1888 map of the Kronstadt bay

Kronstadt (Russian: Кроншта́дт), also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt (German: Krone for Crown and Stadt for City) is a Russian seaport town, located on Kotlin Island, thirty kilometers west of Saint Petersburg near the head of the Gulf of Finland. It is under the administration of the federal city of Saint Petersburg and is also its main port. In March 1921 it was the site of the Kronstadt rebellion. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment). ... Look up city, City in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... Kotlin (or Kettle; Finn. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to the city of Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. ... City administrative districts: Admiralteysky (Адмиралте́йский) with 6 municipal districts under the city administrative districts jurisdiction. ... This article is being considered for deletion, in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Combatants Soviet Sailors Red Army Commanders Stepan Petrichenko Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky Strength c. ...

Traditionally, the seat of the Russian admiralty and the base of the Russian Baltic Fleet were located in Kronstadt guarding the approaches to Saint Petersburg . The historic centre of the city and its fortifications are part of the World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, in the Soviet period - The Double Red Banner Baltic Fleet - Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот) is located at the Baltic Sea and headquartered in Kaliningrad, the other major base is at Kronstadt, located in the Gulf of Finland. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments is the name used by UNESCO when it collectively designated the historic core of the Russian city of St. ...

History

The destroyed Cathedral of St. Andrew (1817-1932). It was dedicated to the patron saint of the Russian Navy.

Monument to Peter the Great, the founder of Kronstadt

Kronstadt was founded by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703. The first fortifications were inaugurated on 18 May 1704. The Old Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt was a high point of Russian Neoclassicism. ... The Old Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt was a high point of Russian Neoclassicism. ... The Russian Navy or VMF (Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ) - Voyenno- Morskoy Flot (VMF) or Military Maritime Fleet) is the naval arm of the Russian armed forces. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 355 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Peter the Great monument in Kronstadt photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 355 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Peter the Great monument in Kronstadt photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko. ... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, Пётр Великий Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: Пётр I Алексеевич Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, Пётр Великий Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Building of the Students Monument in Aiud, Romania. ...

These fortifications, known as Kronstadt's Forts, were constructed very quickly. The Gulf of Finland is not very deep, so during the winter it completely freezes through. Workers used thousands of frames of oak logs filled with stones. These were carried by horses across the frozen sea, and placed in cuttings made in the ice. Thus, several new small islands were created, and forts were erected on them, closing all access to Saint-Petersburg by the sea. Only two narrow navigable channels remained, and the strongest forts guarded them.

Kronstadt was thoroughly refortified in the 19th century. The old three-decker forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during the Crimean War, became of secondary importance. From the plans of Eduard Totleben a new fort, Constantine, and four batteries were constructed (1856-1871) to defend the principal approach, and seven batteries to cover the shallower northern channel. All these fortifications were low and thickly armoured earthworks, powerfully armed with heavy Krupp guns in turrets. The town itself is surrounded with an enceinte. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allies: Second French Empire British Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,194 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought... Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (or Todleben) (May 20, 1818 - July 1, 1884), Count, general, was a famous Russian military engineer. ... Remains of a battery of English cannon from Youghal, County Cork. ... For the U.S. town, see Krupp, Washington. ... It has been suggested that Last Call Poker be merged into this article or section. ... Corbelled corner turrets at Newark Castle, Port Glasgow. ...

Kronstadt Rebellion

Main article: Kronstadt Rebellion

In 1921 a group of sailors and soldiers and their civilian supporters rebelled against the Bolshevik regime in Soviet Kronstadt. Their demands included freedom of speech, a stop to the deportation to concentration camps, a change of Soviet war politics and the liberation of the soviets (workers' councils) from Party control[1]. After brief negotiations Leon Trotsky, then the Minister for War in the Soviet Government and the leader of the Red Army, answered by sending the army to Kronstadt, and the uprising was ruthlessly suppressed. This was the last major revolt against Communist rule within Russia proper until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Combatants Soviet Sailors Red Army Commanders Stepan Petrichenko Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky Strength c. ... Combatants Soviet Sailors Red Army Commanders Stepan Petrichenko Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky Strength c. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ... Leon Trotsky (Russian:  , Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7 [O.S. October 26] 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (), was an Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

