 Lady Justice or Justitia is a personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system. Her blindfold symbolises equality under the law through impartiality towards its subjects, the weighing scales represent the balancing of people's interests under the law, and her sword denotes the law's force of reason. Law[1] is a system of rules to be enforced through a set of institutions.[2] It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading swaptions on a derivatives market. Property law defines rights and obligations related to transfer and title of personal and real property, for instance, in mortgaging or renting a home. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, such as pension funds. Tort law allows claims for compensation when someone or their property is injured or harmed. If the harm is criminalised in a penal code, criminal law offers means by which the state prosecutes and punishes the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for creating laws, protecting people's human rights, and electing political representatives. Administrative law relates to the activities of administrative agencies of government. International law regulates affairs between sovereign nation-states in everything from trade to the environment to military action. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."[3] Law or laws can refer to any of several things: In human societies, law is a set of norms, which can be seen both in a sociological or in a philosophical or semantic sense. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (448x675, 123 KB) photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran aka Carptrash 19:52, 12 October 2006 (UTC) . I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (448x675, 123 KB) photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran aka Carptrash 19:52, 12 October 2006 (UTC) . I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free...
Lady Justice Lady Justice (Iustitia, the Roman Goddess of Justice and sometimes, simply Justice) is an allegorical personification of the moral force that underlies the legal system. ...
EQUAL is a popular artificial sweetener Equal (sweetener) Equality can mean several things: Mathematical equality Social equality Racial equality Sexual equality Equality of outcome Equality, a town in Illinois See also Equity Egalitarianism Equals sign This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise...
In the metaphysical or conceptual sense, balance is used to mean a point between two opposite forces that is desirable over purely one state or the other, such as a balance between the metaphysical Law and Chaos — law by itself being overly controlling, chaos being overly unmanageable, balance being the...
For other uses, see Reason (disambiguation). ...
This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. ...
For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ...
Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ...
For other uses, see Society (disambiguation). ...
A contract is any promise or set of promises made by one party to another for the breach of which the law provides a remedy. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Derivatives traders at the Chicago Board of Trade. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Personal property is a type of property. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This law-related article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Not to be confused with torte, an iced cake. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. ...
The French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic laws of nation states and other political organizations. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
This article is about the political process. ...
For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ...
Administrative law in the United States often relates to, or arises from, so-called independent agencies- such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Here is FTCs headquarters in Washington D.C. Administrative law (or regulatory law) is the body of law that arises from the activities of administrative agencies...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ...
This article is about economic exchange. ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. ...
The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ...
For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
Legal systems around the world elaborate legal rights and responsibilities in different ways. A basic distinction is made between civil law jurisdictions and systems using common law. Some countries persist in basing their law on religious texts. Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectives, including legal history and philosophy, or social sciences such as economics and sociology. The study of law raises important questions about equality, fairness and justice, which are not always simple. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."[4] The most important institutions for law are the judiciary, the legislature, the executive, its bureaucracy, the military and police, the legal profession and civil society. This article is about the moral/legal concept. ...
For other uses of civil law, see civil law. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...
In the religious sense, law can be thought of as the ordering principle of reality; knowledge as revealed by God defining and governing all human affairs. ...
Legal history is a term that has at least two meanings. ...
For the jurisprudence of courts, see Case law. ...
The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. ...
Law and economics, or Economic analysis of law, is the term usually applied to an approach to legal theory that incorporates methods and ideas borrowed from the discipline of economics. ...
Sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal studies. ...
Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal or level) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. ...
Justice is a concept involving the fair and moral treatment of all persons, especially in law. ...
This article is about the concept of justice. ...
Anatole France (April 16, 1844 – October 12, 1924) was the pen name of French author Jacques Anatole François Thibault. ...
In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...
A legislatureis a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to ratify laws. ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: This article is about the sociological concept. ...
For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ...
The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system) and commercial institutions. ...
Legal subjects Though all legal systems must deal with similar issues, different countries often categorise and name legal subjects in different ways. Quite common is the distinction between "public law" subjects, which relate closely to the state (including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and "private law" subjects (including contract, tort and property).[5] In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations and trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the "traditional core subjects",[6] although there are many further disciplines which might be of greater practical importance. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see State (disambiguation). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Not to be confused with torte, an iced cake. ...
Civil law or continental law is the predominant system of law in the world, with its origins in Roman law, and sets out a comprehensive system of rules, usually codified, that are applied and interpreted by judges. ...
