Part of the series Policy Debate

Organization

Policy debate competitions Inter-Collegiate policy debate Policy debate is a form of speech competition in which teams of two debate whether or not a specific policy action should be enacted. ... Image File history File links Debatetournament. ... There are several venues of competition for policy debate. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Policy Debate. ...

Format

Structure of policy debate · Resolution Constructive · Rebuttal · Prep Time Evidence · Flow In all forms of policy debate the order of speeches is as follows: First Affirmative Constructive (1AC) Cross-examination of First Affirmative by Second Negative First Negative Constructive (1NC) Cross-examination of First Negative by First Affirmative Second Affirmative Constructive (2AC) Cross-examination of Second Affirmative by First Negative Second... In policy debate, a resolution or topic is a normative statement which the affirmative team affirms and the negative team negates. ... In policy debate, a constructive speech is one of the first four speeches of a debate round. ... In policy debate, a rebuttal speech is one of the last four speeches of a round. ... In policy debate, preparation time (prep time) is the amount of time given to each team to prepare for their speeches. ... Evidence in policy debate is organized into units called cards. ... A flow In policy debate, the flow is the name given to a specialized form of notetaking, which enables debaters to keep track of all of the arguments in the round. ...

Participants

Affirmative · Negative · Judge In policy debate, the affirmative is the team which affirms the resolution. ... In policy debate, the Negative is the team which negates the resolution. ... Judging policy debate can be challenging. ...

Types of Arguments

Stock Issues · Case· Disadvantage Counterplan · Kritik Impact calculus · Topicality Traditional policy debate theory states that the affirmative plan must fulfill certain issues, called the stock issues. ... In the policy debate form of debate competition, the case is the advocacy established by the affirmative in the First affirmative constructive speech. ... In Policy debate, a disadvantage (abbreviated as DA, and sometimes referred to as a Disad) is an argument that a team brings up against a policy action that is being considered. ... A counterplan, or counter-proposal (abbreviated CP), is a component of argumentation theory commonly exploited in the activity of policy debate. ... In policy debate, impact calculus is a type of argumentations which seeks to compare the impacts presented by both teams. ... Topicality is a stock issue in policy debate which pertains to whether or not the plan affirms the resolution as worded. ...

Argumentative Concepts

Offense · Defense · Turn · Drop In policy debate offense refers to argument which has an implication other than or beyond mitigating an argument by the opposing team. ... In policy debate, defense refers to argument which has no implication other than mitigating an argument made by the opposing team. ... In policy debate, a turn is when an argument that was initially made to support a policy action is shown to adversely affect that action. ... In policy debate, a drop refers to an argument which was not answered by the opposing team. ...

In policy debate, a kritik (derived from German kritik, meaning and pronounced as "critique", and often abbreviated K) is generally a type of argument that challenges a certain mindset, assumption, or discursive element that exists within the advocacy of the opposing team, often from the perspective of critical theory; it is often spelled in the normal English critique or is sometimes called a criticism, and takes the adjective form kritikal (meaning and pronounced as "critical"). A kritik can either be deployed by the negative team to challenge the affirmative advocacy or by the affirmative team to indict the status quo or the negative advocacy. Although many teams in pre-merger Cross Examination Debate Association debates advocated philosophical objections to plans and resolutions for several years prior to the advent of the "Kritik," the argument was more self-consciously developed by NDT teams at The University of Texas, coached by Bill Shanahan, in the late 1980s out of an existing "single-citizen" argumentation paradigm which called for the judge to vote a single citizen's conscience rather than adopting the role of the federal government. The Shanahan kritik is more a decision calculus than the kritiks which emerged on the college circuit in the early 1990s on the nature of language's intrinsic ambiguity. Though kritiks are used generally in policy debate, their usage is also increasingly found in Lincoln-Douglas debate and NPDA and NPTE parliamentary debate. Policy debate is a form of speech competition in which teams of two debate whether or not a specific policy action should be enacted. ... A critic (derived from the ancient Greek word krites meaning a judge) is a person who offers a value judgement or an interpretation. ... In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) is the largest intercollegiate debate association in the United States. ... NDT might refer to In Civil Engineering, Non-destructive testing method This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (full official name), often UT or Texas for short, is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System, the largest public university system in Texas, established in 1883. ... Policy debate is a form of speech competition in which teams of two debate whether or not a specific policy action should be enacted. ... Lincoln-Douglas Debate, Known by some previous debaters as value debate and for slang sometimes called Lincoln-Douglas, LD debate, or simply, LD, is a style of debate practiced in National Forensic League competitions, and widely used in related debate leagues such as the National Catholic Forensic League, National Educational... The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of two United States national organizations which organizes intercollegiate parliamentary debate competition. ... The National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence operates an invitation-only national championship tournament once per year for parliamentary debate. ... Parliamentary Debate, is an academic debate event. ...

