In Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers. Trying... France and some other French (Français) Spoken in: The French Republic or France ( French (Fran ais) Spoken in: France and 53 other countries Region: Europe Total speakers: 128 million Ranking: 11 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western   ... French-speaking countries, laïcité ( This article is about the alphabet officially used in linguistics. The NATO phonetic alphabet (alpha bravo) had informally been called the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a phonetic alphabet used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes... pronounced /la.i.si.te/) is a prevailing conception of the The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions. The concept has long been a topic of political debate. There are a variety of views regarding the degree of separation that should... separation of church and state and the absence of religious interference into government affairs (and vice versa). The concept is related to This article concerns secularism, the exclusion of religion and supernatural beliefs. For other forms of being secular, and perspective on the terminology underlying the word secularism, see secularity. Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that ones own life can be best lived, and the universe best understood, with little... secularism, but does not imply hostility towards religious beliefs.

The term "laïcité", in its current sense, implies Freedom of religion is the individuals right or freedom to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wishes, or none at all. This freedom extends mere freedom of thought by adding the freedom of worship and the freedom of religious congregation, and became regarded in the 20th century as... free exercise of religion, but no special status for religion: religious activities should submit to about the same set of laws as other activities and are not considered above the law. The government refrains from taking positions on Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. Contents // 1 History of the term 2 Theology and religions other than Christianity 3 Theology and... religious doctrine and only considers religious subjects from their practical consequences on the inhabitants' lives.

The French government is legally prohibited from recognizing any religion (except for legacy statutes like those of military A chaplain is a priest or military unit, a private chapel, a ship, a prison, a hospital, a parliament and so on. Many historical royal courts and noble houses also had their own private chaplains. Favorite theories are that the term derives from the relic cloak (capa or capella) of... chaplains and The Alsace-Moselle is the current legal name of the France that was part of Germany from 1871 to 1919 (and then from 1940 to 1944_1945), consisting of the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (both of which make up Alsace), and the département of Moselle (itself... Alsace-Moselle). Instead, it merely recognizes religious organizations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine:

• whether the sole purpose of the organization is to organize religious activities;
• whether the organization does not disrupt public order.

Today, laïcité is accepted by all of France's mainstream religions. Exception includes far-right or Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. Since the mid-19th century, monarchist movements have rarely defended monarchy on the basis of abstract, universal principles applicable to all nations, or even on the grounds that a monarchy would be the best or most practical... monarchist A reactionary (sometimes: reactionist) is someone who seeks to restore conditions to those of a previous era. The political attitude of a reactionary is reaction, reactionism (sometimes: reactionaryism). Reaction is always presented against something that it opposes. Reactionary comes from the French word réactionnaire, coined in the early 19th... reactionaries who wish the return to a situation where This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholicism was a state religion with a political role, as well as with some Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. It holds Islam is not only a religion, but a political system that also governs the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. The goal of Islamism is to re-shape the state by implementing... Islamist leaders that do not recognize the superiority of civil law over religious law.

Laïcité does not imply, by itself, any hostility of the government with respect to religion. It is essentially a belief that government and political issues should be kept separate from religious organizations and religious issues (as long as the latter do not have notable social consequences). This is meant both to protect the government from religious organizations pushing their agenda on the public, and to protect the religious organization from political quarrels and controversies. Of course, once religious organizations or religiously-motivated individuals take a political or social position motivated by religious feelings, they expose themselves to criticism, as with any An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideologically motivated position.