The Law of Obligations is one of the component private law elements of the civil law system of law (as well as of mixed legal systems, such as Scotland, South Africa, and Louisiana) and encompasses contractual obligations, quasi-contractual obligations such as enrichment without cause and extra-contractual obligations. ...
The Hague Convention of the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition was signed on 1 July 1985 but came into force on 1 January 1992. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Administrative law in the United States often relates to, or arises from, so-called independent agencies- such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Here is FTCs headquarters in Washington D.C. Administrative law (or regulatory law) is the body of law that arises from the activities of administrative agencies...
The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. ...
This law-related article does not cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...
International law -
 Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations was conceived during World War II. In a global economy, law is globalising too. International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations. International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. ...
Conflict of laws, or private international law, or international private law is that branch of international law and interstate law that regulates all lawsuits involving a foreign law element, where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied as the lex causae. ...
European Union law is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU). ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (441x622, 73 KB)Poster created during World War II (1943), according to the Declaration of the United Nations of 1942. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (441x622, 73 KB)Poster created during World War II (1943), according to the Declaration of the United Nations of 1942. ...
Puxi side of Shanghai, China. ...
- Public international law concerns relationships among sovereign nations. It has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts lack the capacity to penalise disobedience.[7] The sources for public international law to develop are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations. The United Nations, founded under the UN Charter, is one of the most important international organisations. It was established after the Treaty of Versailles' failed to prevent the Second World War. International agreements, like the Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war, and international bodies such as the International Court of Justice, International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, or the International Monetary Fund, also form a growing part of public international law.
- Conflict of laws (or "private international law" in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses. This increases the number of disputes outside a unified legal framework. Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958.
- European Union law is the first and thus far only example of a supranational legal framework. However, given increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the Union of South American Nations—are on track to follow the same model. In the EU, sovereign nations have pooled their authority through a system of courts and political institutions. They have the ability to enforce legal norms against and for member states and citizens, in a way that public international law does not.[8] As the European Court of Justice said in 1962, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states.[9]
International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. ...
Sources of international law are the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed. ...
In law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. ...
UN and U.N. redirect here. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
Original document. ...
For other uses, see War (disambiguation). ...
The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; French: ) is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. ...
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues. ...
WTO redirects here. ...
IMF redirects here. ...
Conflict of laws, or private international law, or international private law is that branch of international law and interstate law that regulates all lawsuits involving a foreign law element, where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied as the lex causae. ...
For other uses of civil law, see civil law. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ...
In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ...
The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (Also known as the New York Convention; the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards; and the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards) was signed in 10 June...
European Union law is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU). ...
Supranational law is a form of international law, based on the limitation of the rights of sovereign nations between one another. ...
Pro Tempore Secretariat BrasÃlia Official languages 4 Spanish Portuguese English Dutch Member states 12 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Leaders - President Rodrigo Borja - Tempore Secretary Jorge Taunay Filho Formation - Cuzco Declaration 8 December 2004 Area - Total 17,715,335 km² (1st2) sq...
Official emblem of the ECJ The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the highest court in the European Union (EU). ...
Established 1952, as the Common Assembly President Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 Vice-Presidents 14 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (EPP) Alejo Vidal-Quadras (EPP) Gérard Onesta (Greens – EFA) Edward McMillan-Scott (ED) Mario Mauro (EPP) Miguel Angel MartÃnez MartÃnez (PES) Luigi Cocilovo (ALDE) Mechtild...
Constitutional and administrative law -
Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution, with a Bill of Rights. A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute, case law and convention. A case named Entick v. Carrington[10] illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. Mr Entick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington. When Mr Entick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority. However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority. The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that, The French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic laws of nation states and other political organizations. ...
Administrative law in the United States often relates to, or arises from, so-called independent agencies- such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Here is FTCs headquarters in Washington D.C. Administrative law (or regulatory law) is the body of law that arises from the activities of administrative agencies...
Download high resolution version (476x604, 46 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Download high resolution version (476x604, 46 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Revolutionary patriotism borrows familiar iconography of the Ten Commandments Wikisource has original text related to this article: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: La...
The French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic laws of nation states and other political organizations. ...
A legislatureis a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to ratify laws. ...
In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...
Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...
Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ...
A bill of rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people. ...
The Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ...
Case law (also known as decisional law) is that body of reported judicial opinions in countries that have common law legal systems that are published and thereby become precedent, i. ...
