Kristen Nygaard

Kristen Nygaard (August 27, 1926 - August 10, 2002) was a Norwegian mathematician, computer programming language pioneer and politician. He was born in Oslo and died of a heart attack in 2002. Kristen Nygaard, author of SIMULA and pioneer of Object Oriented programming, at the Simpósio Brasileiro de Linguagens de Programação - SBLP97, Campinas, Brazil. ... Kristen Nygaard, author of SIMULA and pioneer of Object Oriented programming, at the Simpósio Brasileiro de Linguagens de Programação - SBLP97, Campinas, Brazil. ... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. ... Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. ... A politician is an individual involved in politics. ... County Oslo NO-03 Landscape Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Object-oriented programming

Internationally he is acknowledged as the co-inventor of object-oriented programming and the programming language Simula with Ole-Johan Dahl in the 1960s. In computer science, object-oriented programming, OOP for short, is a computer programming paradigm. ... A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. ... Simula introduced the object-oriented programming paradigm and thus can be considered the first object-oriented programming language and a predecessor to Smalltalk, C++, Java, and all modern class-based object-oriented languages. ... Professor emeritus Ole-Johan Dahl (October 12, 1931 - June 29, 2002) was a Norwegian computer scientist and is considered to be one of the fathers of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ...

The computer systems that form the foundation of the modern information society are among the most complex things humans have created. Through his ground-breaking research Nygaard made it possible to manage that complexity.

Nygaard got his master's degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956. His thesis on abstract probability theory was entitled "Theoretical Aspects of Monte Carlo Methods". Master is a term that indicates a consummate level of skill, proficiency, superiority or power. ... Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ... The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo, in Latin Universitas Osloensis) was founded in 1811 as Universitas Regia Fredericiana (the Royal Frederick University, norwegian ), modelled after the recently established University of Berlin. ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Monte Carlo methods are algorithms for solving various kinds of computational problems by using random numbers (or more often pseudo-random numbers), as opposed to deterministic algorithms. ...

Nygaard worked full time at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment from 1948 to 1960 - in computing and programming (1948-1954) and operational research (1952-1960). The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE), known in Norway as Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) conducts research and development on behalf of the Norwegian Armed Forces and provides expert advice to political and military defence leaders. ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a computer was a person who computes. ... Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Operations research, operational research, or simply OR, is the use of mathematical models, statistics and algorithms to aid in decision-making. ... 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

From 1957 to 1960 he was head of the first operations research groups in the Norwegian defense establishment. He was cofounder and first chairman of the Norwegian Operational Research Society (1959-1964). In 1960 he was hired by the Norwegian Computing Center (NCC), responsible for building up the NCC as a research institute in the 1960s, becoming its Director of Research in 1962. 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Operations research, operational research, or simply OR, is the use of mathematical models, statistics and algorithms to aid in decision-making. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Norwegian Computing Centre (NCC, in Norwegian: Norsk Regnesentral or NR for short) is a private, independent, non-profit research foundation dating its history back to 1952. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Together with Ole-Johan Dahl he developed SIMULA I (1961-1965) and SIMULA 67 - the first object-oriented programming languages, introducing the concepts upon which all later object-oriented programming languages are built: objects, classes, inheritance, virtual quantities and multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution. Simula introduced the object-oriented programming paradigm and thus can be considered the first object-oriented programming language and a predecessor to Smalltalk, C++, Java, and all modern class-based object-oriented languages. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... In computer science, object-oriented programming, OOP for short, is a computer programming paradigm. ... In strictly mathematical branches of computer science the term object is used in a purely mathematical sense to refer to any thing. While this interpretation is useful in the discussion of abstract theory, it is not concrete enough to serve as a primitive in the discussion of more concrete branches... In object-oriented programming, a class consists of a collection of types of encapsulated instance variables and types of methods, possibly with implementation of those types together with a constructor function that can be used to create objects of the class. ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... Many programming languages, operating systems, and other software development environments support what are called threads of execution. ...

