kresy Zachodnie - (Polish: Western Borderlines) - term used by Poles, mostly in historical context, to refer to western parts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that after Partitions of Poland were annexed by Prussia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Former eastern territories of Germany (German: ) describes collectively those provinces or regions east of the Oder-Neisse line which were internationally recognised as part of the territory of Germany after the formation of the German Empire in 1871. ... Zaolzie (Czech: , Polish: , literally: Trans-Olza River Silesia) was an area disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia, west of Cieszyn. ... // Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes are based on events in the history of Germany and Europe, especially Eastern Europe. ... Download high resolution version (562x614, 14 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Second Polish Republic Voivodships of Poland Centralny Okreg Przemyslowy Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (562x614, 14 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Second Polish Republic Voivodships of Poland Centralny Okreg Przemyslowy Categories: GFDL images ... For other uses, see Zaporizhia (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period  - World War I November 11, 1918  - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area  - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population  - 1939 est. ... The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ...

Etymology

According to the “Dictionary of the Polish Language” by Samuel Bogumil Linde from 1807, Borderlands referred to the Polish eastern frontier. The Tatar Horde settled on the Lower Dnieper River in the Borderlands. For the first time in literature, this term was probably used by Wincenty Pol in his poems entitled “Mohort” from 1854 and in “Pieśń o ziemi naszej”. Pol claimed that it was the line from Dniester to Dnieper River so the land of Tatar borderland. At the beginning of the 20th century the meaning of the term Borderlands expanded to include the lands of the former eastern provinces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to the east of Lvov-Vilnius line, and in the period of the Second Polish Republic the Borderlands were equated with the land to the east of Curzon line. Currently the term Eastern Borderlands describes former, eastern lands of the Second Polish Republic. The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period  - World War I November 11, 1918  - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area  - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population  - 1939 est. ... The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period  - World War I November 11, 1918  - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area  - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population  - 1939 est. ...

History

The Republic of the Two Nations

Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Eastern Borderlands was the area situated on the lower Dnieper River under so-called ‘porohy’ in the then Kijov province. After the union of Lublin of 1569 the Wild Fields were incorporated into the boundaries of the Republic of the Two Nations. At the beginning those areas were uninhabited. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Under the Russian and Austrian occupation

The year 1772 is the beginning of the Russian and the Austrian territorial trophies at the cost of areas of the Republic of the Two Nations which today are named Eastern Borderlands (areas situated to the east of today’s Polish border). This process was held in three stages (annexations). In the first partition (1772) Russia occupied (Inflanty|Polish Inflanty]], the northern part of Plock province, Vitebsk province, Mscislaw province and the southeast part of Minsk province (about 92 thousand km², 1,3 million people). Austria occupied Rus Halicka, regions near Zamosc and northern Lesser Poland (about 83 thousand km² and 2,65 million people). During the second partition in 1793 Russia took Belarusian and Ukrainian lands to the east of Druja-Pinsk-Zbrucz line, i.e.: Kiev, Bratslav, part of Podolia, east part of Volhynia and Brest, Minsk and part of Vilnius (about 250 thousand km²) provinces. The third partition took place in 1795 and Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian areas to the east of the Bug River and Niemirow-Grodno line (about 120 thousand km²) were occupied. This period in the history of Poland, especially in its eastern part, was a time of national rebellions (November Uprising, January Uprising), persecutions, deportations to Siberia and denationalization of Poles. The partition, especially that of the Russian were a catastrophe not only for Polish statehood but also for social development. The eastern borderlands belonged to the last regions in Europe where serfdom was abolished: In 1848 it was eliminated in the Austrian partition and in 1864 in the Russian partition. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Kraków Katowice WrocÅ‚aw Łódź PoznaÅ„ Bydgoszcz Lublin BiaÅ‚ystok GdaÅ„sk Szczecin Warsaw Baltic Sea Tatra Sudetes Russia Lithuania Belarus Ukraine Slovakia Czech Republic Ger. ... Ceremonies during the annexation of Hawaii. ... Bridge across the Vistula at PÅ‚ock. ... Coat of arms of Vitebsk. ... Mstsislaw (pronounce: ; Belarusian: ,  ; Russian: ; Polish: ) is a town in Mahilyow Voblast, Eastern Belarus. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... Zamość is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants (2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodship (since 1999). ... Kraków Katowice WrocÅ‚aw Łódź PoznaÅ„ Bydgoszcz Lublin BiaÅ‚ystok GdaÅ„sk Szczecin Warsaw M A S O V I A S I L E S I A G R E A T E R P O L A N D L E S S E R P O... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2005)  - City 3,950,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Bratslav (Ukrainian: ; Polish: BracÅ‚aw; Yiddish: ברעסאָבֿ /Breslov/) is a town in the Nemyriv raion of the Vinnytsya Oblast of Ukraine, on the river Southern Bug. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia (also spelt Podilia or Podillya) is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Volhynia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Prypiat and Western Bug -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia. ... Brest (Belarusian: , Russian: , Polish: ; Alternative names), formerly Brest-on-the-Bug and Brest-Litovsk, is a city (population 290,000 in 2004) in Belarus close to the Polish border where the Western Bug and Mukhavets Rivers meet. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population About 600,000 in 2006 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius... Coat-of-arms of the November Uprising. ... Polonia (Poland), 1863, by Jan Matejko, 1864, oil on canvas, 156 × 232 cm, National Museum, Kraków. ... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