A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. ...
Entick v. ...
George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (6 October 1716 - 8 June 1771) was a British statesman of the Georgian era. ...
Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden (1714 – 18 April 1794), Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, was a leading proponent of civil liberties in eighteenth century England. ...
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole… If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment." The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke,[11] is that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law. The first specialist administrative court was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.[12] The Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, And His Followers, are Detected and Overthrown. ...
Administrative law in the United States often relates to, or arises from, so-called independent agencies- such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Here is FTCs headquarters in Washington D.C. Administrative law (or regulatory law) is the body of law that arises from the activities of administrative agencies...
Judicial review is the power of a court to review the actions of public sector bodies in terms of their legality or constitutionality. ...
In France, the Conseil dÉtat (English: Council of State and sometimes Counsel of State) is an organ of the French national government. ...
Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...
Criminal law -
Main article: Criminal law Criminal law is the body of law that defines criminal offences and the penalties for convicted offenders.[13] Apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of criminal procedure.[14] The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof, beyond reasonable doubt, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or actus reus (guilty act).[15] Second, the accused must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act, or mens rea (guilty mind). However for so called "strict liability" crimes, which include cases like dangerous driving, proof of mens rea is not necessary. An actus reus is enough.[16] The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. ...
public domain, Pioneers in the Settlement of America by William A. Crafts. ...
public domain, Pioneers in the Settlement of America by William A. Crafts. ...
Look up trial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Witch redirects here. ...
1876 illustration of the courtroom; the central figure is usually identified as Mary Walcott The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings by local magistrates and county court trials to prosecute people alleged to have committed acts of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex Counties of Massachusetts in 1692...
Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated the criminal law. ...
In the common law, burden of proof is the obligation to prove allegations which are presented in a legal action. ...
The actus reus — sometimes called the external element of a crime — is the Latin term for the guilty act which, when proved beyond a reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, i. ...
In the criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability crime. ...
The mens rea is the Latin term for guilty mind used in the criminal law. ...
In criminal law, strict liability is liability where mens rea (Latin for guilty mind) does not have to be proved in relation to one or more elements comprising the actus reus (Latin for guilty act) although intention, recklessness or knowledge may be required in relation to other elements of the...
Reckless driving, in the United States, is a serious moving traffic violation. ...
Examples of different kinds of crime include murder, assault, fraud or theft. In exceptional circumstances, defences can exist to some crimes, such as killing in self defence, or pleading insanity. Another example is in the 19th century English case of R v. Dudley and Stephens,[17] which tested a defence of "necessity". The Mignotte, sailing from Southampton to Sydney, sank. Three crew members and a cabin boy were stranded on a raft. They were starving and the cabin boy was close to death. Driven to extreme hunger, the crew killed and ate the cabin boy. The crew survived and were rescued, but put on trial for murder. They argued it was necessary to kill the cabin boy to preserve their own lives. Lord Coleridge, expressing immense disapproval, ruled, "to preserve one's life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it." The men were sentenced to hang, but public opinion, especially among seafarers, was outraged and overwhelmingly supportive of the crew's right to preserve their own lives. In the end, the Crown commuted their sentences to six months in jail. A young waif steals a pair of boots Stealing redirects here. ...
This article and defense of property deal with the legal concept of excused (sometimes termed justified) acts that might otherwise be illegal. ...
In criminal trials, the insanity defenses are possible defenses by excuse, by which defendants argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law, as they were legally insane at the time of the commission of alleged crimes. ...
Regina v. ...
This article is about the law definition of necessity. ...
For other uses, see Southampton (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ...
Cannibal redirects here. ...
John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge (3 December 1820- 14 June 1894), Lord Chief Justice of England, was the eldest son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge. ...
Hanging is the suspension of a person by a ligature, usually a cord wrapped around the neck, causing death. ...
The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the Crown alone. ...
Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well.[13] The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as "The People v. …" or "R. (for Rex or Regina) v. …" Also, lay juries are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be imprisonment, fines, state supervision (such as probation), or community service. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to sentencing, legal research, legislation, and rehabilitation.[13] On the international field, 105 countries have signed the enabling treaty for the International Criminal Court, which was established to try people for crimes against humanity.[18] Look up rex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Cleopatra is one of the most well-known queens regnant A queen regnant (plural queens regnant) is a woman monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal powers of a king, in contrast with a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king, and in and of her...