He did research for Norwegian trade unions on planning, control, and data processing, all evaluated in light of the objectives of organised labour (1971-1973, working together with Olav Terje Bergo). His other research and development work included the social impact of computer technology and the general system description language DELTA (1973-1975, working with Erik Holbaek-Hanssen and Petter Haandlykken). A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

Nygaard was a professor in Aarhus, Denmark (1975-1976) and then became professor emeritus in Oslo (part-time from 1977, full time 1984-1996). His work in Aarhus and Oslo included research and education in system development and the social impact of computer technology, and became the foundation of the Scandinavian School in System Development, which is closely linked to the field of participatory design. The cityhall of Ã…rhus. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... County Oslo NO-03 Landscape Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1977 calendar). ... 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The cityhall of Ã…rhus. ... County Oslo NO-03 Landscape Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... Participatory Design (PD) is an approach to design that attempts to actively involve the end users in the design process to help ensure that the product designed meets their needs and is usable. ...

In June 1990 he received an honorary doctorate from Lund University, Sweden, and in June 1991 he became the first person to be given an honorary doctorate by Aalborg University, Denmark. He became a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science. 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lund University Lund University (Swedish: Lunds universitet) is a university in Lund in southernmost Sweden. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: Stub | Universities and colleges in Denmark ...

In October 1990 Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility awarded him its Norbert Wiener Prize for responsibility in social and professional work. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) is an organization focusing on the aspect of computer technology on society. ... There are two Norbert Wiener Prizes: Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

In 1999 he became - together with Dahl - the first to receive the Rosing Prize. This new prize is awarded by the Norwegian Data Association for exceptional professional achievements. 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

In June 2000 he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship for "his originating of object technology concepts" by the Object Management Group, the international standardisation organisation within object-orientation. 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Object Management Group (OMG) is a consortium aimed at setting standards in object-oriented programming as well as system modeling. ...

In November 2001 he and Dahl were awarded the IEEE John von Neumann Medal by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers "For the introduction of the concepts underlying object-oriented programming through the design and implementation of SIMULA 67". The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ... In computer science, object-oriented programming, OOP for short, is a computer programming paradigm. ...

In February 2002 he was given, once more together with Ole-Johan Dahl, the 2001 A. M. Turing Award by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), with the citation: "For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67." The A.M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. ... The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the worlds first scientific and educational computing society. ... Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming paradigm in which a software system is modeled as a set of objects that interact with each other. ... A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. ...

In August 2000 he was made Commander of the Order of Saint Olav by the King of Norway. King Harald V of Norway (Photo from the October 2003 State Visit to Brazil). ...

Beginning in 1976 he was engaged in the development and (since 1986) the implementation of the general object-oriented programming language BETA (together with Bent Bruun Kristensen, Ole Lehrmann Madsen and Birger Moeller-Pedersen). The language is now available on a wide range of computers. BETA is a pure object-oriented language from the Scandinavian School in System Development where the first object-oriented language Simula was developed. ...

Nygaard was in the first half of the 1980s chairman of the steering committee of the Scandinavian research program SYDPOL (System Development and Profession Oriented Languages), coordinating research and supporting working groups in system development, language research and artificial intelligence. Also in the 1980s, he was chairman of the steering committee for the Cost-13 (European Common Market Commission)-financed research project on the extensions of profession-oriented languages necessary when artificial intelligence and information technology are becoming part of professional work. Scandinavia, Fennoscandia, and the Kola Peninsula. ... Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured (i. ...

Nygaard's research from 1995-1999 was related to distributed systems. He was the leader of General Object-Oriented Distributed Systems (GOODS), a three-year Norwegian Research Council-supported project starting in 1997, aiming at enriching object-oriented languages and system development methods by new basic concepts that make it possible to describe the relation between layered and/or distributed programs and the hardware and people carrying out these programs. This article or section should include material from Distributed programming This article or section should include material from Distributed system Distributed computing is the process of aggregating the power of several computing entities to collaboratively run a single computational task in a transparent and coherent way, so that they appear... Hardware is equipment such as fasteners, keys, locks, hinges, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal. ... Program or Programme can refer to: a computer program a radio program, a television program a collection of managed projects a 12-step program one of the short films in The Animatrix series. ...

