The Krymchaks are a community of A Rabbi (Classical Hebrew רִבִּי ribbī; modern Ashkenazi and Israeli רַבִּי rabbī) is a religious Jewish scholar who is an expert in Jewish law. The term means teacher, or more literally my master (from rav which is equivalates... Rabbinical Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew  · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite)  · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany  · France  ... Jews of the The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Region: Total speakers: 41... Crimean peninsula. They have historically lived in close proximity to the Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew  · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite)  · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany  · France  ... Karaim, or Karaite Jews of the Crimea. "Krymchak" is a Russian descriptive used to differentiate them from their This article is about the Ashkenazi Jews. For the Russian pianist, see Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy (sometimes transliterated Ashkenazi) (Russian: Влади́мир А́шкенази) (born July 6, 1937), is a conductor and pianist. He was born in... Ashkenazi coreligionists, as well as other Jewish communities in the former History of Russia History of Russia History of Russia History of Russia -1... Early East Slavs History of Russia History of Russia History of Russia History of Russia series, History of Ukraine, and History of Belarus Early East Slavs Kievan Rus’ Volga Bulgaria Khazaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy... Russian Empire such as the Main article: The word Jew ( Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak it) Ranking: not in top 100 Genetic classification: Afro-Asiatic  Semitic  ... Gruzim. Their self-designation is Srel Balaları, or "Children of Israel". The Tatars referred to them as zuluflu çufutlar ("Jews with pe'ot") to distinguish them from the Karaim or Qaraylar, a Karaite For a discussion of The word Jew ( Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak it) Ranking: not in top 100... Crimean Karaites, or Karaim, who were called zulufsuz çufutlar ("Jews without pe'ot").

Language

The Krymchaks speak a modified form of For Crimean Tatar ethos see Crimean Tatars For Crimean Tatar language and alphabet see Crimean Tatar language ... Crimean Tatar, called Krymchak or Judæo-Tartar. It contains numerous The word Hebrew can variously mean: The Hebrew language or Hebrew languages The ancient Hebrew people, or their descendants the Jews The New Testament book Hebrews The term Hebrew is sometimes used by certain Christian groups to distinguish the Jews in ancient times (before the birth of Jesus) from Jews... Hebrew and Aramaic (ארמית [Arâmît] ܐܪܡܝܐ [Ârâmâyâ]) Spoken in: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Georgia, Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, Syria, Turkey Region: Throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, Europe, Australia. Total speakers: 445,000 fluent Ranking: Not in top 100 Genetic... Aramaic A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken in by one language from another. The word loanword itself is a calque of the German Lehnwort. A calque or loan translation is a related process whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather the lexical item itself... loan-words and is traditionally written in Hebrew characters.

Origins

They are probably partially descended from Jewish colonists who settled along the Download high resolution version (1300x1000, 315 KB)Satellite image of the Black Sea Source: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?25334 Copyright info: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/help.html This image page contains items that originally came from a NASA website or publication. All works created by NASA are... Black Sea in ancient times. Jewish communities existed in many of the The word Greek has a number of meanings relating to Greece, including: Architecture of Ancient Greece Art in Ancient Greece Greek alphabet Greek colonies Cuisine of Greece Ethnic Greek Greco-Turkish relations Greece Hellenes History of Greece History of Mycenaean Greece History of Ancient Greece History of Hellenistic Greece History... Greek colonies in the region. Recently-excavated inscriptions in the Crimea have revealed a Jewish presence at least as early as the first century BCE. In some Crimean towns, pagan cults called sebomenoi theon hypsiston ("Worshippers of the All-Highest God", or "God-Fearers") existed. These quasi-Jews kept the Jewish This article is about the list of religious and moral imperatives. For the 1956 film with Charlton Heston, see The Ten Commandments (1956 movie) The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that feature prominently in Judaism and Christianity. The name decalogue is derived from... commandments but remained uncircumcised and retained certain pagan customs. Eventually, these sects disappeared as their members adopted either For other uses of the term Christian, see This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended... Christianity or normative Judaism.

