Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky (January 9, 1890 – December 21, 1935) was a German journalist, satirist and writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Kaspar Hauser, Peter Panter, Theobald Tiger, Cornelius Jagdmann and Ignaz Wrobel. Born in Berlin-Moabit, he moved in 1924 to Paris and in 1930 to Sweden. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 354 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (472 × 800 pixel, file size: 124 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kurt Tucholsky Portal... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 354 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (472 × 800 pixel, file size: 124 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kurt Tucholsky Portal... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... A pseudonym (Greek pseudo + -onym: false name) is an artificial, fictitious name, also known as an alias, used by an individual as an alternative to a persons true name. ... Kaspar Hauser Kaspar Hauser or Casparus Hauser (April 30, 1812–December 17, 1833) was a mysterious foundling in 19th century Germany with suspected and theorised ties to the royal house of Baden. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Tucholsky was one of the most important journalists of the Weimar Republic. As a politically engaged journalist and temporary co-editor of the weekly magazine Die Weltbühne he proved himself to be a social critic in the tradition of Heinrich Heine. He was simultaneously a satirist, an author of satirical political revues, a songwriter and a poet. He saw himself as a left-wing democrat and pacifist and warned against anti-democratic tendencies - above all in politics, the military and justice - and the threat of National Socialism. His fears were confirmed when the Nazis came to power in 1933: his books were burned and he lost his citizenship. Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Adolf Hitler (last) Legislature Reichstag... Die Weltbühne (english: the World Stage) was a German weekly magazine focused on politics, art, and business. ... Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (born Chaim Harry Heine, December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a journalist, an essayist, and one of the most significant German romantic poets. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Democracy describes a series of related forms of government. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is defined as a group of people who are influenced to change laws and other such things to make the world a better place the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... J.L. Urban, statue of Lady Justice at court building in Olomouc, Czech Republic Justice concerns the proper ordering of things and persons within a society. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Tucholsky's life

Youth, school and university

Memorial plaque at his birthplace in Berlin-Moabit (Lübecker Straße 13)

Kurt Tucholsky's parents' house, where he was born on January 9, 1890, was at 13 Lübecker Straße in Berlin-Moabit. However, he spent his early childhood in Stettin (now in Poland) where his father had been transferred for work reasons. The Jewish bank cashier Alex Tucholsky had married his cousin Doris Tucholski in 1887 and had three children with her: Kurt, their oldest son, Fritz and Ellen. In 1899, the family returned to Berlin. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 473 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (900 × 1140 pixel, file size: 135 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kurt Tucholsky Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 473 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (900 × 1140 pixel, file size: 135 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kurt Tucholsky Metadata... Location of Moabit in Berlin Moabit is a district in the center of Berlin. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... Moabit is a district in the center of Berlin. ... Motto: none Voivodship West Pomeranian Municipal government Rada miasta Szczecina Mayor Marian Jurczyk Area 301,3 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 413 600 1372/km² Founded City rights 8th century 1243 Latitude Longitude 14°34E 53°26N Area code +48 91 Car plates ZS Twin towns Berlin-Kreuzberg... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

While Tucholsky's relationship with his mother was strained throughout his life, he loved and respected his father. However, in 1905, Alex Tucholsky died as a result of syphilis. He left a considerable fortune to his wife and children, which enabled his oldest son to go to university without any financial worries. 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Kurt Tucholsky started school at the French Grammar School (das Französische Gymnasium) in 1899. In 1903 he transferred to the Königliche Wilhelms-Gymnasium, but he left there in 1907 to prepare for his Abitur with a private tutor. After taking his Abitur examinations in 1909, he began studying Law in Berlin in October of the same year, spending his second semester in Geneva at the start of 1910. A gymnasium (pronounced with or, in Swedish, as opposed to ) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools and U.S. High Schools. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Abitur (from Latin abire = go away, go off) is the word commonly used in Germany for the final exams young adults (aged 18, 19 or 20) take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Lady Justice or Justitia is a personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system (particularly in Western art). ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German:   //, Italian: Ginevra //, Romansh: Genevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

When he was at university, Tucholsky's main interests remained that of literature. Thus he travelled to Prague in September 1911 with his friend Kurt Szafranski in order to surprise his favorite author Max Brod with a visit and a model landscape that he had made himself. After meeting Tucholsky, Brod's friend and fellow author Franz Kafka had this to say about him in his diary: Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Nickname: Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae Location within the Czech Republic Coordinates: , Country Czech Republic Region Capital City of Prague Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Pavel Bém Area  - City 496 km²  (191. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Max Brod Max Brod (May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was a German-speaking Jewish author, composer, and journalist. ... Kafka at the age of five Franz Kafka (IPA: ) (July 3, 1883 – June 3, 1924) was one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. ...