Structure

The structure of the kritik is similar to that of the disadvantage in that it includes a link and an impact or implication. Unlike the disadvantage, however, it excludes uniqueness and includes an alternative. This structure has inspired some in the debate community to question whether a a kritik is "just a non-unique disadvantage." Disadvantages, however, usually assume a consequentialist/utilitarian paradigm of impact analysis, while kritiks employ different decisionmaking frameworks. In Policy debate, a disadvantage (abbreviated as DA, and sometimes referred to as a Disad) is an argument that a team brings up against a policy action that is being considered. ... Consequentialism refers to those moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action. ... Utilitarianism (1861), see Utilitarianism (book). ...

Link

It is usually assumed that a kritikal link, unlike a disadvantage link, need not be unique; that is, the team putting forward the kritik (almost always the negative) need not prove that the impacts claimed by the argument could not be triggered by the status quo—that the affirmative does not uniquely lead to the impact. Instead, the typical kritikal link is one of re-entrenching the philosophy or mindset to be criticized by the argument, be it biopower/biopolitics, racism, militarism, realism in international relations, patriarchy, statism, imperialism/Orientalism, capitalism, gendered language, or other objectionable systems of thought and action. This does not cite any references or sources. ... Biopower was a term originally coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the practice of modern states and their regulation of their subjects through an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations. Foucault first used it in his... A neologism invented by Michel Foucault, the term Biopolitics or Biopolitical can refer to several different yet not incompatible concepts: In the work of Michel Foucault, the style of government that regulates populations through biopower. ... Because racism carries connotations of race-based bigotry, prejudice, violence, oppression, stereotyping or discrimination, the term has varying and often hotly contested definitions. ... Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ... It has been suggested that Defensive realism be merged into this article or section. ... Patriarchy For other uses, see Patriarchy (disambiguation). ... Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often derogatory term that is used to describe: Specific instances of state intervention in personal, social or economic matters. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For Orientalist Architecture, see Moorish Revival. ... Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately[1] owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a free market. ... Non-sexist language (gender-generic, gender-inclusive, gender-neutral, or sex-neutral language) is language that attempts to refer neither to males nor females when discussing an abstract or hypothetical person whose sex cannot otherwise be determined, as opposed to sexist language, which attempts to refer to males. ...

Impact or Implication

The kritikal impact or implication varies depending on the nature of the kritik. Kritiks of such things as biopower, militarism, and capitalism often argue that the indicted concept justifies nuclear war, genocide, and totalitarianism. Other kritiks, such as those of language, racism, and those advocating Objectivism typically claim deontological impacts; that is, the positive effects of the affirmative are unimportant compared to the ethical damage it does. However, these are generalities and, for instance, a kritik of biopower may simply argue that, from a deontological perspective, a judge has a moral imperative to reject biopower. Nuclear War is a card game designed by Douglas Malewicki, and originally published in 1966. ... Genocide is the mass killing of a group of people as defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Objectivism is a philosophy[1] developed by Ayn Rand that encompasses positions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, and aesthetics. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Alternative

The alternative is the core of what separates the kritik from being just a highly philosophical linear disadvantage. The alternative is generally supposed to provide an advocacy other than that which the affirmative has put forward; however, the alternative tends to be "reject the criticized philosophy" or "reject the affirmative." More substantive alternatives exist however; a kritik which takes the position of Ayn Rand's Objectivism might include "adopt the Objectivist program" as the alternative. In Policy debate, a disadvantage (abbreviated as DA, and sometimes referred to as a Disad) is an argument that a team brings up against a policy action that is being considered. ...

Examples

If proposed policy action was for the United States to send humanitarian assistance to Africa, a possible critical argument would be a kritik of Statism. The link would be that the affirmative uses the centralized state in their plan, and the implication is that the centralized state is bad for x reasons and should therefore be rejected. The negative might call for the rejection of state action without concretely proposing another social system or they may explain another type of social organization that should be used instead of the contemporary state, often anarchy. Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often derogatory term that is used to describe: Specific instances of state intervention in personal, social or economic matters. ... Anarchy (from Greek: anarchía, no authority) has a popular meaning of disorder[1]. However it has a more precise meaning in political philosophy to describe any human society which exists without a state. ...