March 1919

The time between September 1918 and March 1919 was especially turbulent for the Eastern Borderlands of Poland, as it was the time of the rebirth of the Polish state and the formation of the border. At that time, Poland was involved in three wars for its Eastern borders: with Ukraine, the Bolsheviks and Lithuania. As a result Poland incorporated a great part of the land that was under Russian rule situated to the east of the Curzon line. This terrain formed the Eastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland: part of Lviv, Novogrod, Polesie, Stanislawów, Tarnopol, Vilnius, Volyn a and part of Białystok]]. The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ... Lemberg redirects here. ... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia. ... Polesie is one of the largest European swampy areas, located in the South-Western part of the Eastern-European Lowland, mainly within the territories of Belarus, Ukraine and partly also within Poland and Russia. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Ivano-Frankivsk highlighted. ... Ternopil (Тернопіль in Ukrainian, Tarnopol in Polish, Ternopol in Russian) is a city in Western Ukraine, located at the banks of the Seret river. ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population About 600,000 in 2006 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius... Volhynia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Prypiat and Western Bug -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia. ...

Kresy and its population in the interbellum

While the majority of the population of Western Ukraine in the south was Ukrainian and the majority of the population Western Belarus in the north was Belarusian, ethnic Poles were the largest ethnic group in the combined region, and were the largest ethnic group in the region's cities. Other groups included Lithuanians and Jews. The Polish inhabitants of this region, known in Polish as Kresowiacy, constituted approximately 40% of the population and had a distinct culture, with accents and customs influenced by the presence of ethnic minorities. Among, these about 150,000 constituted osadnicy, or veterans of the Polish army given free land during 1921-1939.     Western Ukraine (Західно-українська Народна Республіка, West-Ukrainian Peoples Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late... West Belarus is the name used by Russian and Belarusian government to denote the territory of modern Belarus that belonged to Second Polish Republic between World War I and World War II. The term is used mostly in historic context. ... Osadniks (Polish: osadnik/osadnicy, settler/settlers) was the Polish loanword used in Soviet Union for veterans of Polish army that were given land in the Kresy (Western Belarus and Western Ukraine) territory ceded to Poland by Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 (and regained by Soviet Union in 1939). ... Former crewmembers of the battleship Missouri pose for photos shortly after the Anniversary of the End of World War II ceremony, held aboard the famous ship. ...

Main cities 

In 1931, according to the National Census, the biggest cities in Polish Eastern Borderlands Voivodeships were:

• Lwow - pop. 312 200,

• Wilno - pop. 195 100,

• Stanislawow - pop. 60 000,

• Brzesc nad Bugiem - pop. 50 700,

• Grodno - pop. 49 700,

• Rowne - pop. 41 900,

• Boryslaw - pop. 41 500,

• Luck, Volhynia - pop. 35 600,

• Tarnopol - pop. 33 900.

As a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, on September 17, 1939 the territory was annexed by Soviet Union, and a significant part of the Polish population was deported to other areas of the Soviet Union including Kazakhstan. ^[1] Lviv ( Львів in Ukrainian; Львов, Lvov in Russian; Lwów in Polish; Leopolis in Latin; Lemberg in German—see also cities alternative names) is a city in western Ukraine with 830,000 inhabitants (an additional 200,000 commute daily from... Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania. ... Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Станиславів Stanyslaviv until 1962, Polish: Iwano-Frankowsk, formerly Stanisławów, German: Stanislau (before World War I]), Yiddish: סטאַניסלעװ Stanislev) is a city in Ukraine, center of... For a city in France, see Brest, France. ... Hrodna (or Grodno; Belarusian: Го́радня, Гро́дна; Grodno in Polish, Гродно in Russian, Gardinas in Lithuanian) is a city in Belarus on the Nemunas river, close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania... Boryslav (Polish Borysław) is a town in the Lviv region of Western Ukraine, population of approximately 40,000. ... Lutsk (Луцьк in Ukrainian, Łuck in Polish) is the capital of the Volyn region, Ukraine. ... Ternopil (Тернопіль in Ukrainian, Tarnopol in Polish, Ternopol in Russian) is a city in Western Ukraine, located at the banks of the Seret river. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Polish minority in the Soviet Union refers to former Polish citizens or Polish-speaking people who resided in the Soviet Union. ...

