Location within China

Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally) Lüshun Port (Simplified Chinese: 旅顺口; Traditional Chinese: 旅順口; pinyin: Lǚshùnkǒu), is the southernmost administrative district of Dalian City of the People's Republic of China. In western diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur. Download high resolution version (1804x1322, 278 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Dalian Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (1804x1322, 278 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Dalian Categories: GFDL images ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controled periods, aka Darien during Japanese periods, or from Mid-centuary (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong...

Basic Geography

Dalian City proper, a sub-provincial city, is some forty miles farther up the coast sprawling around the narrowest neck of the Liaodong Peninsula, whereas Lushun occupies its southern tip. (See Landsat Map below - Lushun city' surrounds the lake-like structure clearly visible near the peninsular tip - the lake is the inner roadstead of the port, a very well sheltered and fortifiable harbor to nineteenth century eyes.) The Liaodong (formerly Liaotung peninsula and its relation to Korea, The Yellow Sea to its southeast, the Korea Bay to its due east, and the Bohai Sea (or Gulf) to its west are clearly seen on the map at right. Beijing (Peking) is almost directly (due west-northwest) across the Bo Hai Gulf from the port city. A sub-provincial city (副省级城市), or vice-provincial city, in the Peoples Republic of China, is a prefecture-level city that is ruled by a province, but is administered independently in regard to economy and law. ... The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... Korea (한국) is a formerly unified country, situated on the Korean Peninsula in northern East Asia, bordering on China to the west and Russia to the north. ... The Yellow Sea (in North and South Korea, it is also called the West Sea (strangely not disputed like East Sea) is the northern part of the East China Sea, which in turn is a part of the Pacific Ocean. ... The Korea Bay is located at the north of the Yellow Sea, between Liaoning Province of China and North Pyŏngan Province of North Korea. ... Bo Hai (Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: B hăi; Wade-Giles: Po-hai lit. ... A gulf or bay is a part of a lake or ocean that extends so that it is surrounded by land on three sides. ... Beijing  listen (Chinese: 北京; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Pei-ching; Postal System Pinyin: Peking) is the capital city of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Bo Hai (渤海 pinyin bó hăi, WG: Po_hai lit. ...

Dalian - Landsat photo (circa 2000)

Download high resolution version (1024x768, 116 KB)Dalian - Landsat satellite photo (circa 2000) Source: NASA, public domain https://zulu. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 116 KB)Dalian - Landsat satellite photo (circa 2000) Source: NASA, public domain https://zulu. ...

Geographical Statistics

• Area: 512.15 km² (land: 506)

• Population: 210,000 (2001)

• District seat: 24 Huanghe Road (黄河路24号)

• Population growth rate: -0.14‰

This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ...

Names in Exploited China

Names in China during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are complicated by the fact that many places took on names based on how they were reported in Western literature or history. This is further complicated in that four or five different languages might apply a differing names to a given place, and further complicated again when different alliterative schemes are used by translators attempting to render local names into acceptable English spelled renderings. As an example of the size of the problem, one Russian Admiral's name has six different spellings in English.

Earlier History

Surrounded by ocean on three sides, this strategic seaport was called Port Arthur during the Russian Occupation and Ryojun (旅順) during the Japanese one. Port Arthur took its name from a British Royal Navy Lieutenant named William C. Arthur, but was known to the Chinese as the fishing village Lüshun. In August 1860, during the Second Opium War, Arthur had towed his crippled frigate into the harbor at Lüshun (at that time an unfortified fishing village) for repairs. The Russians and other Western powers adopted the Brittish Name, with a cultural arrogance we can only bemoan today. Subsequent to World War II, the region found itself under Russian and finally Chinese rule. These and additional geo-historical name changes and recent history are deliniated in the related article on Dalian. Categories: Stub | Commercial item transport and distribution | Transportation ... The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Second Opium War or Arrow War began in 1856 and ended in 1860. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controled periods, aka Darien during Japanese periods, or from Mid-centuary (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong...