"... a wholly consistent person of 21. From the controlled and powerful swing of his walking stick which gives a youthful lift to his shoulders to the deliberate delight in and contempt for his own literary works. Wants to be a defence lawyer, ..."

Yet, despite his later doctorate, Tucholsky never went on to a legal career: his inclination towards literature and journalism was stronger. Journalism is a discipline of gathering, writing and reporting news, and more broadly it includes the process of editing and presenting the news articles. ...

First successes as a writer

While he was still at school, Tucholsky had already written his first articles as a journalist. The weekly satirical magazine Ulk ("Prank") had published the short text Märchen ("Fairy Tale") in 1907 in which the 17-year-old Tucholsky made fun of Kaiser Wilhelm II's taste in art. At university he worked more intensively as a journalist, among other things working for the social democratic party organ Vorwärts ("Forwards"). He involved himself in the SPD's election campaign in 1911. 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... The German satirical magazine Ulk was printed from 1872 until 1933 by the publisher Rudolf Mosse. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Vorwärts, central organ of the German Social-Democratic Party published daily in Berlin from 1891 to 1933 by decision of the partys Halle Congress, as the successor of Berliner Volksblatt, founded in 1884. ... Social Democratic Party of Germany Spectral Power Density ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

With Rheinsberg - ein Bilderbuch für Verliebte ("Rheinsberg - a Picture Book for Lovers") in 1912, Tucholsky published a tale in which he adopted a fresh and playful tone (which was unusual for that time) and which made him known to a wider audience for the first time. In order to support the sales of the book, Tucholsky and Szafranski, who had illustrated the tale, opened a "Book Bar" on Kurfürstendamm in Berlin: anyone who bought a copy of his book also received a free glass of schnapps. This student prank however came to an end after only a few weeks. 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Kurfürstendamm, Berlins upscale retail neighbourhood The Kurfürstendamm is one of the most famous avenues in Berlin, Germany. ... Schnapps is a type of distilled beverage. ...

In comparison, the involvement that Tucholsky began at the start of 1913 was to be much more long-lasting. On January 9, 1913 his first article appeared in the theatre magazine Die Schaubühne, the weekly paper that was later renamed Die Weltbühne and which was owned by the publicist Siegfried Jacobsohn who was to be Tucholsky's friend and mentor until his death. Tucholsky wrote about this special relationship in a "Vita" (biography) which he wrote in Sweden two years before his death: "Tucholsky owes to the publisher of the paper, Siegfried Jacobsohn, who died in the year 1926, everything he has become." Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Die Weltbühne (english: the World Stage) was a German weekly magazine focused on politics, art, and business. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Soldier in World War I

The beginning of Tucholsky's journalistic career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I - for over two years, no articles by Tucholsky were published. He finished his studies at the University of Jena at Jena in Thuringia where he received his doctorate in law (dr. jur.) cum laude with a work on mortgage law at the beginning of 1915. By April of that year he had already been conscripted and sent to the East Front. There he experienced positional warfare and served as a munitions soldier and then as company writer. From November 1916 onwards he published the field newspaper Der Flieger. In the administration of the Artillery and Pilot Academy in Alt-Autz in Courland he got to know Mary Gerold who was later to become his wife. Tucholsky saw the posts as writer and field-newspaper editor as good opportunities to avoid serving in the trenches. Looking back he wrote: “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (FSU) is located in Jena, Thuringia in Germany and was named for the German writer Friedrich Schiller in 1934. ... This article is about the German town of Jena. ... The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen) is located in central Germany and is considered one of the smaller of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states), with an area of 16,200 km² and 2. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces. ... Boxes of ammunition clog a warehouse in Baghdad Ammunition is a generic military term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ... A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 100-200 soldiers. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... An academic administration is a branch of university or college employees responsible for the maintenance and supervision of the institution and separate from the faculty or academics, although some personnel may have joint responsibilities. ... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ... For other uses, see Aviator (disambiguation). ... Coat of arms of Courland Courland (Latvian: ; German: ; Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Lithuanian: ; Estonian: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is an historical Baltic province now part of Latvia. ... Trench warfare is a form of war in which both opposing armies have static lines of defense. ...