For jury meaning makeshift, see jury rig. ...
Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...
This article is about the institution. ...
FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks: F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) I International Fair Trade Association (IFAT) N Network of European Worldshops (NEWS!) and E European Fair Trade Association (EFTA) // The aim of FINE is to enable these...
Community service refers to service that a person performs for the benefit of his or her local community. ...
In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. ...
This theory of punishment is based on the notion that punishment is to be inflicted on a offender so as to reform him, or rehabilitate him so as to make his re-integration into society easier. ...
The official logo of the ICC The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt)[1] was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. ...
In international law, a crime against humanity consists of acts of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...
Contract law -
 The Carbolic Smoke Ball offer, which bankrupted the Co. because it could not fulfill the terms it advertised The concept of a "contract" is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept).[19] Contracts can be simple everyday buying and selling or complex multi-party agreements. They can be made orally (e.g. buying a newspaper) or in writing (e.g. signing a contract of employment). Sometimes formalities, such as writing the contract down or having it witnessed, are required for the contract to take effect (e.g. when buying a house).[20] A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreement between parties that the law will enforce. ...
Newspaper Ad for the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Newspaper Ad for the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Notice of closure stuck on the door of a computer store the day after its parent company, Granville Technology Group Ltd, declared bankruptcy (strictly, put into administration—see text) in the United Kingdom. ...
Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for pacts must be respected) is a Brocard, a basic principle of civil law and of international law. ...
The statute of frauds refers to the requirement that certain kinds of contracts be made in writing and signed. ...
This article is about witnesses in law courts. ...
In common law jurisdictions, there are three key elements to the creation of a contract. These are offer and acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations. For example, in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[21] a medical firm advertised that its new wonder drug, the smokeball, would cure people's flu, and if it did not, the buyers would get £100. Many people sued for their £100 when the drug did not work. Fearing bankruptcy, Carbolic argued the advert was not to be taken as a serious, legally binding offer. It was an invitation to treat, mere puff, a gimmick. But the court of appeal held that to a reasonable man Carbolic had made a serious offer. People had given good consideration for it by going to the "distinct inconvenience" of using a faulty product. "Read the advertisement how you will, and twist it about as you will", said Lord Justice Lindley, "here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable".[21] Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law used to determine whether an agreement exists between two parties. ...
Consideration is something that is done or promised in return for a contractual promise. ...
Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement Carlill v. ...
Flu redirects here. ...
GBP redirects here. ...
Notice of closure stuck on the door of a computer store the day after its parent company, Granville Technology Group Ltd, declared bankruptcy (strictly, put into administration—see text) in the United Kingdom. ...
In contract law, an invitation to treat (invitation to bargain in the US) is an action by one party which may appear to be a contractual offer but which is actually inviting others to make an offer of their own. ...
The reasonable man or reasonable person standard is a legal fiction that originated in the development of the common law. ...
Consideration is something that is done or promised in return for a contractual promise. ...
Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley (November 29, 1828 – December 9, 1921), English judge, son of John Lindley, was born at Acton Green, London. ...
"Consideration" means all parties to a contract must exchange something of value to be able to enforce it. Some common law systems, like Australia, are moving away from consideration as a requirement for a contract. The concept of estoppel or culpa in contrahendo can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations.[22] In civil law jurisdictions, consideration is not a requirement for a contract at all.[23] In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills". Germany has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their 'abstraction principle' (Abstraktionsprinzip) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract)[24] the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. Unjust enrichment law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.[25] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Estoppel (English law). ...
For other uses of civil law, see civil law. ...
The abstraction principle or Abstraktionsprinzip is a legal term in German law relating to the law of obligations (Schuldrecht) and property law (Eigentumsrecht). ...
The following analysis is based on English law. ...
Tort law -
 The " McLibel" two were involved in the longest running case in UK history for publishing a pamphlet criticising McDonald's restaurants Torts, sometimes called delicts, are civil wrongs. To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right. A simple example might be accidentally hitting someone with a cricket ball.[26] Under negligence law, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for his injuries from the party responsible. The principles of negligence are illustrated by Donoghue v. Stevenson.[27] A friend of Mrs Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of ginger beer (intended for the consumption of Mrs Donoghue) in a café in Paisley. Having consumed half of it, Mrs Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler. The decomposing remains of a snail floated out. She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated. The House of Lords decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness. The case was furtherly complicated in that, the contract of the purchase was between Mrs Donoghue's friend, as the buyer of the ginger beer, rather than Mrs Donoghue herself. Lord Atkin took a distinctly moral approach, and said, Not to be confused with torte, an iced cake. ...