The GOODS team also included Haakon Bryhni, Dag Sjøberg and Ole Smørdal.

Nygaard's final research interests were studies of the introductory teaching of programming, and the creation of a process-oriented conceptual platform for informatics. These subjects are to be developed in a new research project called COOL (Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning) together with a number of international test sites. He was giving lectures and courses on these subjects in Norway and elsewhere. In November 1999 he became chair of an advisory committee on Broadband Communication for the Norwegian Department for Municipal and Regional Affairs. Information Science or Informatics is the science of information. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Other activities

In 1984 and 1985 Nygaard was chairman of the Informatics Committee of the University of Oslo, and active in the design of the university's plan for developing research, education and computing and communication facilities at all faculties of the university. 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo, in Latin Universitas Osloensis) was founded in 1811 as Universitas Regia Fredericiana (the Royal Frederick University, norwegian ), modelled after the recently established University of Berlin. ...

He was the first chairman of the Environment Protection Committee of the Norwegian Association for the Protection of Nature.

He was for 10 years (in the 1970s) Norwegian representative in the OECD activities on information technology. He has been a member of the Research Committee of the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions, and cooperated with unions in a number of countries. This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ...

He was for several years engaged in running an experimental social institution trying new ways of creating humane living conditions for socially outcast alcoholics.

Nygaard was active in Norwegian politics. In the mid- and late 1960s he was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Norwegian liberal party Venstre, and chair of that party's Strategy Committee. During the intense political fight before the 1972 referendum on whether Norway should become a member of the European Common Market (later the European Union), he worked as coordinator for the many youth organisations that worked against membership. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... In politics, the term liberal refers to: an adherent of the ideology of liberalism —an ideology espousing liberty. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Norwegian political parties | Liberal parties ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...

From 1971 to 2001 Nygaard was a member of the Labour Party, and he was a member of committees on research policies in that party. 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In November 1988, he became chair of the Information Committee on Norway and the EEC, in August 1990 reorganised as Nei til EU (No to European Union Membership for Norway, literally "No to EU"), an organisation disseminating information about Norway's relation to the Common Market, and coordinating the efforts to keep Norway outside. Nei til EU became the largest political organisation in Norway (145.000 members in 1994, in a population of 4 million). Nygaard worked with Anne Enger Lahnstein, leader of the anti-E.U. Senterpartiet (Center Party), in this campaign. In the referendum on November 28, 1994, "Nei til EU" succeeded: 52.2% of the electorate voted "No", and the voter participation was the highest ever in Norway's history - 88.8%. 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Anne Enger Lahnstein (born December 9, 1949) is a Norwegian politician, but out of politics for the moment. ... The Centre Party (Senterpartiet), is a Norwegian political party founded in 1920. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

He resigned as chair in 1995, and was later the chair of the organisation's strategy committee and member of its Council.

In 1996 and 1997 Nygaard was the coordinator of the efforts to establish The European Anti-Maastricht Movement (TEAM), a cooperative network between national organisations opposing the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Maastricht Treaty in European countries within and outside the EU. TEAM was successfully started March 3, 1997. 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In economics, a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency among them. ... The Maastricht treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993. ... A team comprises any group of people or animals linked in a common purpose. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Family

Kristen Nygaard married Johanna Nygaard in 1951. Johanna Nygaard worked at the Norwegian Agency for Aid to Developing Countries. She specialised for a number of years in recruiting and giving administrative support to specialists working in East Africa. 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... East Africa is a region generally considered to include: Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Tanzania Uganda [[Image:Example. ...

Johanna and Kristen had three children and seven grandchildren.

Source

• Curriculum Vitae for Kristen Nygaard (15 February 2002, Long Version)

February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about:

Kristen Nygaard

• In Memoriam Kristen Nygaard
• Kristen Nygaard's homepage at Department of Informatics, University of Oslo