"For three and a half years I dodged the war as much as I could. (...) I used many means not to get shot and not to shoot - not even the worst means. But I would have used all [means], all without exception, if I had been forced to do so: I wouldn't have said no to bribery or any other punishable behaviour. Many did just the same."
(Ignaz Wrobel, Wo waren Sie im Kriege, Herr -? (Where were you in the war, Mr -?) in Die Weltbühne; March 30, 1926; p. 490)

These means, in part, did not lack a certain comic effect as emerges in a letter to Mary Gerold: Bribery is a crime implying a sum or gift given alters the behaviour of the person in ways not consistent with the duties of that person. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (90th in leap years). ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

"One day for the march I received this heavy old gun. A gun? And during a war? Never, I thought to myself. And leaned it against a hut. And walked away. But that stood out even in our group at that time. I don't know now how I got away with it, but somehow it worked. And so I got by unarmed."
(Kurt Tucholsky, Unser ungelebtes Leben. Briefe an Mary. (Our Unlived Life. Letters to Mary.); Reinbek, 1982; p. 247)

His encounter with the jurist Erich Danehl eventually led to his being transferred to Romania in 1918 as a deputy sergeant and field police inspector. (Tucholsky's friend Danehl later appeared as "Karlchen" in a number of texts, for example in Wirtshaus im Spessart.) In Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania, Tucholsky had himself baptized as a Protestant in the summer of 1918. He had already left the Jewish community on July 1, 1914. Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organisations around the world. ... Inspector is a rank in many police forces. ... Drobeta-Turnu Severin is a city in Mehedinti county, Oltenia, Romania, on the left bank of the Danube, below the Iron Gates. ... Baptism in early Christian art. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Although Tucholsky still took part in a contest for the 9th war bond(Kriegsanleihe) in August 1918, he returned from the war in the autumn of 1918 as a convinced anti-militarist and pacifist. An American War Bonds poster from 1942 War bonds are a type of savings bond used by combatant nations to help fund a war effort. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ...

Battle for the Republic

Stamp (German Democratic Republic)

In December 1918, Tucholsky took on the role of editor-in-chief of Ulk which he held until April 1920. Ulk was the weekly satirical supplement of publisher Rudolf Mosse's left-liberal Berliner Tagesblatt. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 495 pixel Image in higher resolution (2238 × 1385 pixel, file size: 375 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions unknown File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 495 pixel Image in higher resolution (2238 × 1385 pixel, file size: 375 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions unknown File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Editing may also refer to audio or film editing. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... A publisher is a person or entity which engages in the act of publishing. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...

He again worked regularly for Die Weltbühne at that time. In order not to make the left-democratic weekly paper seem too "Tucholsky-heavy", he had already created three pseudonyms by 1913 which he retained until the end of his journalistic work: Ignaz Wrobel, Theobald Tiger and Peter Panter (Panter means "Panther" in German). Since Theobald Tiger was for a while reserved for Ulk, poems written under a fourth pseudonym, Kaspar Hauser, appeared for the first time in Die Weltbühne in December 1918. There was then hardly any section to which Tucholsky had not contributed: from political lead articles and court reports via commentaries and satires to poetry and book reviews. In addition he composed texts and songs for the cabaret - for example the "Schall und Rauch" ("Hollow Words") theatre - and for singers such as Claire Waldoff and Trude Hesterberg. He also wrote "couplets" (jokey, satirical songs with a chorus and content which may be frivolous or intellectual - see also the article Couplet in the German Wikipedia). His poetry collection Fromme Gesänge (Pious Songs) appeared in October 1919. “Leftism” redirects here. ... Democracy describes a series of related forms of government. ... A pseudonym (Greek pseudo + -onym: false name) is an artificial, fictitious name, also known as an alias, used by an individual as an alternative to a persons true name. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... Kaspar Hauser Kaspar Hauser or Casparus Hauser (April 30, 1812–December 17, 1833) was a mysterious foundling in 19th century Germany with suspected and theorised ties to the royal house of Baden. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is defined as a group of people who are influenced to change laws and other such things to make the world a better place the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... News style is the prose style of short, front-page newspaper stories and the news bulletins that air on radio and television. ... A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch, a British satirical magazine, ground-breaking on popular literature satire. ... The Chinese poem Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain by Emperor Gaozong (Song Dynasty) Poetry (from the Greek , poiesis, a making or creating) is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its ostensible meaning. ... Look up Review in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A song is a relatively short musical composition. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In the immediate post-war period came a chapter of Tucholsky's life little worthy of praise: his short-term but well-paid work for the propaganda magazine Pieron. Under orders from the German government, the magazine was intended to turn the people against Poland because of the final drawing up of the German-Polish border in Upper Silesia. This task, strongly criticized by other newspapers finally led to Tucholsky no longer being allowed to write for USPD publications. Tucholsky himself later described the work he had done on Pieron as a mistake, which he had got into because of financial difficulties. Soviet Propaganda Poster during the Great Patriotic War. ... Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach(river) in Germany and Ach in Austria. ... Map of Upper Silesia, 1746 Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk, German: Oberschlesien, Czech: Horní Slezsko) is the south-eastern part of Silesia, a historical and geographical region of Poland (Opole Voivodship and Silesian Voivodship) and of the Czech Republic (Silesian-Moravian Region). ... For the Independent Social Democratic Party of Romania, see Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct). ...

