FACTOID # 43: 72% of people in Mali earn less than $1 per day.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

Encyclopedia > LAMP (software bundle)
Linux
History
GNU ProjectLinux kernel (historyportability and supported architectures)Naming controversyWindows and LinuxAdoptionLinus's LawTuxSCO and Linux
Distribution
Linux distribution (listcomparison)Linux package formatsLiveDistro (listcomparison)Live USBMini Linux
Applications
LAMPDesktopEmbeddedGamingThin client
Legal bodies
Linux FoundationLinux Users' Group (LUG)
This box: view  talk  edit

The acronym LAMP refers to a solution stack of software, usually free software / open-source software, used to run dynamic Web sites or servers. The original expansion is as follows: This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Image File history File links Tux. ... The GNU logo, drawn by Etienne Suvasa The GNU Project was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. ... The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel. ... The Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. ... Originally written for Intels i386 processor, very early in its history, the Linux Kernel was re-coded for easy portability. ... The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free and open source software community relating to the normative branding of the computer operating systems commonly referred to as Linux. ... For a broader comparison of closed source and Open Source software, see Comparison of open source and closed source. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Linus Law can refer to two notions, both named after Linus Torvalds. ... Tux, as originally drawn by Larry Ewing Tux (also known as Tux the Penguin) is the official mascot of the Linux kernel. ... The SCO-Linux controversies are a series of legal and public disputes between the software company SCO Group (SCO) and various Linux vendors and users. ... A Linux distribution, often simply distribution or distro, is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like operating systems comprising the Linux kernel, the non-kernel parts of the GNU operating system, and assorted other software. ... This page provides general information about notable Linux distributions in the form of a categorized list. ... Technical variations include support for different hardware devices and systems or software package configurations. ... Linux package formats are the different file formats used to package software for various GNU/Linux distributions. ... Gnoppix 0. ... This is a large list of LiveDistros. ... LiveDistro is a generic term for an operating system distribution that is executed upon boot, without installation on a hard drive. ... A live USB is a USB flash drive containing a full operating system which can be booted from. ... The standard MiniLinux logo The term Mini Linux (or Mini Linux Distribution) refers to any Linux distribution that fits on memory card or a small number of floppies, usually one or two. ... Desktop Linux, also Linux on the desktop (LOTD) is the application of the GNU/Linux operating system on a desktop computer. ... Embedded Linux is a Linux based embedded operating system used in cell phones, personal digital assistants, media player handsets and other consumer electronics devices. ... Linux gaming refers to playing and developing games for Linux operating systems. ... Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) is an add-on package for Linux that allows many people to simultaneously use the same computer. ... The Linux Foundation (LF) is a nonprofit consortium dedicated to fostering the growth of Linux. ... A Linux User Group or Linux Users Group (LUG) is a private, generally non-profit or not-for-profit organization that provides support and/or education for Linux users, particularly for inexperienced users. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ... In computing, a solution stack is a set of software subsystems or components needed to deliver a fully functional application environment. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Open source software is computer software which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open_source_definition. ... A website, Web site or WWW site (often shortened to just site) is a collection of webpages, that is, HTML/XHTML documents accessible via HTTP on the Internet; all publicly accessible websites in existence comprise the World Wide Web. ... In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ...

The combination of these technologies is used primarily to define a web server infrastructure, define a programming paradigm of developing software, and establish a software distribution package. This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... The inside/front of a Dell PowerEdge web server The term Web server can mean one of two things: A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as Web browsers, and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are... MySQL (pronounced (IPA) , my S-Q-L[1]) is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS)[2] which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. ... A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program (or more typically, a suite of them) designed to manage a database, a large set of structured data, and run operations on the data requested by numerous users. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ... The inside/front of a Dell PowerEdge web server The term Web server can mean one of two things: A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as Web browsers, and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are... A programming paradigm is a paradigmatic style of programming (compare with a methodology, which is a paradigmatic style of doing software engineering). ... A software distribution is a bundle of a specific software (or a collection of multiple, even an entire operating system), already compiled and configured. ...


Though the originators of these open source programs did not design them all to work specifically with each other, the combination has become popular because of its low acquisition cost and because of the ubiquity of its components (which come bundled with most current Linux distributions). When used in combination they represent a solution stack of technologies that support application servers. Other such stacks include unified application development environments such as Apple Computer's WebObjects, Java/Java EE, Grails, and Microsoft's .NET architecture. A Linux distribution, often simply distribution or distro, is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like operating systems comprising the Linux kernel, the non-kernel parts of the GNU operating system, and assorted other software. ... In computing, a solution stack is a set of software subsystems or components needed to deliver a fully functional application environment. ... An application server is a software engine that delivers applications to client computers or devices. ... Apple Inc. ... WebObjects is a Java Web application server by Apple Computer. ... “Java language” redirects here. ... Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE (formerly also J2EE) is a programming platform — part of the Java platform — for developing and running distributed multi-tier architecture applications, based largely on modular components running on an application server. ... Grails is an open source web application framework for high productivity. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsoft . ...


