2. This is the most frequent Chinese version of the clan name nowadays.
3. This Chinese version of the clan name was the most frequent during the Qing Dynasty.
4. The Cambridge History of China thinks that Khiyad was a sublineage inside the larger Borjigin clan, but other scholars disagree and think that Borjigin was a sublineage inside the larger Khiyad clan, while there are those who think that Khiyad and Borjigin were both used interchangeably.
5. This is the plural. The singular is Khiyan.
6. This Chinese version of Khiyad is the one that appears in the Chinese history of the Yuan Dynasty.
7. Founded the Yuan Dynasty on that day. However, was not in control of southern China until February 1276 when the Southern Song emperor was captured and the imperial seal was relinquished to the Mongols. The last pockets of resistance in southern China fell in 1279.
8. This was the Mongolian transliteration of the Chinese name Yuan in the 13th and 14th centuries.
9. This is the name of the dynasty in modern Mongolian.
The empire was separated into four khanates, each ruled by a separate khan and overseen by the Great Khan. The Kipchak Khanate (also called the Golden Horde) ruled Russia; the Ilkhanate ruled the Middle East, the Chagatai Khanate ruled over western Asia, and the Great Khanate controlled Mongolia and eventually China. The empire reached its greatest extent under Kublai with his conquest of China, completed with the final defeat of the Song Dynasty in 1279. He ruled well, promoting economic growth with the rebuilding of the Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, extending highways and introducing paper currency. He encouraged Chinese arts and demonstrated religious tolerance, except to Taoism. His capital was at Beijing (then Cambuluc or Dadu 大都 lit. big capital). The empire was visited by several Europeans, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s who may have seen the summer capital in Shangdu (上都 lit. upper capital or Xanadu?).
He conquered Dali (Yunnan) and Goryeo (Korea). Under pressure from his Mongolian advisors, Kublai attempted to conquer Japan, Myanmar, Vietnam and Indonesia . All those attempts failed and the cost of these expeditions and the paper currency he created caused inflation.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a poem fragment in 1798 entitled "Kubla Khan", which invokes Kublai Khan among opium-induced imagery of exoticism. It begins "In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure-dome decree..."
Kublai Khan or Khubilai Khan (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294), Mongol military leader, was Khan (1260 – 1294) of the Mongol Empire and founder and first Emperor (1279 – 1294) of the Chinese YuanDynasty.
Born the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and grandson of Genghis Khan, he succeeded his brother Möngke in 1260, after years of fighting as Khan of the Mongol Empire.
Kublai Khan's brother, Hulagu, was the conqueror of Persia and founder of the Ilkhanate.
The Khan's initial plan of conquest if people resisted was sacking all that was valuable, and then razing the city and killing the resistance, leaving only artists and human shields (for future campaigns) to survive.
Genghis Khan himself was extremely supportive to people that were loyal to him and even to his enemies.
Genghis Khan to chase the enemy leader until he was killed, so that he couldn't be a rallying point for his armies.
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