At the time, however, Tucholsky had also not ceased writing in left-wing publications to defend the democratic Weimar Republic (which had emerged from the November Revolution) against its avowed enemies in the military, in justice, in the administration, in the old pro-monarchist elites and in the new anti-democratic popular movements. He had already started the anti-military series of articles Militaria, an attack on the wilhelminian spirit of the officer ranks which he saw as further coarsened by the war and which lived on in the Republic. His own conduct as a soldier during the war did not substantially differ, however, from that of those in the German officer corps which he so strongly criticized. Biographers thus see in the Militaria articles "a kind of public self-analysis" (Michael Hepp). In the first article of the series he wrote: “Leftism” redirects here. ... Democracy describes a series of related forms of government. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Adolf Hitler (last) Legislature Reichstag... November Revolution redirects here. ... J.L. Urban, statue of Lady Justice at court building in Olomouc, Czech Republic Justice concerns the proper ordering of things and persons within a society. ... The term Administration, as used in the context of government, differs according to jurisdiction. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. ... Democracy describes a series of related forms of government. ... German Emperor Wilhelm (born Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 27 January 1859–4 June 1941), was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia (de: Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen), ruling from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. ... An officer is a member of a military, naval, or if applicable, other uniformed services who holds a position of responsibility. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

"We must take the blame for the trouble a degenerate militarism has put us in.

Only by completely turning away from this shameful period can we return to order.

It is not Spartacus; neither is it the officer who saw his own people as a means to an end - what, then, will it be in the end?

The upstanding German."
("Militaria: Offizier und Mann" ("Militaria: Officer and Man"), in Die Weltbühne; January 9, 1919; p. 39)

Tucholsky denounced equally strongly the many political murders which shook the Weimar Republic during its first years. Again and again attempts were made on the lives of left-wing, pacifist and even merely liberal politicians and publicists, for example Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, Walther Rathenau, Matthias Erzberger and Philipp Scheidemann or Maximilian Harden. As a court observer in proceedings against right-wing radical Fememörder (murderers carrying out killings ordered by a Vehmgericht) he realised that the judge shared and sympathised with the defendant's monarchist and nationalist views. In his article Prozeß Harden (Harden Trial) he wrote in 1922. Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ... The Spartacist League (Spartakusbund in German) was a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I. It was founded by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg (nicknamed Red Rosa) along with others such as Clara Zetkin. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is defined as a group of people who are influenced to change laws and other such things to make the world a better place the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Adolf Hitler (last) Legislature Reichstag... “Leftism” redirects here. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a public figure, especially a celebrity, or for a work such as a book or movie. ... â–¶ (help· info) (August 13, 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany. ... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Jewish Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... Walter Rathenau Walther Rathenau (September 29, 1867–June 24, 1922) was a German industrialist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Philipp Scheidemann ( 26 July 1865– 29 November 1939) was a German Social Democratic politician, who was responsible for the proclamation of the Republic on 9 November 1918, and who became the first Chancellor of the Weimar Republic. ... Maximilian Harden in 1914 Maximilian Harden (a pen name; he was born Witkowski) was an influential German journalist who published the journal Die Zukunft, at the beginning of the 20th century. ... A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ... A delegate is an individual (or a member of a group called a delegation) who represents the interests of a larger organization (e. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Left-Right politics. ... The League of the Holy Court, Vehmgericht, or just the Vehm was a secret tribunal of Westphalia during the Middle Ages, the principal seat of which was in Dortmund. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A defendant or defender is any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

"The German political murder of the past four years is schematically and tightly organised. (...) Everything is certain from the outset: incentives from anonymous financial backers, the deed (always from behind), sloppy investigation, lazy excuses, a few phrases, pitiful skiving, lenient punishments, suspension of sentences, privileges - "Carry on!" (...) That is not bad justice. That is not poor justice. That is not justice at all. (...)