Examples of kritiks may include indicts of racism, militarism, patriarchy, biopower, empire, normativity, terror talk, capitalism, liberalism, and genocide trivialization. Some kritiks may be presented in their entirety by a single author while other kritik presentations may use various different authors that cross-reference each other's arguments. Perennially popular kritik authors include Michel Foucault, Slavoj Zizek, Jacques Lacan, Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Derrida, Martin Heidegger, and various proponents of Marxism. More seasonal authors, whose popularity depends on the topic, include Edward Said (typically in topics dealing with the Third World) and Thomas Szasz (on topics where medicine and mental health are at issue). Biopower was a term originally coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the practice of modern states and their regulation of their subjects through an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations. Foucault first used it in his... Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. ... Slavoj Žižek. ... Jacques Lacan Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (April 13, 1901 – September 9, 1981) was a French psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, and doctor. ... Giorgio Agamben (born 1942) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. ... Jacques Derrida (July 15, 1930 – October 8, 2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher, known as the founder of deconstruction. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) (pronounced ) was a highly influential German philosopher. ... Marxism takes its name from the praxis (the synthesis of philosophy and political action) of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Edward Wadie Saïd (Arabic: , transliteration: ; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Thomas Szasz. ... Mental states redirects here. ...

Common Kritiks

Biopower- A large category of kritiks that usually argue the affirmative plan increases, creates, or relies on oppressive control. The criticism steams largely out the body of literature resulting from the work of Michel Foucault who termed the phrase. Common link stories have involved surveillance, regulation, environmental management, and the mental health field particularly psychiatry. It is often abbreviated BP or BioP. Biopower was a term originally coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the practice of modern states and their regulation of their subjects through an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations. Foucault first used it in his... Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian. ...

Capitalism- Is a category of kritiks that usually argue the affirmative plan increases or is aligned with capitalism, its logical basis, or its effects. Alternatives have drawn from Marxist literature and contemporary anti-capitalist sources. One way that alternatives are sometimes used is to deploy an impact turn on an economic collapse impact (taking what was traditionally a negative impact in debate and arguing that it is a positive). It is often abbreviated Cap , CapK, or Cap=BAD. Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately[1] owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a free market. ...

"Don’t say _____"- This criticism usually calls out the other team for using language that is offensive or for some other reason harmful. Common examples are "Don’t say fuck", "Don't say nuke" (referring to an abbreviation for nuclear weapons), and using gendered or racist language. These critiques usually forgo an alternative in favor of rejecting the offending team as punishment.

Feminist International Relations- It usually argues that the realm of international relations or legalism in general is male dominated and andocentric. Some common alternatives have been putting women in power and adopting a focus on local, non-governmental solutions. The typical feminist international relations kritik draws heavily on critical international relations theory, including the Copenhagen School and several others, and usually indicts more mainstream schools, such as realism, liberalism/idealism, and functionalism, though realism is the most frequent target of attack. It is often abbreviated as Fem IR. Feminism comprises a number of social, cultural and political movements, theories and moral philosophies that are concerned with cultural, political and economic practices and inequalities that discriminate against women. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      International relations (IR), a branch of political science, is the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ... Androcentrism (Greek ανδρο, andro-, man, male, χεντρον, kentron, center) is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at the center of ones view of the world and its culture and... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Critical international relations theory is a set of schools of thought in international relations (IR) that have criticized the status-quo—both from positivist positions as well as postpositivist positions. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Defensive realism be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Liberal institutionalism. ... International Relations Theory Realism Liberalism Idealism Neoconservatism Institutionalism Functionalism Marxism Critical theory Isolationism Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose principally from the experience of European integration. ...

Gender- Gender criticism is often a third-wave approach to the Feminist International Relations argument and it usually goes father in incorporating concepts from Queer Theory. It’s distinguished by arguing that certain policy options (or government in general) are biased in western masculine thinking leading to cyclical violence, rather than focusing on the sexes of the political figures involved. Common link stories are political or economic pressure, military action, technocratic discourse, or legalism. The current version of this article or section advances a limited or personal interpretation of the subject matter. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

Identity Kritiks- These criticisms often focus on how the affirmative's discourse excludes or falsely constructs the experience of members of different identity categories. Some common examples are excluding GLBT, Latino/a, African American, or various international group voices. Alternatives often focus on making policy, language, and the debate community itself more inclusive of minority students/experiences.

Meditation/Buddhism- These arguments usually critique ways the affirmative team is focused on purely external solutions or is exclusively western in focus. Negative debaters may ask the debate participants to look inward and perform meditation in to the round, and usually characterize the harms in the 1AC as being either solvable by internal reflection or inevitable features of life that we cause our selves injury trying to fix. Alternatives have included meditation or other eastern views on political action. A large statue in Bangalore depicting Shiva meditating Meditation describes a state of concentrated attention on some object of thought or awareness. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ...