As a Focal Point in History

Soviet sailors raise the USSR's naval ensign over the city in 1945

It is fair to say that at its heart, the Russo-Japanese war was an extended battle for the possession of Port Arthur and the railway to it, the Southern Manchurian Railway. Japan had been given the Liaodong Peninsula as part of the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki concluding the First Sino-Japanese war, but had to cede the territory when threatened jointly with war by France, Germany and Russia - each an imperial power of the day - in what is called the Triple Intervention of 1905. This was seen as a great humiliation in Japanese eyes for reasons discussed at length in the article Treaty of Shimonoseki. Just over two years later the Russians leased the Liaodong (literally Eastern Liaoning) as well as railroad right-of-ways to join the Liaodong to the Manchurian Railway at Harbin and systematically began to fortify the town and harbor and install many improvments. This was an additional goad to an already seething and angry Japan. Download high resolution version (1898x1699, 332 KB)Sailors raise the Soviet naval ensign over Port Arthur in 1945. ... Download high resolution version (1898x1699, 332 KB)Sailors raise the Soviet naval ensign over Port Arthur in 1945. ... An ensign is a distinguishing token, emblem, badge, or flag such as a symbol of office. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous worlds longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok. ... The Liaodong Peninsula (sim. ... The Shunpanrou hall where the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約, — Jōyaku), known as the Treaty of Maguan (T. Chinese: 馬關條約, S. Chinese: 马关条约;) in China, was signed at the Shunpanrou on April 17, 1895 between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire. ... Japan and Qing China fought the First Sino-Japanese War (or the Qing-Japanese War or Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)), primarily over control of Korea. ... After the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed between Japan and China on April 17, 1895 to conclude the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) three European Powers (Russia, Germany and France) intervened on April 23 with friendly advice to Japan to retrocede the Liaotung peninsula including Lushun (Port Arthur) to... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Shunpanrou hall where the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese: 下関条約, — Jōyaku), known as the Treaty of Maguan (T. Chinese: 馬關條約, S. Chinese: 马关条约;) in China, was signed at the Shunpanrou on April 17, 1895 between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire. ... The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous worlds longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok. ... Harbin on Chinas map Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city in north-east China and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province. ...

After the Boxer Rebellion (1897-1900) ended, Russia would not withdraw the reinforcements in Manchuria and instead began to fortify and garrison all along the Southern Manchurian Railway. Japan proposed the two powers meet and discuss their respective roles in eastern Manchuria, as the area was considered as part of each country's Sphere of Influence. Between 1902 and 1904 such talks were held, and numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated, while Russia continued to, in effect, annex terratory, de facto, by fortification and garrison, if not de jure while employing stalling tactics in negotiations. In the end, having gotten nowhere with two years of intensive bi-lateral negotiations to clarify each countries rights, perogatives, and interests in inner Manchuria, Japan opted for war with the Imperial Russia. Boxer forces in Tianjin The Boxer Rebellion (Traditional Chinese: 義和團起義; Simplified Chinese: 义和团起义; pinyin: ) was an uprising against Western commercial and political influence in China during the final years of the 19th century. ... 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Extent according to Definition 1 (dark red), Definition 3 (dark red + medium red) and Definition 4 (dark red + medium red + light red) Northeast China (Simplified Chinese: 东北; Traditional Chinese: 東北; pinyin: ; literally east-north) and Manchuria (Manchu: Manju, Simplified Chinese: 满洲; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; pinyin: ) are names of a region... The Manchurian Railway was a single tracked line extending (and shortening) the famous worlds longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Siberian city of Chita via Harbin across northern inner Manchuria to the Russian port of Vladivostok. ... See power Powers (comics) People named Powers: Austin Powers, movie character Gary Powers, pilot Richard Powers, writer Tim Powers, writer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A sphere of influence is a metaphorical region of political influences surrounding a country or a region of economic influence around an urban area. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... De jure (in Classical Latin de iure) is an expression that means by law, as contrasted with de facto, which means in fact. The terms de jure and de facto are used like in principle and in practice when one is describing political situations. ...