Even the Balkans and South America will refuse to be compared with this Germany."
("Prozeß Harden" ("Harden Trial") in Die Weltbühne; December 21, 1922; p. 638)

Tucholsky also did not hold back in his criticism of democratic politicians, who he believed were too lenient with their opponents. After Foreign Secretary Walter Rathenau was murdered in 1922, on 29 June of that year he wrote the poem "Rathenau" in Die Weltbühne appealing to the republic's self-esteem: it called upon people to stand up and pound with their fist, not to fall back to sleep again. Four years of murder, it said, were enough, and now it was time to fight or die - there was no alternative. This was their last breath. Eleven years before Germany's first attempt at democracy really took its last breath, when the Nazis came to power in 1933, in this poem Tucholsky already pointed a finger at those responsible - the poem describes the "mob" living off the republic, sabotaging it and scrawling swastikas on its doors. J.L. Urban, statue of Lady Justice at court building in Olomouc, Czech Republic Justice concerns the proper ordering of things and persons within a society. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Walter Rathenau Walther Rathenau (September 29, 1867–June 24, 1922) was a German industrialist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... A right-facing Swastika in a decorative Hindu form The swastika (from Sanskrit ) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing () or left-facing () forms. ...

Tucholsky's actions did not stop at writing - he was also directly politically active. He was one of the founders of the "Peaceful League of Combatants" (Friedensbund der Kriegsteilnehmer) and was active in the USPD, the Independent Social Democratic Party, which he joined in 1920. However, just because he was a member of a party, this did not hold Tucholsky back from criticising its members. For example, he made this comment on Rudolf Hilferding's work as the chief editor of the USPD's newspaper, Freiheit: USPD election poster, 1919 The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Rudolf Hilferding (1877 - 1941) was an Austrian Marxist economist and a popularizer of the economic reading of Karl Marx. ...

Mr Rudolf Hilferding was dispatched by the Imperial Federation to the editorial office of the "Freiheit" to fight social democracy. Within two years he managed to run down the dangerous newspaper so much that we can no longer describe it either as a newspaper or dangerous.
(Dienstzeugnisse, in Die Weltbühne, 3 March 1925, p. 329)

Tucholsky took the SPD to task in a particularly harsh manner, accusing its leadership of failure, even of betraying its own supporters, during the November Revolution. In 1922 in the "Harden Trial", he wrote of Friedrich Ebert: Social Democratic Party of Germany Spectral Power Density ... November Revolution redirects here. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... This is not the Friedrich Ebert involved in the founding of the GDR, but rather his father. ...

And above them all this president is enthroned, a man who threw his beliefs out of the window at the very moment that he became able to put them into practice.

At the worst point of inflation, Tucholsky was forced to hold back on his work in publishing and take on work in economics. However, it was apparently not only financial reasons which led him to make this step. In the autumn of 1922 he suffered badly from depression, had doubts about the sense of writing at all, and is said to have even made his first suicide attempt. On March 1, 1923 he then started work in the Berlin bank "Bett, Simon & Co.", but on 15 February 1924 he already signed a contract to work with Siegfried Jacobsohn at the Weltbühne again. In the spring of 1924 he set off for Paris as a correspondent for the Weltbühne and the renowned Vossische Zeitung. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Grieving Thai females. ... Suicide (Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally taking ones own life. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Berlin within Germany / EU Coordinates Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE3 City subdivisions 12 boroughs Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) Governing parties SPD / Left. ... February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ...