World War II

During World War II, Kronstadt was bombed several times by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. The most famous bombing was Stuka ace Hans-Ulrich Rudel's sinking of the Soviet battleship Marat. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or   (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... Junkers Ju 87 Dive-Bombers The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka was the most famous Sturzkampfflugzeug (German dive bomber) in World War II, instantly recognisable by its inverted gull-wings and fixed undercarriage. ... Hans-Ulrich Rudel (July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. Rudel is famous for being the most highly decorated German serviceman of the war (Hermann Göring was nominally more highly decorated, but he did not achieve his Grand Cross of... For other uses, see Battleship (disambiguation). ... The Petropavlovsk (Russian: ) was a Russian battleship of the Gangut Class. ...

Kronstadt Bypass canal.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 293 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt Bypass canal photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 293 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt Bypass canal photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

Main sights

The town of Kronstadt is built on level ground and is thus exposed to inundations, the most famous being in 1824. On the south side of the town there are three harbours: the large western or merchant harbour, the western flank of which is formed by a great mole joining the fortifications which traverse the breadth of the island on this side; the middle harbour, used chiefly for fitting out and repairing vessels; and the eastern or war harbour for vessels of the Russian navy. The Peter and Catherine canals, communicating with the merchant and middle harbours, traverse the town. Between them stood the old Italian palace of Prince Menshikov, the site of which was later occupied by a pilot school. For other uses, see Canal (disambiguation). ... Menshikov in Exile Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (Александр Данилович Меншиков) (1673 – 1729) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire...

Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt

The modern town's most striking landmark is the enormous Naval Cathedral, built from 1908 to 1913 and considered to represent a culmination of the Russian Neo-Byzantism. The older St Andrew Cathedral (1817), formerly Kronstadt's pride and beauty, was destroyed on communist orders in 1932. St Ioann of Kronstadt, one of the most venerated Russian saints, served there as a priest from 1855 to 1908. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 261 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt Naval Cathedral photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 261 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt Naval Cathedral photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko. ... The 11th-century monastery of Hosios Lukas in Greece is representative of the Byzantine art during the rule of Macedonian dynasty. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Icon of Ioann of Kronstadt Saint Ioann of Kronstadt (October 19, 1829 in Sura- December 20, 1908 in Kronstadt), was a Russian orthodox archpriest and member of the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. ...

Kronstadt lighthouse

Among other public buildings are the naval hospital, the British seamen's hospital (established in 1867), the civic hospital, admiralty (founded 1785), arsenal, dockyards and foundries, school of marine engineering, and the English church. The port is ice-bound for 140 to 160 days in the year, from the beginning of December to April. A very large proportion of the inhabitants are sailors. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt lighthouse photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (768 × 1024 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kronstadt lighthouse photograph taken by Evgeny Gerashchenko File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ...

The Kronstadt Sea Fortress used to be considered the most fortified port in the world. It has never been taken by an outside force. Kronstadt still retains some of the "forts", small fortified artificial islands. Formerly there were 42 such forts, situated in line between the southern and northern shores of the Gulf of Finland. Some fortifications were located inside the city itself and one was on the western shore of the Kronslot Island (on the other side of the main navigational channel). Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...

Nowadays, the construction of the Saint Petersburg Dam has led to some of the forts being demolished. The dam also permitted Kronstadt and some of the forts to be reached without using a boat. Among the most important surviving forts are the Fort Konstantin, the biggest in the Gulf of Finland; the Fort Rif on the western shore of the island; and the particularly well-preserved Chumnoy Fort (Plague Fort). The largest and the newest of the forts, constructed at the beginning of the 20th century, is Fort Totleben, named after Eduard Totleben. The dam is constructed across the Neva Bay, with the island of Kronstadt at its center The Saint Petersburg Dam, sometimes called the Leningrad Dam or the Kronstadt Dam, is a flood control dam currently under construction outside Saint Petersburg, Russia - from Lomonosov to Kronstadt and from Kronstadt to Lisy... Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (or Todleben) (May 20, 1818 - July 1, 1884), Count, general, was a famous Russian military engineer. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Kronstadt