The late classical era saw great upheavel in the region as the Crimea was occupied by This article is about the Germanic tribes. For the late 20th century youth subculture, see This article is about the contemporary goth subculture. For the Germanic peoples, see the Goths. Goth is a modern subculture that gained visibility during the early 1980s within the gothic rock scene, a sub-genre... Goths, Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first The term Mongolian can refer to: a person, place or item from Mongolia a member of the Mongolian people, known as the Mongols the Mongolian language or the Mongolian alphabet Also, the pejorative terms mongoloid and mongolism were... Huns, Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) a people of Map of Central Asia outlined in orange showing one set of possible borders Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. There are 42 landlocked countries... Bulgars, and other peoples. Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic al-Radhaniyya) The Radhanites were a medieval group or guild of Jewish merchants. They dominated trade between the Christian and Muslim worlds during the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages (approx. 600-1000 CE). Trade routes established under the Roman Empire stayed open during that period... Radhanites began to develop extensive contacts in the Pontic region during this period, and probably maintained close relations with the proto-Krymchak communities.

Middle Ages

In the late 600's most of the Crimea fell to the The Khazars were a semi- Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. Typically there are two kinds of nomad, In a draw in a mountainous region... Khazars. The extent to which the Krymchaks influenced the ultimate conversion of the Khazars development of Khazar Judaism is unknown. During the period of Khazar rule, intermarriage between Crimean Jews and Khazars is likely, and the Krymchaks probably absorbed numerous Khazar refugees during the decline and fall of the Khazar kingdom (a Khazar successor state, ruled by Georgius Tzul (Georgeios or Georgios) was a [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union... Georgius Tzul, was centered on Kerch (in Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: The Russian Federation ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many other countries Region: Eastern Europe and Asia Total speakers: 280 million Ranking: 4-7... Kerch). It is known that Kipchaks (also Kypchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient The Turkic people are any of various peoples whose members speak languages in the Turkic family of languages. These people, possibly numbering 150 million in population, are probably the diverse descendants of large groups of tribespeople who originated in Central Asia. Contents // 1... Kipchak converts to Judaism existed, it is possible that from these converts the Krymchaks adopted their distinctive language.

The Honorary A guard is either a person or an organisation. It may be a person who looks after the safety of people or property, and/or make sure prisoners do not escape. It may also be a part of the military. It can also be an object, a fireguard for... Mongol conquerors of the Pontic region were promoters of religious freedom, and the Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). Flag of Genova Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova (jeno-vah), Genoese Zena (zaynah), French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of Liguria. It has a population of ca. 700,000. Genua was... Genoese occupation of the southern Crimea (1315-1475) saw increasing levels of Jewish settlement in the region. The Jewish community was divided between those who prayed according to the Sephardi Total population: nn Significant populations in: United States: nn Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Australia and New Zealand: nn Language Sephardic Hebrew as a liturgical language. Also, traditionally, (Ladino); now typically the language of whatever country they live in (including Modern Hebrew in Israel). Religion Judaism Related... Sephardi rite, the Ashkenazi Total population: nn Significant populations in: United States: nn Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Australia and New Zealand: nn Language Ashkenazi Hebrew as a liturgical language. Also, traditionally, (Yiddish); now typically the language of whatever country they live in (including Modern Hebrew in Israel). Religion Judaism Related... Ashkenazim, and Romaniote may refer to: The Romaniote people The Romaniote language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to... Romaniote. Only in 1515 were the different styles united into a distinctive Krymchak rite, by Rabbi Moshe Ha-Golah, a Chief Rabbi of For other uses, see Kiev (disambiguation). Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine... Kiev who settled in the Crimea.