In 1924 there were also great changes in Tucholsky's private life. In February 1924 he divorced the doctor Else Weil, whom he had married in May 1920. On 30 August of the same year he went on to marry Mary Gerold; he had corresponded with her by letter since being sent from Alt-Autz. In Paris, however, the couple was to discover that they also could not live together happily in the long term. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Between France and Germany

Just like his role model Heinrich Heine, once he had left for Paris, Tucholsky spent most of the rest of his life abroad, returning only occasionally to Germany. But this distance served only to whet his interest in German affairs and the German people. He used the Weltbühne as a stage from which to remain part of political debate in his home country. Furthermore, like Heine in the 19th century, he tried to help the French and the Germans understand one another. Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (born Chaim Harry Heine, December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a journalist, an essayist, and one of the most significant German romantic poets. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Upon Siegfried Jacobsohn's death in December 1926, Tucholsky immediately agreed to take over his job at the head of the Weltbühne. However, working as a "directing editor of headlines" did not suit him, and he would have had to return to Berlin permanently, so shortly afterwards, he handed over the position to his colleague and friend Carl von Ossietzky. He remained a coeditor, seeing to it that unorthodox articles such as those of the Socialist Kurt Hiller were published. Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Carl von Ossietzky Memorial, Berlin Carl von Ossietzky (Hamburg, October 3, 1889 – May 4, 1938 in Berlin) was a radical German pacifist and the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Kurt Hiller (also known as Keith Lurr and Klirr (Thule)), born 17 August 1885 in Berlin, died 1 October 1975 in Hamburg, was a German writer and pacifist journalist from a Jewish family. ...

In 1927 and 1928 Tucholsky brought out his essayistic travelogue Ein Pyrenäenbuch ("A book on the Pyrenees"), the collection of articles Mit 5 PS ("At 5 hp", meaning his name and his four pseudonyms) and Das Lächeln der Mona Lisa ("Mona Lisa's smile"). He used his literary figures "Herr Wendriner" and "Lottchen" to describe typical contemporary Berlin characters. Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Travel literature is literature which records the people, events, sights and feelings of an author who is touring a foreign place for the pleasure of travel. ... The horsepower (hp) is the name of several non-metric units of power. ...

During his time abroad, once more Tucholsky was taken to court by political opponents who felt insulted or under attack by his writing. In 1928 a case was even brought against him for blasphemy because of his poem Gesang der englischen Chorknaben ("The song of English choirboys") Look up blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In 1928, Kurt and Mary Tucholsky (née Gerold) finally divorced. Tucholsky had met Lisa Matthias the year before and now went on holiday with her to Sweden in 1929. This stay inspired him to write the short novel published in 1931, Schloß Gripsholm ("Gripsholm Castle") which had the same youthful, lighthearted feel as Rheinsberg. Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Arx Gripsholm, cirka 1700, in Suecia antiqua et hodierna, with the town Mariefred at the right. ...

His work Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, a piece of social criticism produced with graphic designer John Heartfield in 1929, could hardly provide a greater contrast. In it, Tucholsky managed to combine vicious attacks on everything he disliked about Germany in his days with a declaration of love for his country. In the last chapter, under the headline Heimat, he wrote: Das Lied der Deutschen (The Song of the Germans) or Das Deutschlandlied (The Song of Germany) has since 1922 been the national anthem of Germany. ... Self-portrait, 1920 Translation: Der Sinn des Hitlergrusses The real meaning of the Hitler salute Kleiner Mann bittet um grosse Gaben The little man asks for big gifts Millionen stehen hinter mir! Ive got millions standing behind me John Heartfield (June 19, 1891 - April 26, 1968) is the anglicized... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

We have just written "no" on 225 pages, "no" out of sympathy and "no" out of love, "no" out of hate and "no" out of passion - and now we would like to say "yes" for once. "Yes" - to the countryside and the country of Germany. The country where we were born and whose language we speak. (...)
And now I would like to tell you something: it is not true that all those who call themselves 'national' and who are nothing but gentrified militants have taken out a lease on this country and its language just for them. Germany is not just a government representative in his tailcoat, nor is it a headmaster, nor is it the ladies and gentlemen of the steel helmets. We are here too. (...)
Germany is a divided country. We are one part of it. And whatever the situation, we quietly love our country - unshakably, without a flag, or a street organ, no sentimentality and no drawn sword.
(Heimat, in Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, Berlin 1929, p. 226)

