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Past & Present: State and religion in Islamic societies (1122 words) |
 | Extended Sufi networks were promoted by ambitious masters who sent their disciples as khalifas or delegates to establish branches of the principal brotherhood. |
| In the course of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Kubrawiya became important in Iran and Transoxania, the Suhrawardiya in Iraq, the Qadiriya in Iraq and Egypt, the Shadhiliya in North Africa and the Chistiya in India. |
| The Sufi brotherhoods organized not only the relations of masters and disciples, but brought into their reach lay affiliates, who looked to the Sufi orders for ritual leadership, healing, mediation, welfare services and political spokesmanship. |
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