Tatar and Turkish Rule

Under the Girai Khanate the Jews were required to live in separate quarters and pay a A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمّي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Muslim religion. The term literally means protected person. Contents // 1 Etymology 2 Background 3 Modern... dhimmi-tax. A limited judicial autonomy was granted according to the Ottoman Millet (stress on the e) is an Ottoman Turkish term for a legally protected religious minority. It comes from the Arabic word milla for confessional community. The Arabic term is a very general one. The millet was an alternative to autonomous territories that has long been the European norm for... millet system. Overt, violent persecution was extremely rare.

During the This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891. Cossack (Polish Kozak; plural, Kozacy, Russian Kazak (Казак); plural, Kazaki (К... Cossack rebellions and The Russian word pogrom (погром) refers to a massive violent attack on people with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). Historically the term has been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews and other ethnic minorities... pogroms of the mid 1600's, the Krymchaks were active in ransoming fellow Jews who had been taken captive.

Russian and Soviet Rule

Russia annexed the Crimea in 1783. The Krymchaks were thereafter subjected to the same humiliations imposed on other Jews in Russia. Unlike their Karaite neighbors, the Krymchaks suffered the full brunt of anti-Jewish restrictions.

During the 1800's many Ashkenazi Total population: nn Significant populations in: United States: nn Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Australia and New Zealand: nn Language Ashkenazi Hebrew as a liturgical language. Also, traditionally, (Yiddish); now typically the language of whatever country they live in (including Modern Hebrew in Israel). Religion Judaism Related... Ashkenazim from the Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Region... Ukraine and The Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) Spoken in: Lithuania and 18 other countries Region: Eastern Europe Total speakers: 4 million Ranking: Genetic classification: Indo-European  Baltic   Eastern    Lithuanian Official status Official language of: Lithuania Regulated by: - Language codes ISO 639-1... Lithuania began to settle in the Crimea. Compared with these Ashkenazim the Krymchaks seemed somewhat backward; their illiteracy rates, for example, were quite high, and they observed many superstitions . Intermarriage with the newcomers reduced the numbers of the distinct Krymchak community dramatically. By 1900 there were 60,000 Ashkenazim and only 6,000 Krymchaks in the Crimea.

In the mid 1800s the Krymchaks became followers of Rabbi Chaim Hezekiah Medini, a Sephardi rabbi born in For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). Jerusalem (Modern Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim, Biblical and trad. Sephardi Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַםִ, Arabic: القدس al-Quds, see... Jerusalem who came to the Crimea from Map of Constantinople. Constantinople (Roman name: Constantinopolis; This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Modern Greek is the present vernacular language of Greece (also... Constantinople. His followers accorded him the title of Geonim (also Gaonim) (גאונים) (Singular: Gaon [גאון] meaning Genius in Hebrew (עברית [‘Ivrit]) Spoken in: Israel Region: Israel and other countries Total speakers: Over 6 million (as all Israeli Jewish citizens as well as its Arabs speak... gaon. Settling in Karasu Bazaar, the largest Krymchak community in the Crimea, Rabbi Medini spent his life raising educational standards among the Jews of the Crimea.

During the [edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Russia&action=edit)] History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Crimean Khanate Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation The Russian Revolution... Russian Revolution civil war tore apart the Crimea. Many Krymchaks were killed in the fighting between Tsar, (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917... Czarist, The Mensheviks were a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, both members of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. At the second congress of the RSDLP, Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with a... Menshevik, and Bolshevik Party Meeting. A Bolshevik (Большеви́к, derived from Russian word loosely translated as majority) was a member of a faction of Bolsheviks of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), the Marxist political party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power... Bolshevik forces. More still died in the famines of the 1920's and 1930's. Many emigrated to the The phrase The Holy Land (Arabic الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah; Hebrew ארץ הקודש;, Standard Hebrew Éreẓ haQodeš, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÉreṣ haqQāḏēš; Latin Terra... Holy Land, the This article is on the country in North America. For other uses, see United States may refer to: The United States of America, a country in North America. The SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. The USS United States, a never-built aircraft carrier. The United Mexican... United States, and For other uses, see This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. Because these four terms are highly interrelated, they also refer to similar subjects, all gathered on this one disambiguation page. Contents // 1 Turk 2 Turkey 3 Turkic 4 Turkish Turk A Turk is... Turkey.