Relapse into silence

At the beginning of the 1930s it became clear to Tucholsky that his warnings were falling on deaf ears, and that his actions in favour of the Republic, for democracy and human rights were apparently to no effect. It was a crushing blow to him, as he recognised the danger approaching with Adolf Hitler. "They are preparing to head towards the Third Reich" he wrote, years before Hitler's Machtübernahme in 1933, and was under no deception as to where Hitler's chancellorship would take the country. Erich Kästner, looking back in 1946, described him as the "little fat Berliner" who wanted to "prevent a catastrophe with his typewriter". (From Erich Kästner, "Kurt Tucholsky, Carl v. Ossietzky, 'Weltbühne'", in Die Weltbühne, June 4, 1946, p. 22) Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Machtergreifung is a German word meaning seizure of power. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... For other uses, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... Erich Kästner (February 23, 1899 - July 29, 1974) is one of the most famous German authors of the 20th century. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1930 Tucholsky finally moved permanently to the Swedish town of Hindås near Göteborg. The "Weltbühne Trial" had made clear to him that critical publications already faced severe restrictions in Germany: from 1929 an investigation had been carried out of Carl von Ossietzky and the journalist Walter Kreiser for treason and the leaking of military secrets. The Weltbühne had published an article, Windy affairs in German aviation revealing the Reichswehr's illegal air rearmament. At the end of 1931, Ossietzky was then sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment for espionage. Ossietzky was also indicted for Tucholsky's now famous sentence, "Soldiers are murderers". In July, 1932, however, a court pronounced the sentence not to be defamation of the Reichswehr. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg  listen? ) is a city and a municipality on the western coast of Sweden, in the County of Västra Götaland. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Carl von Ossietzky Memorial, Berlin Carl von Ossietzky (Hamburg, October 3, 1889 – May 4, 1938 in Berlin) was a radical German pacifist and the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize. ... Traitor redirects here. ... The Reichswehr (help· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Spy and Secret agent redirect here. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Libel” redirects here. ...

As Tucholsky lived abroad, no action was brought in against him. Nonetheless, he considered travelling to Germany for the trial, as at the time Ossietzky was already in prison because of the aviation article. But the situation was too risky for Tucholsky; he was afraid of falling into the hands of the Nazis., even though he realised that his failure to appear would not leave a good impression. Writing to Mary Gerold, he referred to the final scene of Faust: "Outwardly it is still distressing to carry earth's remains. There is something about it which makes one think of desertion, a foreign country, failing someone in need, my comrade Oss in prison". Mary, he wrote, had been "so kind as to point out to [him] that there was deadly danger from the Nazis". (Kurt Tucholsky, Unser ungelebtes Leben. Briefe an Mary, Reinbek 1982, p. 537) Faust depicted in an etching by Rembrandt van Rijn (circa 1650) Faust or Faustus (the Latin for auspicious or lucky) is the protagonist of a popular German legend in which a mediæval scholar makes a pact with the Devil. ...

A few days before his death, Tucholsky wrote that he regretted the decision he had made in 1932:

But in Oss's case I didn't even come, I failed him then, it was a mixture of laziness, cowardice, disgust, contempt - and I should have gone. I know that it would not have helped in the slightest, that we would certainly both have been sentenced, that I might have fallen into the clutches of these animals; but a trace of consciousness of my own guilt still remains.
(letter to the woman Hedwig Müller, December 19, 1935, in Kurt Tucholsky, Briefe. Auswahl 1913-1935. Berlin 1983, p. 325 ff.)

From 1931 Tucholsky's voice was to be heard less and less often in the press. His resigned attitude had been worsened by the end of his relationship with Lisa Matthias, a close friend's death and a chronic nasal ailment. His last major piece was published on November 8, 1932 in the Weltbühne. It was merely "snippets", as he called his aphorisms. On January 17, 1933, he appeared in the Weltbühne again with a short note from Basel. December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Basel (British English traditionally: Basle and more recently Basel , German: , French: , Italian: ) is Switzerlands third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerlands second-largest urban area as of 2003). ...

Tucholsky was increasingly losing the strength to write longer literary forms. He presented the Rowohlt publishing house with the synopsis of a novel but political developments in Germany prevented him from carrying out the project. In 1933 the Nazis closed down the Weltbühne, burned Tucholsky's books (see book burning) and expatriated him. Rowohlt Verlag is a publishing house based in Reinbek and also Hamburg and Berlin, part of the Georg von Holtzbrinck Group (since 1982). ... Look up Synopsis on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A synopsis (Greek συνοψις, synopsis, a seeing-together) is a brief summary or overview. ... A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... Book burning is the practice of ceremoniously destroying by fire one or more copies of a book or other written material. ... An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is someone temporarily or permanently in a country and culture other than that of their upbringing and/or legal residence. ...

