NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kretek

Clove cigarettes (Indonesian kretek), are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring 'sauce'. The Indonesian word kretek is an onomatopoeia for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Djarum blacks, pack and cigarettes. ... Djarum blacks, pack and cigarettes. ... A smoking symbol. ... Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005... This article is about spices, the word clove is also used to describe a segment of a head of garlic and a clove hitch is a useful kind of knot. ... Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Haji Jamahri, a resident of Kudus, Java, created kreteks in the early 1880s as a means to deliver the medicinal eugenol of cloves to the lungs, as it was thought to help asthma. It cured his chest pains and he started to market his invention to the village, but he died before he could mass market it. M. Nitisemito took his place and began to commercialize the new cigarettes. Today kretek manufacturers employ well over 180,000 people in Indonesia, which accounts for 95% of the world's clove market.^{[citation needed]} Kudus is a city and regency in northeastern Central Java, Indonesia. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ...

Kreteks are by far the most widely-smoked form of cigarettes in Indonesia, where about 90% of smokers usually smoke kreteks instead of plain tobacco, which are called "whites".[1] In the United States, clove cigarettes have been associated with artists and the goth, punk, and indie subcultures.^{[citation needed]} New York City goth band The Naked and the Dead (1985) A German Goth, a so-called Gruftie, with rosary beads and alchemical symbol on forehead. ... Punks at a music festival The punk subculture is a subculture based on punk rock. ... Indie, an abbreviation of independent, is a term regarding a trend seen in music, film, business and subculture originating in the late 20th century. ...

In Indonesia, there are hundreds of kretek manufacturers, including small local makers and major brands. Most of the widely-known international brands, including Bentoel, Djarum, Gudang Garam, Sampoerna, Dji Sam Soe, and Wismilak, originate from Indonesia. Nat Sherman of the United States produces cigarettes branded as "A Touch of Clove" but are arguably not kreteks since they contain clove flavoring in the filter rather than actual clove spice mixed with the tobacco.[2] Djarum is a popular brand of clove cigarettes (or kreteks) manufactured in Indonesia and owned by the PT Djarum company. ... Gudang Garam is a brand of Indonesian kretek cigarette, and largest manufacturer of cigarettes in Indonesia, producing 70 billion cigarettes per year. ... Sampoerna is an Indonesian cigarette brand smoked by millions of Indonesians. ... Nat Sherman is a brand of natural luxury cigarettes, packaged and marketed to a higher-class clientelle than most cigarettes. ...

Health effects

Djarum cigarettes sold in Europe and South American countries have 10–12 mg tar and 1 mg nicotine, as indicated on the pack. This level of tar and nicotine is just like normal cigarettes. This article is very long. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Tar is a viscous black liquid derived from the destructive distillation of organic matter. ... Not to be confused with Niacin, which is the oxide of Nicotine, and has a very different biological effect. ...

The venous plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide levels from 10 smokers were tested after smoking kreteks and were found to be similar to non-clove brands of cigarettes, such as Marlboro.[3] Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. ... Not to be confused with Niacin, which is the oxide of Nicotine, and has a very different biological effect. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... Marlboro is the name of some places in the United States of America: Marlboro, New Jersey Marlboro, New York Marlboro, Vermont Upper Marlboro, Maryland Marlboro County, South Carolina Marlboro, Gauteng is the name of a suburb of Sandton in Gauteng Province, South Africa There is also Marlboro College Also see...

Rats were given equal inhalation doses of conventional tobacco cigarettes and kreteks over a short period. Those that had inhaled kreteks did not appear to show worse health effects compared to those that had inhaled conventional cigarettes.[4] The study was repeated with a 14-day exposure and kreteks again did not produce worse health effects than conventional cigarettes.[5] Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005... A cigarette will burn to ash on one end. ...

The eugenol in clove smoke causes a numbing of the throat which can diminish the gag reflex in users, leading researchers to recommend caution for individuals with respiratory infections.[6] There have also been a few cases of aspiration pneumonitis in individuals with normal respiratory tracts possibly because of the diminished gag reflex. Researchers recommend that people who have an allergy to cloves should avoid kreteks. Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ... Binomial name Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry A single dried clove flower bud Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. ... Gag Reflex is a sketch comedy collective with ensembles near Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas. ... Upper respiratory tract infection, also popularly known as either the acronym URTI or URI, is the disease characterised by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. ...

There is no support for the common myth that clove cigarettes will make an individual's lungs bleed any more than a normal cigarette, and claims that kreteks contain fiberglass are an urban legend.^{[citation needed]} A heavy user may cough up a larger amount of blood because of diminished gag reflexes, thus making it appear that cloves caused increased bleeding. Respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... An urban legend or urban myth is a kind of modern folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. ...

Legal status

In the United States, kreteks have been the subject of legal restrictions and political debate, including a proposed 2004 US Senate bill[7] that would have prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol. The bill was motivated by concerns that flavored cigarettes, such as kreteks, were cutting into the market share of traditional cigarettes sold by large tobacco firms which had effective lobbyists. A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control found kreteks account for a relatively small percentage of underage smoking, and their use was declining among high school students.[8] Critics of the bill argued that support of the bill by the large U.S. tobacco maker Philip Morris, which makes only conventional and menthol cigarettes, indicated that the bill was an attempt to protect the company from competition.^{[citation needed]} Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is... Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ... Altria Group, Inc. ...

Some U.S. states, including Utah, New Mexico, and Maryland, have passed laws that prohibit the sale of kreteks.[9] [10] Djarum cigarettes are not sold in the Republic of Ireland for legal reasons.^{[citation needed]} Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area Ranked 13th - Total 84,876 sq mi (219,887 kmÂ²) - Width 270 miles (435 km) - Length 350 miles (565 km) - % water 3. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 kmÂ²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area Ranked 42nd - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 kmÂ²) - Width 90 miles (145 km) - Length 249 miles (400 km) - % water 21 - Latitude 37Â°53N to 39Â°43N - Longitude 75Â°4W to 79Â°33...

On 14 March 2005, Philip Morris International announced the purchase of Indonesian tobacco company PT HM Sampoerna after acquiring a 40% stake in Sampoerna from a number of Sampoerna’s principal shareholders.tobaccojournal.com Oct 2006

Legal status

Further reading