Under Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin According to the laws of the Soviet Union, all works published before May 27, 1973 were not protected by copyright and were thus in the public domain. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Stalin, the Krymchaks were forbidden to write in The word Hebrew can variously mean: The Hebrew language or Hebrew languages The ancient Hebrew people, or their descendants the Jews The New Testament book Hebrews The term Hebrew is sometimes used by certain Christian groups to distinguish the Jews in ancient times (before the birth of Jesus) from Jews... Hebrew and were ordered to employ a The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. Letters of the Cyrillic alphabet А A... Cyrillic alphabet to write their own language. A synagogue (from Greek (Ελληνικά) Spoken in: Greece, Cyprus, Albania and surrounding countries Region: The Balkans Total speakers: 12 million Ranking: 74 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Greek   Attic    Modern Greek Official status Official language of: Greece, Cyprus... Synagogues and A yeshiva (Hebrew, pl. yeshivos or yeshivot) is an institution for Torah study and the study of Talmud. Contents // 1 History 1.1 Pre-1800s 1.2 Chaim Volozhin 1.3 Bobov 2 Types of yeshivot 3 Prominent yeshivot 4 Academic year 5 Typical schedule 6 Method of Study 6... yeshivot were closed by government decree. Krymchaks were compelled to work in factories and Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. The process of establishing collective farms is called collectivization. The Soviet Union undertook the worlds first campaign of mass collectivization in 1929–... collective farms.

The Holocaust and After

Unlike the Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew  · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite)  · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany  · France  ... Karaim, the Krymchaks were targeted for annihilation by the The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact... Nazis. Six thousand Krymchaks, almost 75% of their population, were liquidated by the Nazis. Moreover, upon the return of Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Р... Soviet authority to the region, many Krymchaks found themselves mistakenly deported to Central Asia along with their For Crimean Tatar ethos see Crimean Tatars For Crimean Tatar language and alphabet see Crimean Tatar language ... Crimean Tatar neighbors.

By 2000 only about 2,500 Krymchaks lived in the former Soviet redirects here. For other uses, see Soviet (disambiguation). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: The Russian Federation ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many... Soviet Union, about half in the Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Ukrainian (українська мова / Ukraïnska Mova) Spoken in: Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Region... Ukraine and the remainder in Georgia ( Georgian (ქართული) Spoken in: Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Russia Region: Europe, Asia Total speakers: 6.6 million Ranking: Not in top 100 Genetic classification: Caucasian  South Caucasian   Georgian Official status Official language of: Georgia Regulated by: - Language codes ISO 639... Georgia, The Russian Federation ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: The Russian Federation ( Russian (русский язык) Spoken in: Russia and many other countries Region: Eastern Europe and Asia Total speakers: 280 million Ranking: 4... Russia, and The Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia (it is surrounded only by landlocked countries and, along with Liechtenstein, is one of only two such countries in the world). It shares borders with Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi (In detail) (Full... Uzbekistan. A few hundred Krymchaks still clinging to their Crimean identity live in the This article is on the country in North America. For other uses, see United States may refer to: The United States of America, a country in North America. The SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. The USS United States, a never-built aircraft carrier. The United Mexican... United States and For other uses, see Israel (disambiguation). The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the... Israel.

See Also

• Jews in Russia
• Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew  · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership  · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite)  · Beta Israel Jewish populations Israel · United States · Russia/USSR Germany  · France  ... Karaim
• The Khazars were a semi- Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but nomadic behaviour is increasingly rare in industrialised countries. Typically there are two kinds of nomad, In a draw in a mountainous region... Khazars

Sources

• Blady, Ken. Jewish Communities in Exotic Places Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson Inc., 2000. pp. 115-130.