From 1960 Tucholsky's letters came into publication, giving an insight into the last years of his life and his thoughts on the developments in Germany and Europe. Some of the letters were to friends such as Walter Hasenclever, some to his last love affair, the Zürich doctor Hedwig Müller, whom he called "Nuuna". He sent his letters to Nunna with pages from his diary, now known as the "Q diaries". In these letters and others, Tucholsky described himself as an ex-German and an ex-poet. On April 11 1933 he wrote to Hasenclever: 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Walter Hasenclever, b. ... View of the inner city with the four main churches visible, and the Albis in the backdrop Zürich (German: , Zürich German: Züri , French: , in English generally Zurich, Italian: ) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and...

Kurt Tucholsky,Politische Briefe, Reinbek 1969, p16)

Neither did Tucholsky subscribe to the view held by many exiled Germans that Hitler's dictatorship would soon collapse. He recognised with bitterness that the majority of Germans came to terms with the dictatorship and that even other countries accepted Hitler's rule. He expected a war within only a few years. Exile (band) may refer to: Exile - The American country music band Exile - The Japanese pop music band Category: ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ...

Tucholsky refused outright to join the developing group of exiled writers. For a start, he did not consider himself an emigrant as he had already left Germany in 1924 and was considering taking on Swedish nationality. In a moving last letter to Mary Gerold he went into the deeper reasons why he no longer bothered with Germany: Emigration is the action and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country to settle abroad. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

(Kurt Tucholsky, Unser ungelebtes Leben. Briefe an Mary, Reinbek 1982, p. 545)

Mariefred: Tucholsky's grave.

In reality, however, he was not yet finished with everything, and in fact did take an interest in the developments in Germany and Europe. To back up Ossietzky in prison, he considered stepping back into the public eye. Shortly before his death, he had plans to get even with the Norwegian poet Knut Hamsun, whom he had once admired. Hamsun had spoken out publicly for the Hitler regime and attacked Carl von Ossietzky who was imprisoned in the Papenburg-Esterwegen concentration camp and was unable to defend himself. Behind the scenes, Tucholsky also supported the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to his imprisoned friend in 1935. Ossietzky was given the award the year after, retroactively, but Tucholsky did not live to see the success of his efforts. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Knut Hamsun (31 years old) in 1890 Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a leading Norwegian author and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1920. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ...

Weakened by the chronic illness, on the evening of December 20, 1935 Tucholsky took an overdose of sleeping tablets in his house in Hindås. The next day he was found in a coma and taken to hospital in Göteborg. He died there on the evening of December 21. Recently, Tucholsky's biographer Michael Hepp has called into doubt the verdict of suicide, saying that he considers it possible that the death was accidental. December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. ... In medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. ... Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg  listen? ) is a city and a municipality on the western coast of Sweden, in the County of Västra Götaland. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Suicide (Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally taking ones own life. ...

In the summer of 1936 Kurt Tucholsky's ashes were buried under an oak tree near Gripsholm Castle, Mariefred, Sweden. The gravestone, with its inscription "All that is transitory is but a symbol" (from Goethe's Faust, Part II) was laid down after the end of the Second World War. 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Arx Gripsholm, cirka 1700, in Suecia antiqua et hodierna, with the town Mariefred at the right. ... Mariefred Mariefred is a city in Sweden. ...  , IPA: , (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, theorist, humanist, scientist, and painter. ... Faust depicted in an etching by Rembrandt van Rijn (circa 1650) Faust or Faustus (the Latin for auspicious or lucky) is the protagonist of a popular German legend in which a mediæval scholar makes a pact with the Devil. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

English editions and books

• Grenville, Bryan P.: Kurt Tucholsky: The Ironic Sentimentalist. London 1981.
• Poor, Harold Lloyd: Kurt Tucholsky and the ordeal of Germany, 1914-1935. New York 1968.
• Tucholsky, Kurt: Castle Gripsholm. A Summer Story. Overlook Press. New York 1988.
• Tucholsky, Kurt: "Germany? Germany": a Kurt Tucholsky Reader. With translations by Harry Zohn, Karl F. Ross and Louis Golden. Manchester 1990
• Tucholsky, Kurt: What if - ?; Satirical writings of Kurt Tucholsky. Translated by Harry Zohn and Karl F. Ross. New York 1967 (1968).

References

• This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia, retrieved April 24, 2005.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Kurt Tucholsky

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Kurt Tucholsky

• http://www.tucholsky-gesellschaft.de/ (in German)
• http://german.about.com/library/bltucholsky.htm (biography in English)
• http://kurttucholsky.blogspot.com (English translations of Tucholsky)
• Kurt Tucholsky's Gravesite

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