At the Heart of Conflict

The Battle of Port Arthur, the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought in the heavily fortified harbor of the town of Port Arthur/Lüshun on February 9, 1904 when the Japanese attacked at night with torpedos, followed by a brief day light skirmish by major surface combatants. The port eventually fell January 2nd, 1905 after a long train of prepatory battles on land and sea (See Russo-Japanese War Article) during which the Japanese occupied the whole Korean Peninsula, split the Russian Army, devestated the Russian Fleet, cut off the source of supplies on the railway from Harbin, and culminated in the end of the vicious and bloody battle called Siege of Port Arthur (June-January, Some sources place the siege start in July). The Battle of Port Arthur (February 9, 1904) was the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War. ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 2 is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Greater Manchuria, Russian (outer) Manchuria is region to upper right in ligher Red; Liaodong Peninsula is the wedge extending into the Yellow Sea The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was an extremely bloody conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Imperial Russia and Japan in Manchuria and... The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ... Harbin on Chinas map Harbin (Simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; Traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ha-erh-pin; Russian Харби́н Kharbin) is a sub-provincial city in north-east China and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province. ... Siege of Port Arthur Conflict Russo-Japanese War Date July 30, 1904 to January 2, 2005 Place Near Port Arthur, China Result Victory for Japan The Siege of Port Arthur (now modern day Lu-Shun), the Russian port and naval base at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula in Manchuria... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...

The fact that Japanese forces had closed to within artillery range of the harbor in early August led directly to the naval Battle of the Yellow Sea which left Japan in command of the seas. Virtually all the battles of the war until July of 1904 were strategic battles for territorial gain or position leading to the investment and siege of the port city. The Russian town of Dalney (Dalien/Dalian) was undeveloped except as a Railway stop in this era; the most that can be said for it historically is that it was more populous than the village at Port Arthur and developing manufacturing. Battle of the Yellow Sea Conflict Russo-Japanese War Date August 10, 1904 Place Vladivostok Result Japanese victory The Battle of the Yellow Sea was the first main naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, being fought on August 10, 1904. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dalian (Simplified Chinese: 大连; Traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ta-lien), or Dalny (during Russian controled periods, aka Darien during Japanese periods, or from Mid-centuary (Jointly administered by both USSR/PRC) formerly also Lüda or Luta), is the second of two strategic ice-free seaports on the Liaodong...

After Leaving Historys Stage

The Japanese-controlled Ryojun City had 40 districts. The communist Lüshun City was established on November 25, 1945 to replace Ryojun. The city was a subdivision of a larger Lüda City and contained 40 villages in 3 districts: Dazhong (大众区), Wenhua (文化区), and Guangming (光明). In January 1946, Wenhua was merged into Dazhong, and the 40 villages were reduced to 23 communes (坊). In January 1948, the remaining two districts were merged into one: Shinei (市内区), with 12 communes.

On January 7, 1960, Lüshun City was renamed Lüshunkou District, still under Lüda. In 1985, 7 of its 9 townships were upgraded to towns.

Subdivisions

The district contains 6 sub-districts and 7 towns (see Political divisions of China: Levels). Due to Chinas large population and area, the political divisions of China have always consisted of several levels since ancient times. ...

Jiangsi Sub-district contains the 20.38-km² provincial Lushun Economic Development Zone established in 1992. Pinyin (拼音, pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ...

References

References

• F.R. Sedwick, (R.F.A.), The Russo-Japanese War, 1909, The Macmillan Company, N.Y.
• Colliers (Ed.), The Russo-Japanese War, 1904, P.F. Collier & Son, New York
• Dennis and Peggy Warner, The Tide At Sunrise, 1974, Charterhouse, New York
• William Henry Chamberlain, Japan Over Asia, 1937, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston
• Tom McKnight,PhD, et al; Geographica (ATLAS), Barnes and Noble Books AND Random House, New York, 1999-2004, 3rd revision, ISBN 0-7607-5974-X

1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Official site (http://www.dllsk.gov.cn/en)
• Subdivision map (http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/21ln/0212.htm)
• Lushun Economic Development Zone (http://www.lsedz.com/brief/en_index.htm)