Helen Steel and David Morris, Photo credit:Spanner Films[1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Helen Steel and David Morris, Photo credit:Spanner Films[1] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Helen Steel and David Morris, the defendants in the McLibel case, at the launch of McSpotlight. ...
McDonalds Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is the worlds largest chain of fast-food restaurants, primarily selling hamburgers, chicken, french fries, milkshakes and soft drinks. ...
Delict is a concept of civil law which is used to some degree in many civil law legal systems. ...
Bolton v. ...
Negligence is a legal concept usually used to achieve compensation for injuries (not accidents). ...
Donoghue (or McAlister) v. ...
Ginger beer is a type of carbonated beverage, flavored primarily with ginger, lemon and sugar. ...
For other uses, see Paisley (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Snail (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the British House of Lords. ...
James Richard Atkin, Baron Atkin (November 28, 1867 - June 25, 1944) was an English jurist. ...
"The liability for negligence… is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay… The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour."[28] This became the basis for the four principles of negligence; (1) Mr Stevenson owed Mrs Donoghue a duty of care to provide safe drinks (2) he breached his duty of care (3) the harm would not have occurred but for his breach and (4) his act was the proximate cause, or not too remote a consequence, of her harm.[27] Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property.[29] Under a nuisance claim the noise could be stopped. Torts can also involve intentional acts, such as assault, battery or trespass. A better known tort is defamation, which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation.[30] More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of labour law in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes,[31] when statute does not provide immunity.[32] In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they exercise a reasonable standard of care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others. ...
In tort, there can be no liability in negligence unless the claimant establishes both that he or she was owed a duty of care by the defendant, and that there has been a breach of that duty. ...
Causation is the bringing about of a result, and in law it is an element in various tests for legal liability. ...
In the law, a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to a legally recognizable injury to be held the cause of that injury. ...
In the English law of negligence, the test of causation not only requires that the defendant was the cause in fact, but also requires that the loss or damage sustained by the claimant was not too remote. ...
Nuisance is a common law tort. ...
At common law, battery is the tort of intentionally (or, in Australia, negligently) and volitionally bringing about an unconsented harmful or offensive contact with a person or to something closely associated with them (i. ...
“Unlawful entry†redirects here. ...
“Libel†redirects here. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Property law -
Main article: Property law Property law governs everything that people call 'theirs'. Real property, sometimes called 'real estate' refers to ownership of land and things attached to it.[33] Personal property, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry, and sandwiches, or intangible rights, such as stocks and shares. A right in rem is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right in personam which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns mortgages, rental agreements, licences, covenants, easements and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property, company law, trusts and commercial law. An example of a basic case of most property law is Armory v. Delamirie.[34] A chimney sweep's boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three halfpence and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him. Lord Chief Justice Pratt ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of possession in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something could belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Physical possession is nine tenths of the law, but not all. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Hogarthian image of the South Sea Bubble by EM Ward, Tate Gallery File links The following pages link to this file: The South Sea Company Edward Matthew Ward Categories: Public domain art ...
Hogarthian image of the South Sea Bubble by EM Ward, Tate Gallery File links The following pages link to this file: The South Sea Company Edward Matthew Ward Categories: Public domain art ...
Hogarthian image of the South Sea Bubble by Edward Matthew Ward, Tate Gallery More well known than The South Sea Company is perhaps the South Sea Bubble (1711 - September 1720) which is the name given to the economic bubble that occurred through overheated speculation in the company shares during 1720. ...
Speculation involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Personal property is a type of property. ...
In financial markets, a share is a unit of account for various financial instruments including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REITs. ...
Sometimes a court may exercise jurisdiction over property located within the perimeter of its powers without regard to personal jurisdiction over the litigants; this is called jurisdiction in rem. ...
In personam (in purr-soh-nam) from Latin for directed toward a particular person. ...
This article is about the legal mechanism used to secure property in favor of a creditor. ...
A leasehold estate is an ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lessor or landlord. ...
To licence or grant licence is to give permission. ...
A covenant, in its most general sense, is a solemn promise to do or not do something specified. ...
An easement is the right to do something or the right to prevent something over the real property of another. ...
For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ...