The Russian and the German occupation

In late September 1939 the Eastern borderlands unlike the rest of Poland were under Russian rule and not German. This was due to a secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed on the 23rd of August 1939 in Moscow, regulating the course of the demarcation line between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Russians invaded Poland on the 17th of September moving fast to the Western border. Already on the 22nd of September both aggressors celebrated the success of their armies in a joint parade of victory in Brest-Litovsk (today's Brest). The Russian army committed many crimes against Polish civilians and prisoners of war at the beginning of occupying the Borderlands. In the end the course of the border was designated by the agreement on borders and friendship between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union signed on the 28th of September. Polish command and government were completely surprised by the Russian attack and for three months, until the 18th of December, they could not announce that Poland was in a state of war with Russia or even give clear orders to their soldiers. Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: , Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ... Brest (Belarusian: , Russian: , Polish: ; Alternative names), formerly Brest-on-the-Bug and Brest-Litovsk, is a city (population 290,000 in 2004) in Belarus close to the Polish border where the Western Bug and Mukhavets Rivers meet. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

After the beginning of the Soviet-German war which took place the 22nd of June 1941, the Germans moved approximately thousand kilometers eastwards in the first weeks, breaking apart or taking Soviet troops into capture. Due to these events, the Polish eastern frontiers changed from being under Soviet occupation to German for almost a three year period.

In January 1944, Soviet troops reached the former Polish-Soviet border (by September the 17th 1939), whereas till the end of July they again brought under control the whole territory that was granted to the USSR with the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty of 28 September 1939, which are currently the terrains eastward from the Eastern Polish border.

The Post war period

Already during the Teheran Conference in 1943, a new Eastern Polish border was established, in effect sanctioning the Soviet territorial acquisitions from September 1939 and ignoring protests from the Polish emigrant government in London. From left to right, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill The Tehran Conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 that took place in Tehran, Iran. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...

The Potsdam conference gave consent to the deportation of the Polish people from the former eastern Polish border, but the issue with the Polish western border was still unsolved, in effect surrendering the territories of the third Reich situated east of the Oder and the Lusatian Neisse River (excl. the eastern Prus region) during the period of the temporary Polish jurisdiction and up to the moment, where territorial borders were finally acknowledged by the peace treaty. The Oder River (Czech/Polish: Odra, German: Oder, Ancient Latin: Viadua, Viadrus, Medieval Latin: Odera, Oddera) is a river in Central Europe. ... The Lusatian Neisse (German Lausitzer Neiße, Polish Nysa Łużycka, Czech Lužická Nisa) is a river in the Czech Republic (54 km) and on Polish-German border (198 km), in total 252 km long. ...

After the Second World War, the Polish eastern boundaries were incorporated into Soviet Union as part of the republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. The annexation of the territories in eastern Poland was celebrated in the Soviet Union and is also currently considered in independent Belarus as the “unification of Western Belarus with the SSR part of Belarus”. The official name of the attack on Poland was “the Red Army freedom campaign”. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Polish eastern boundaries, found themselves at the borders of the newly formed and now independent eastern republics of the former USSR.

See also

• Curzon Line
• Zaporizhia (region) - also known as Dzikie Pola (Wild Fields)
• Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
• Kresy Zachodnie

The Curzon Line was a demarcation line proposed in 1919 by the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, as a possible armistice line between Poland, to the west, and Soviet Russia to the east, during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20. ... Zaporizhia (Ukrainian: Запоріжжя, Zaporizhia; Polish: Zaporoże or Dzikie Pola (Wild Fields or Savage Steppe), Russian: Запоро́жье, Zaporozhye) is a historical region which is situated about the Dnieper River, below the Dnieper rapids (porohy, poroża), (now Ukraine), hence the name, translated as territory beyond the rapids. During the 16th to 18th... Under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, adjusted by agreement on 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union annexed all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug, and San, except for Wilno Voivodship with its capital Wilno (Vilnius), which was given to Lithuania, and... Kresy Zachodnie - (Polish: Western Borderlines) - term used by Poles, mostly in historical context, to refer to western parts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that after Partitions of Poland were annexed by Prussia. ...

References

• Mały rocznik statystyczny 1939, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Yearbook 1939, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 1939).

Central Statistical Office (Polish: Główny Urząd Statystyczny or GUS) is the main government executive agency of Poland charged with the collection and publication of statistics related to the economy, population and society of the Poland, at both national and local levels. ...

External links

• http://www.kresy.co.uk/
• Polish maps of present-day Western Ukraine and Belarus (1930s)