The scripting component of the LAMP stack has its origins in the CGI web interfaces that became popular in the early 1990s. This technology allows the user of a web browser to execute a program on the web server, and to thereby receive dynamic as well as static content. Programmers used scripting languages with these programs because of their ability to manipulate text streams easily and efficiently, even when they originate from disparate sources. For this reason system designers often referred to such scripting systems as glue languages. The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. ... An example of a Web browser (Mozilla Firefox) A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. ... An example of a Web browser (Mozilla Firefox) A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. ... Scripting programming languages (commonly called scripting languages or script languages) are computer programming languages designed for scripting the operation of a computer. ... A glue language is a programming language used for connecting software components together. ...


Michael Kunze coined the acronym LAMP in an article for the German computing magazine c't in 1998 (12/98, page 230). The article aimed to show that a bundle of free software could provide a viable alternative to commercial packages. Knowing about the IT-world's love of acronyms, Kunze came up with LAMP as a marketing-like term to increase the popularity of free software.[citation needed] O'Reilly and MySQL AB have made the term popular among English-speakers. Indeed, MySQL AB has since based some of its marketing efforts on the popularity of the LAMP stack. ct (short for Computertechnik, i. ... Programming Perl is a classic OReilly book. ... MySQL AB (founded 1995) is dual headquartered in Uppsala, Sweden and Cupertino, California, USA. The company is the creator and owner of MySQL, a relational database management system. ...

Contents

Software

Linux

Main article: Linux

GNU/Linux (also known as just Linux) is a Unix-like computer operating system. This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ...


Apache HTTP Server

Main article: Apache HTTP Server

Apache HTTP Server is a free software/open source web server, the most popular in use.[1] It serves as the de facto reference platform against which other web servers are designed and judged. The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Open source software is computer software which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open_source_definition. ... The inside/front of a Dell PowerEdge web server The term Web server can mean one of two things: A computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients, which are known as Web browsers, and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data contents, which usually are... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...


MySQL

Main article: MySQL

MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL Database Management System (DBMS) with more than ten million installations [2] MySQL (pronounced (IPA) , my S-Q-L[1]) is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS)[2] which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. ... For the form of code consisting entirely of subroutine calls, see Threaded code. ... Multi-user is a term that defines an operating system that allows concurrent access by multiple users of a computer. ... SQL (IPA: or ), commonly expanded as Structured Query Language, is a computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems, database schema creation and modification, and database object access control management. ... A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program (or more typically, a suite of them) designed to manage a database, a large set of structured data, and run operations on the data requested by numerous users. ...


PHP

Main article: PHP

PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic Web pages. PHP is used mainly in server-side application software, but can be used from a command line interface or in standalone graphical applications. For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... In computer science, reflection is the process by which a computer program of the appropriate type can be modified in the process of being executed, in a manner that depends on abstract features of its code and its runtime behavior. ... A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ... In classical hypertext navigation occurs among static documents, and, for web users, this experience is reproduced using static web pages. ... Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a users request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic HTML pages. ... Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ...


Variants

Sometimes Perl and Python are used in place of PHP and are often referred to as LAMP systems as well. One review of the platform goes so far as to say "Let the P stand for PHP, Perl, Python, and Ruby."[3] Some developers prefer to use the M to mean mod perl or mod python and the P to mean PostgreSQL in effect reversing the M and the P in functionality, which can cause some confusion. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... mod_perl is an optional module for the Apache web server. ... mod_python is an Apache HTTP Server module that integrates the Python programming language into the Apache server. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ...


Another variant designates the M to be Middleware (including Ruby, Perl, Python etc.) and the P to be PostgreSQL. Although not generally accepted, this definition could be seen as a token of the continuing evolution in the free software community while redefining its objectives and boundaries. Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... // The free software community is also called the open source community or the Linux community. ...


Operating system

See also: List of operating systems and Comparison of operating systems

Operating systems can be categorized by technology, ownership, licensing, working state, usage, and by many other characteristics. ... These tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available operating systems. ... Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... Mac OS X (IPA: ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... Novell Inc. ... NetWare is a network operating system and the set of network protocols it uses to talk to client machines on the network. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... PC-BSD is a Unix-like, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD similar to DesktopBSD. It aims to be easy to install by using a graphical installation program, and easy- and ready-to-use immediately by providing KDE as the default, pre-installed graphical user interface. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... “Windows” redirects here. ... OpenVMS[1] (Open Virtual Memory System or just VMS) is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX[2] and Alpha[3] family of computers developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts (DIGITAL was then purchased by Compaq, and is now owned...

Web server

See also: Comparison of web servers

A non-free, common alternative for Apache HTTP Server is Microsoft Internet Information Services or IIS. Because this can only be run on Microsoft software, a Microsoft Windows operating system must be used instead of Linux. This article is a comparison of Web servers. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS, formerly called Internet Information Server) is a set of Internet-based services for servers using Microsoft Windows. ... “Windows” redirects here. ...