Statism- A kritik of statism — often called a kritik of the state — usually argues that the affirmative is entrenched in the violence or systems of domination (similar to Biopower) that exist inherently in the state. Common alternatives have included "de-mystifying" the state in public perception or anarchy. Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often derogatory term that is used to describe: Specific instances of state intervention in personal, social or economic matters. ... A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ...

Zizek- A good example of kritiks often assembled from the works of only one author, these are criticisms drawn heavily from the work of Slavoj Zizek. The “typical” Zizek critique (if there is one) accuses the other team of living in a series of symbolic fantasy worlds where ineffective political action is fetishized for personal gratification in place of, and sometimes to the detriment of, actual change. The alternative is often, though not always, to do nothing in order to cause the collapse of the symbolic system. Slavoj Žižek (born March 21, 1949) is a Slovenian sociologist, philosopher and cultural critic. ... Slavoj Žižek. ...

Criticism of kritiks

The validity of kritiks in policy debate is not universally accepted. Some arguments which indict their validity include: Policy debate is a form of speech competition in which teams of two debate whether or not a specific policy action should be enacted. ...

• De-emphasis on topic related research. In a 1996 Rostrum article G. William Bennett states: "Kritiks discourage research on the topic, decrease the variety of cases and attacks, and substitute in their place an increased emphasis on deconstructing ideas and language."
• Reduced pedagogical value of debate. Bennett continues: "The constructive and more encompassing nature of policy clash increases the discussion of multiple ideas and is more educationally worthwhile."
• Unfair burden on judges to decide appropriateness of affirmative policy plan. Kritiks attempt to show flaws in affirmative logic but they don't always provide an alternative, but there is no reason to reject a plan when the alternative is unknown. How can a judge evaluate a plan without knowing what will replace it if the plan is rejected?
• Kritiks trivialize policy debate's traditional focus. No longer is policy comparison and problem solution the focus.
• Some find particular kritiks uncomfortable or difficult to visualize because of their radical nature.
• Some kritik views are thought to constitute a bastardization or trivialization of the philosophies of authors cited. This is not a problem unique to kritiks, in that several political scientists are frequently bastardized in "pure" policy debate, but this is the most commonly articulated complaint about kritiks by supporters of pure policy debate^{[citation needed]}.
• The usage of kritiks in most novice high school policy rounds is highly frowned upon, as most novices are unable to obtain a full grasp of a kritik. The philosophy upon which critical material is based is generally postmodern or poststructuralist and hard to grasp even for college students, let alone high-school freshmen and sophomores.

A minority of debaters have consistently been opposed to the use of kritiks in the debate forum since its introduction as an argument. They base their opposition on the perception that kritiks serve to make debate more ivory-tower and vacuous - applying even less to real-world problems and issues than traditional debate arguments such as counterplans and disadvantages. This reason also highlights another objection to allowing kritiks in high school debate - many inexperienced debaters wholeheartedly swallow "objectionable" arguments (such as those based on the writings of Judith Butler or Capitalism Bad, common among kritiks) in their zeal to appear more "educated." Unfortunately, their unswerving loyalty to these arguments, when translated into the real world, results in a sort of culture clash and in some cases extreme insensitivity. This problem can be attributed to, among other things, the desensitization that every debater must undergo at some point, the elitist culture of debate itself, and immaturity on the part of the debater. Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. ... Rostrum can mean one of several different things: A rostrum (Latin beak) is an anatomical structure resembling a birds beak, such as the snout of crocodiles or dolphins or the part of the carapace of a crustacean. ... Pedagogy, the art or science of being a teacher, generally refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction[1]. The word comes from the Ancient Greek παιδαγωγέω (paidagōgeō; from παῖς (child) and ἄγω (lead)): literally, to lead the child”. In Ancient Greece, παιδαγωγός was (usually) a slave who supervised the education... Look up Radical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Postmodern philosophy is an eclectic and elusive movement characterized by its criticism of Western philosophy. ... Post-structuralism is a body of work that followed in the wake of structuralism, and sought to understand the Western world as a network of structures, as in structuralism, but in which such structures are ordered primarily by local, shifting differences (as in deconstruction) rather than grand binary oppositions and... A counterplan, or counter-proposal (abbreviated CP), is a component of argumentation theory commonly exploited in the activity of policy debate. ... In Policy debate, a disadvantage (abbreviated as DA, and sometimes referred to as a Disad) is an argument that a team brings up against a policy action that is being considered. ... Image:J Butler. ... Desensitization is a method to reduce or eliminate an organisms negative reaction to a substance or stimulus. ... Elitism is a belief or attitude that an elite — a selected group of persons whose personal abilities, specialized training or other attributes place them at the top of any field (see below) — are the people whose views on a matter are to be taken most seriously, or who are alone... immaturity This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Supporters of kritik argumentation suggest that none of these indictments are unique to kritiks, meaning that they apply to the traditional debate arguments as well, and that a kritik is just another argument which must be researched and prepared for. They also point out the specificity of many kritiks in relation to policy comparison and implementation (such as Foucault's contributions to our understanding of mental health care or Agamben's relevant contributions to civil liberties). Many of those that believe in the validity of kritik argumentation also argue that because many kritiks indict particularly bad assumptions that the other team has made, there is often no need for an explicitly stated alternative to the other team's offending advocacy. For instance, if negative has proven that aff's 1AC is racist, then why does the neg need any alternative beyond 'don't advocate racism,' or 'reject racist assumptions'? (the alternative, racial tolerance, being implied by the nature of the question) In logic, material implication is a binary operator. ...

