NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kypchak languages

The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northeastern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China. Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ...

Linguistic Features

The Kypchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kypchak language family.

Shared Features

Unique Features

Exolabial and endolabial [ʏ] in Swedish. ... Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ...

Classification

The Kypchak languages may be broken down into three groups, based on geography and shared features:

Literary Kyrgyz has been heavily influenced by the Kypchak languages, especially Kazakh, but it appears that it belongs in a separate family with Altay. The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages. ... The Karachay-Balkar language (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹-ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐºÑŠÐ°Ñ€ /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Cuman language was a Turkic language spoken by the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans) similar to todays Crimean Tatar language. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 90 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China. ... Kazakh, also Kazak, Khazakh, Qazaq, Kosach, and Kaisak (ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò› Ñ‚Ñ–Ð»Ñ– in Cyrillic, Qazaq tilÃ® in the Latin alphabet, and Ù‚Ø§Ø²Ø§Ù‚ ØªØ¡Ù‰Ù„Ø¡ÙŠ in the Arabic alphabet) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Nogay. ... Nogay, also Nogai, is generally classified into the Aralo-Caspian branch of Northwestern Turkic, or Kypchak languages. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸) is a Northwestern Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ...

The Uzbek language's Kypchak dialect contains the remainder of Kypchak languages that were once spoken in Uzbekistan, and there is a dialect continuum between Uzbek and Kazakh. Uzbek (Ozbek tili in Latin script, ÐŽÐ·Ð±ÐµÐº Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ in Cyrillic script) is an Eastern Turkic language and the official language of Uzbekistan. ... A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. ...

The language of the Mamluks in Egypt appears to have been a Kypchak language, probably one belonging to the Kypchak-Cuman group. A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: Ù…Ù…Ù„ÙˆÙƒ (singular), Ù…Ù…Ø§Ù„ÙŠÙƒ (plural), owned; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid during the Middle Ages. ...

See also

Kipchaks (also Kypchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. Their language was also known as Kipchak. ...

References

Categories: Turkic languages | Vowel harmony languages The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Bolgar (also BolÄŸar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... Chuvash language (pronounced /ËˆÊ§u. ... Language spoken by the medieval Khazar tribe. ... Aini is a Turkic language spoken in western China known as Aini, variously spelled Aynu or Ainu, though it is unrelated to the Ainu language of Japan and Russia. ... The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia. ... Ili Turki is a language spoken primarily in China. ... Uyghur (Ø¦Û‡ÙŠØºÛ‡Ø±Ú†Ù‡ UyurqÉ™, or Ø¦Û‡ÙŠØºÛ‡Ø± ØªÙ‰Ù„Ù‰ Uyur tili; Simplified Chinese: ç»´å¾å°”è¯; Traditional Chinese: ç¶å¾çˆ¾èªž; Pinyin: WÃ©iwÃºÄ›ryÇ”) is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghuristan), China. ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Cuman language was a Turkic language spoken by the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans) similar to todays Crimean Tatar language. ... The Karachay-Balkar language (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹-ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐºÑŠÐ°Ñ€ /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Nogay. ... Kazakh, also Kazak, Khazakh, Qazaq, Kosach, and Kaisak (ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò› Ñ‚Ñ–Ð»Ñ– in Cyrillic, Qazaq tilÃ® in the Latin alphabet, and Ù‚Ø§Ø²Ø§Ù‚ ØªØ¡Ù‰Ù„Ø¡ÙŠ in the Arabic alphabet) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... Nogay, also Nogai, is generally classified into the Aralo-Caspian branch of Northwestern Turkic, or Kypchak languages. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 90 million people in an area spanning from the Balkans to China. ... Afshar or Afshari, is a Turkic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... The Gagauz language (Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, used by Gagauz people, official language of Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova. ... Khorasani Turkish is a Turkic language with around 400,000 speakers that is spoken in northern Khorasan in Iran. ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: OsmanlÄ±ca or OsmanlÄ± TÃ¼rkÃ§esi, Ottoman Turkish: Ù„Ø³Ø§Ù† Ø¹Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ - lisÃ¢n-i OsmÃ¢nÃ®) is the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Pecheneg language is the extinct Turkic language spoken by the Pechenegs in Eastern Europe, similar to Cuman. ... Qashqai (also spelled Ghashghai, Qashqai, Qashqay, and Kashkai) is a Turkic language. ... Salar is a Turkic language spoken by the Salar people, who mainly live in the provinces of Qinghai and Gansu in China. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Khalaj is a language spoken primarily in Iran and Afghanistan. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸) is a Northwestern Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... Chulyum also known as Chulym-Turkic , Chulym Tatar (not at all related to the Tatar language), or KÃ¼erik is a language of Chulyms. ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... FuyÃ¼ GÃ¯rgÃ¯s or Fu-Yu Kirgiz is the easternmost Turkic language. ... Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southern Siberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia, in Russia. ... The Shor language is one of the Turkic languages. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ‹Ð» (Tyva dyl)), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Western Yugur and Eastern Yugur are terms coined by Chinese linguists to distinguish between the Turkic and Mongolic Yugur language, both spoken within the Yugur nationality. ... The Yakut language, or Sakha, is a Turkic language with around 363,000 speakers that is spoken in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation. ... 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