  • LAMP, for Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP
  • WAMP, for Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP
  • FWIP, for Firebird, Windows, IIS, and PHP
  • WIMP, for Windows, IIS, MySQL, and PHP
  • WIMSA or WISA, for Windows, IIS, Microsoft SQL Server, and ASP
  • WISC, for Windows, IIS, SQL Server, and C#
  • WISP, for Windows, IIS, SQL Server, and PHP
  • WIPP, for Windows, IIS, PostgreSQL, and PHP (Common on Windows SBS systems [citation needed])

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced by Microsoft. ... Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsofts server-side script engine for dynamically-generated web pages. ... Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced by Microsoft. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced by Microsoft. ... Windows Small Business Server (formerly Microsoft Small Business Server) is an integrated server suite from Microsoft designed for running network infrastructure (both intranet management and Internet access) of small and medium enterprises having no more than 75 workstations or users. ...

Databases

See also: List of relational database management systems and Comparison of relational database management systems

A database is an information set with a regular structure. ... See DBMS for a shorter list of “typical”, representative database management systems. ... The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... lighttpd (pronounced lighty) is a web server which is designed to be secure, fast, standards-compliant, and flexible while being optimized for speed-critical environments. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... Firebird (sometimes called FirebirdSQL) is a relational database management system offering many ANSI SQL-2003 features. ... Informix is a family of relational database management system products from IBM, acquired in 2001 from a company (also called Informix or Informix Software) which dates its origins back to 1980. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... PostgreSQL is a free software object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), released under a BSD-style license. ... The term Oracle database may refer either to the database management system (DBMS) software released by Oracle Corporation as Oracle RDBMS, or to any of the individual databases managed by such software. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ...

Programming language

See also: Comparison of programming languages

Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ... Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Perl Programming Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... Tapestry is a Java-based programming toolkit that uses XML to implement applications in accordance with the Model-View-Controller design pattern. ... Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java Platform as an alternative to the Java programming language. ... JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a Java technology that allows software developers to dynamically generate HTML, XML or other types of documents in response to a Web client request. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Other variations

Some employ the term LAMP generically to describe such alternative systems rather than make a new acronym, using it to denote the contrast between such systems and a unified web application development environment. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ... Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ... Eclipse is an open source platform-independent software framework for delivering what the project calls rich-client applications (as opposed to thin clients, this means the clients perform heavy-duty work on the host running the application). ... Firebird (sometimes called FirebirdSQL) is a relational database management system offering many ANSI SQL-2003 features. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... The term Oracle database may refer either to the database management system (DBMS) software released by Oracle Corporation as Oracle RDBMS, or to any of the individual databases managed by such software. ... Apache Tomcat is a web container, or application server developed at the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). ... It has been suggested that Joomla Template be merged into this article or section. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... AJAX redirects here. ... Ruby on Rails is a free web application framework that aims to increase the speed and ease with which database-driven web sites can be created and offers skeleton code frameworks (scaffolding) from the outset. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... Jeff Waugh (known as jdub) is an Australian free software and open source software developer. ... Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), its successor, are cryptographic protocols which provide secure communications on the Internet. ... SugarCRM is a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solution vendor. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991. ... As distinct from stand-alone computing, this term first appears informally in the late 1970s to denote computers working together over a network. ... Distributed computing is a method of computer processing in which different parts of a program run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... Ruby on Rails is a free web application framework that aims to increase the speed and ease with which database-driven web sites can be created and offers skeleton code frameworks (scaffolding) from the outset. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Mambo (formerly named Mambo Open Source or MOS) is a free software / open source content management system (CMS) for creating and managing websites through a simple web interface. ... Solaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. ... Apache Tomcat is a web container, or application server developed at the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). ... The term Oracle database may refer either to the database management system (DBMS) software released by Oracle Corporation as Oracle RDBMS, or to any of the individual databases managed by such software. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


See also

Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ... This is a list of notable web application frameworks, used for creating web applications. ... This is a list of AMP packages for all platforms. ... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... MySQL (pronounced (IPA) , my S-Q-L[1]) is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS)[2] which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... This page compares WAMP distribution packages. ...

References

Further reading

External links


  Results from FactBites:
 
LAMP (software bundle) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (542 words)
The scripting component of the LAMP stack has its origins in the CGI web interfaces that became popular in the early 1990s.
The article aimed to show that a bundle of free software could provide a viable alternative to commercial packages.
Some developers prefer to use the M to mean mod perl or mod python and the P to mean PostgreSQL.
LAMP Server: Linux, Apache, MySQL, & PHP on SUSE Linux Enterprise (3225 words)
Over the past two years, the LAMP stack of open source software components—Linux*; the Apache Web server; MySQL* database; and the coder's choice of PHP, Python or Perl—has moved beyond its position as a Web developer's creative toolkit to become a major development platform for the enterprise.
The LAMP server stack has a lower bug density— the number of bugs per thousand lines of code—than a baseline of 32 open source projects analyzed, according to a 2006 study by Coverity, a maker of code-analysis tools.
While Web developers have been using LAMP in very large systems for the better part of a decade, the fact remains that the individual components are not a homogenous software stack that has been vertically integrated by a single vendor.
  More results at FactBites »

 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your location
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.