Usage

In general, kritiks have been universally accepted in National Circuit (Tournament of Champions) debate and most inter-collegiate policy debate, and less accepted in particular regions of National Forensic League debate, especially by "lay" judges. However, some believe this may simply be due to poor explanation. Indeed, inherently philosophical issues are relatively complex and often the small amount of time a negative team gets to speak during the duration of a round is not enough time to fully explain the complexities of the argument.

Kritiks are also increasingly popular in the National Parliamentary Debate Association. They have even begun to be used in the lay-judge dominated International Public Debate Association, whose paradigms generally demand a jargonless, easy-to-understand articulation of the basic kritik structure. The use of graduate students and non-debate professors to judge parliamentary debates, however, is arguably conducive to the introduction of kritikal argumentation, which frequently resembles philosophical and critical literature found in academia. The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of the two national intercollegiate parliamentary debate organizations in the United States. ... The International Public Debate Association (IPDA), inaugurated on 15 February 1997 at St. ...

The Kritikal Affirmative

The realm of the kritik has extended beyond the negative argument into the region of the affirmative case. The kritikal affirmative seeks advantages which fix (in the jargon of debate, "solve for") impacts and concepts which are attached to the negative argument of the kritik. For instance, a plan to ban Don't Ask, Don't Tell would claim that it "solves for" heteronormativity as per queer theory. In the policy debate form of debate competition, the case is the advocacy established by the affirmative in the First affirmative constructive speech. ... LGBT rights Around the world · By country History · Groups · Activists Declaration of Montreal Same-sex relationships Marriage · Adoption Opposition · Persecution Violence This box:      Dont ask, dont tell is the common term for the U.S. military policy which implements Pub. ... Heteronormativity is a term used in the discussion of sexual behavior, gender, and society, primarily within the fields of queer theory and gender theory. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

The Kritik affirmative actually had its beginnings on the NDT college circuit at least as early as 1998, and probably earlier. Emory University, for example, during the South East Asia topic ran a plan to recover landmines under the auspices of an existentialism overview. Harvard likewise ran a hate crimes affirmative three years prior to that (1995) that claimed "rhetorical" advantages. These were both well before the oceans topic referred to above. Given the widespread use of philisophical argumentation throughout the 1990s, however, it is difficult to determine with any accuracy when the FIRST kritik affirmative was born, and, therefore, we should caution against attempting to pin such a title to any one debate. (Demetrius L. 2006) Emory University is a private university located in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. ...

In some instances, the kritikal affirmative does not even have a plan at all and is simply a collection of criticisms centered around a general support for the resolution.

References

• Caldwell, Janice. (2001). Answering Critiques. Rostrum. Retrieved December 30, 2005.
• Cheshier, David. (2002). Defending Pragmatism as an Alternative to some Critiques. Rostrum. Retrieved December 30, 2005.
• Glass, David. (2002). Post Modern Critiques in the Policy Debate Statagem. Rostrum. Retrieved December 31, 2005.
• Heidt, Jenny. (2001). Performance Debates: How to Defend Yourself. Rostrum. Retrieved December 30, 2005.
• Schwartzman, Ray. (2001). Postmodernism and the Practice of Debate. Rostrum. Retrieved December 30, 2005.

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External links

• Shanahan's 1993 kritik of thinking Debate Research Guide, 1993
• Benett's An introduction to the Kritik, the Rostrum, April 1996