The term company may refer to a separate legal entity, as in English law, or may simply refer to a business, as is the common use in the United States. ...
This law-related article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Commercial law (sometimes known as business law) is the body of law which governs business and commerce. ...
Armory v. ...
Chimney sweep in the 1850s A chimney sweep, or a climbing boy, is a person who cleans chimneys for a living. ...
This article is about the pre-decimalisation halfpenny coin. ...
Finders Keepers was a childrens game show that aired on the Nickelodeon network in America from November 2, 1987 to June 30, 1990. ...
This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions, that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner.[35] By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by Friedrich Carl von Savigny, is that it is a right good against the world. Obligations, like contracts and torts are conceptualised as rights good between individuals.[36] The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues. The English philosopher John Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and mix our labour with our surroundings.[37] The idea of privately owned property has been contentious in the view of a number of thinkers. Pierre Proudhon, an anarchist thinker, argued in 1840 that "property is theft".[38] Friedrich Carl von Savigny Friedrich Carl von Savigny (February 21, 1779 - 25 October 1861) was one of the most respected and influential 19th-century jurists. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ...
The labor theory of property is a natural law theory that holds that property originally comes about by the exertion of labor upon natural resources. ...
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced [] in BrE, [] in French) (January 15, 1809 – January 19, 1865) was the first proclaimed anarchist of the 19th century. ...
Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ...
Property is theft! is a slogan coined by the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government. ...
Equity and Trusts -
Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the "common law". The common law was administered by judges. The Lord Chancellor on the other hand, as the King's keeper of conscience, could overrule the judge made law if he thought it equitable to do so.[39] This meant equity came to operate more through principles than rigid rules. For instance, whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property, equity allows this through an arrangement known as a 'trust'. 'Trustees' control property, whereas the 'beneficial' (or 'equitable') ownership of trust property is held by people known as 'beneficiaries'. Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property.[40] In the early case of Keech v. Sandford[41] a child had inherited the lease on a market in Romford, London. Mr Sandford was entrusted to look after this property until the child matured. But before then, the lease expired. The landlord had (apparently) told Mr Sandford that he did not want the child to have the renewed lease. Yet the landlord was happy (apparently) to give Mr Sandford the opportunity of the lease instead. Mr Sandford took it. When the child (now Mr Keech) grew up, he sued Mr Sandford for the profit that he had been making by getting the market's lease. Mr Sandford was meant to be trusted, but he put himself in a position of conflict of interest. The Lord Chancellor, Lord King, agreed and ordered Mr Sandford should disgorge his profits. He wrote, The Court of Chancery, London, early 19th century This article is about the concept of equity in the jurisprudence of common law countries. ...
This law-related article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (841x631, 118 KB) Summary The Court of Chancery as drawn by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (841x631, 118 KB) Summary The Court of Chancery as drawn by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ...
One of the courts of equity in England and Wales. ...
The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ...
This does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article or section should include material from Tenancy agreement A lease is a contract conveying from one person (the lessor) to another person (the lessee) the right to use and control some article of property for a specified period of time (the term), without conveying ownership, in exchange for...
Romford Market is a large open market with 270 stalls located in Romford in the London Borough of Havering, East London. ...
, Romford is a large suburban town in Greater London, England and the principal settlement of the London Borough of Havering. ...
A conflict of interest is a situation in which someone in a position of trust, such as a lawyer, a politician, or an executive or director of a corporation, has competing professional or personal interests. ...
The title of Earl of Lovelace was created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1838. ...
"I very well see, if a trustee, on the refusal to renew, might have a lease to himself few trust-estates would be renewed… This may seem very hard, that the trustee is the only person of all mankind who might not have the lease; but it is very proper that the rule should be strictly pursued and not at all relaxed."[42] Of course, Lord King LC was worried that trustees might exploit opportunities to use trust property for themselves instead of looking after it. Business speculators using trusts had just recently caused a stock market crash. Strict duties for trustees made their way into company law and were applied to directors and chief executive officers. Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it.[43] This is especially the case for pension funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until retirement. But trusts can also be set up for charitable purposes, famous examples being the British Museum or the Rockefeller Foundation. Hogarthian image of the South Sea Bubble by Edward Matthew Ward, Tate Gallery More well known than The South Sea Company is perhaps the South Sea Bubble (1711 - September 1720) which is the name given to the economic bubble that occurred through overheated speculation in the company shares during 1720. ...
Chief Executive redirects here. ...
This article does not cite any references or |