• Kronstadt web site (Russian)
• Map of Kronstadt
• Kronstadt: Virtual Excursion
• International Kronstadt Development Fund

v • d • e Fortresses of Western Russia

Gdov | Ivangorod | Izborsk | Kirillov | Koporye | Korela | Kronstadt | Ladoga | New Dvina Fort | Novgorod | Oreshek | Porkhov | Pskov | Smolensk | Solovki | St Petersburg | Trångsund | Vyborg | Yamburg Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Moscow Kremlin in the 19th century. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 915 KB) Fortress of Koporye, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. ... Gdov (Гдов) is a Russian town in the Pskov Oblast, which stands on the river Gdovka, just 2 km from its outflow into Chudskoye Lake. ... Ivangorod Fortress is a castle constructed near the town of Ivangorod, Russia. ... General view of the fortress Inside the fortress of Izborsk Izborsk (Russian: ; Estonian: ) is a village in Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia. ... Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, properly translated in English as The Assumption monastery of St Cyril, has always rivalled the Solovetsky Monastery as the strongest fortress and the richest landowner of the Russian North. ... Koporye Fortress near St Petersburg Koporye (Russian: Копорье) is a historic village in Russia, about 100 km to the west of St Petersburg, which contains some of the most impressive medieval ruins in Russia. ... Korela Fortress, at the town of Priozersk, was founded by the Karelians who named the place Novogorodian chronicles refer to it as It was first mentioned in a Novgorodian chronicle of 1143 and archeological digs have revealed a layer belonging to the 12th century. ... The fortress of Ladoga was built in stone in the 12th century and rebuilt 400 years later. ... Arkhangelsk (Russian: ), formerly called Archangel in English, is a city in and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... For other cities named Novgorod see Novgorod (disambiguation). ... Shlisselburg (Russian: ) is a town in western Russia (Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast) located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, 45 km east of Saint Petersburg, which lies at the mouth of the Neva on the Gulf of Finland. ... Porkhov (Порхов in Russian) is a medieval fortress and town in the Pskov Oblast, Russia. ... The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ... A view of Smolensk in 1912. ... Solovetsky Monastery Solovetsky Monastery (Соловецкий монастырь in Russian), a monastery on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea. ... The Peter and Paul Fortress (Петропавловская крепость) is in St. ... Vysotsk (Russian: , Finnish: ) is a coastal town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 12 km south-west of Vyborg and 159 km north-west of St. ... A view of Vyborg from the castle tower Vyborg (Russian: ; Finnish: ; Swedish: ; German: ) is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the Bay of Vyborg, 130 km to the northwest of St. ... St Catherine Cathedral of Yamburg was built in 1764-1782 to a late baroque design by Antonio Rinaldi. ...

	Cities and towns under the jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg
	Kolpino | Krasnoye Selo | Kronstadt | Lomonosov | Pavlovsk | Peterhof | Pushkin | Sestroretsk | Zelenogorsk Image File history File links Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_large_(2003). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Kolpino (Колпино in Russian) is a city in the Federal City of Saint Petersburg in Russia, located on the Izhora River (Nevas tributary) some 26 km southeast of St. ... Krasnoye Selo may also refer to a village formerly known as Hohensalzburg in Kaliningrad Oblast Krasnoye Selo (Russian: , lit. ... Lomonosov (Ломоно́сов), formerly Oranienbaum (Ораниенба́ум), is a city and in northwestern Russia, on the shore of the Bay of Finland west of St. ... Pavlovsk (Russian: Павловск) is a town situated in the Leningrad oblast, Russia, 30 km from St. ... Peterhof: the Samson Fountain and Sea Channel Peterhof (Russian: , Petergof, originally Piterhof, Dutch for Peters Court) is a series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the Russian Versailles. It is located about twenty kilometers west and six kilometers south... Pushkin is a town in Russia that is located 24 kilometres south of Saint Petersburg, at 59°44′N 30°23′E. The town was founded in the 18th century as the summer residence of the Russian tsars under the name Tsarskoye Selo (Royal Village). ... Sestroretsk (Сестрорецк in Russian) is a town in the Kurortny District of St. ... Zelenogorsk (Russian: ) is a town under jurisdiction of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located in part of the Karelian Isthmus on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. ...

Coordinates: 59°59′30″N, 29°46′30″E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.