This article discusses political groups and tendencies in Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and... French political leaders, though not prohibited from making religious remarks, generally refrain from demonstrating openly that their policies are directly inspired by religious considerations. Christine Boutin (born February 6, French politician. She was born in Levroux, Indre, France. As of 2004, she is a deputy to the French National Assembly for the Yvelines départment. She became famous in 1998 for opposing the PACS domestic parternship plan, arguing that the government should not encourage... Christine Boutin, who openly argued on religious grounds against Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, or sexual desire exclusively for another of the same sex. (For an analysis of the difficulties involved in the issue of identification, see homosexuality and transgender and also heterosexuality and bisexuality.) Gay can refer either to homosexuals in general... homosexual Domestic partner or domestic partnership identifies the personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage or civil union. Some legal jurisdictions recognize that individuals who live together after a long period of... domestic partnerships (see Civil union Recognised nationwide in: Canada1 Denmark France Germany Finland Iceland Netherlands New Zealand2 Norway Portugal Sweden United Kingdom Recognised in some regions in: Argentina (Buenos Aires) Australia (Tasmania) Switzerland (Zürich) United States: VT, NJ, CA, ME, DC, HI Other countries: Ireland Poland Notes: 1 - Explicitly referred to as... PACS; partnerships available regarless of the sex of the partners), was quickly marginalized. Religious disputation is generally considered incompatible with reasoned political debate — note the difference with the This article is on the country in North America. For other uses, see United States may refer to: The United States of America, a country in North America. The SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. The USS United States, a never-built aircraft carrier. The United Mexican... United States. Of course, political leaders may openly practice their religion (for instance, president Jacques Chirac This work is copyrighted. The individual who uploaded this work and first used it in an article, and subsequent persons who place it into articles assert that this qualifies as fair use of the material under United States copyright law. Official picture of French president © Documentation française... Jacques Chirac is a Catholic means universal or whole. Early Christians used the term to refer to the whole undivided Church. Accordingly, all Christians lay claim to the term, including Protestants, who often do not capitalize it. The Church fathers and the historic creeds used it to distinguish the mainstream body of orthodox Christian... Catholic), but they are expected to refrain from mixing their private religious life with their public functions.

When it comes to individuals, the Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers. Trying... French consider religion a private matter whose ostentatious display is generally out-of-place. The French Civil Service (fonction publique) is the set of civil servants (fonctionnaires) working for the French government. Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; however, the media often incorrectly equates government employee or employee of a public corporation with fonctionnaire. For instance... Civil servants are supposed to be Neutral means balanced between two or more opposites. The term has many uses in science and otherwise. In physics, a neutral particle or object has zero electric charge. An atom with a positive or negative charge is called an ion. In chemistry, a neutral solution is neither acidic nor basic... neutral with respect to politics and religion and to keep a certain reserve; ostentatious displays of religious affiliation may be banned. Recently, more and more countries are considering legislation towards more strictly neutral public services.

The term was originally the French equivalent of the term laity, i.e. everyone who is not Catholic means universal or whole. Early Christians used the term to refer to the whole undivided Church. Accordingly, all Christians lay claim to the term, including Protestants, who often do not capitalize it. The Church fathers and the historic creeds used it to distinguish the mainstream body of orthodox Christian... Catholic clergy. After the History of France Series - This is a timeline of French history. 1850s: 1850 - 1851 - 1852 - 1853 - 1854 - 1855 - 1856 - 1857 - 1858 - 1859 1860s: 1860 - 1861 - 1862 - 1863 - 1864 - 1865 - 1866 - 1867 - 1868 - 1869 1870s: 1870 - 1871 - 1872 - 1873 - 1874 - 1875 - 1876 - 1877 - 1878 - 1879 1880s: 1880 - 1881 - 1882 - 1883 - 1884... French Revolution this meaning changed and it came to mean keeping religion separate from the Executive can mean: Executive (government), a branch of government; A functionary in a commercial or non-commercial organisation. The term logically refers to any employee, but often becomes restricted in meaning to any manager, and sometimes especially to a chief executive officer (otherwise known by the acronym CEO) or to... executive, Articles related to Separation of powers Executive Legislature Judiciary The judiciary, also referred to as the judicature, consists of justices, judges and magistrates among other types of adjudicators. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, it is one of the three branches of government. The primary function of the... judicial, and Articles related to Separation of powers Executive Legislature Judiciary A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. Legislatures are known by many names, including: parliament, congress, diet and national assembly. In parliamentary systems of government, the legislature is formally supreme and appoints the executive. In... legislative branches of government. This includes prohibitions on having a state religion. This also includes prohibitions for the government to endorse any religious position, be it a religion or atheism.

Although the term was current throughout the nineteenth century, France did not fully separate church and state until Years: 1902 1903 1904 - 1905 - 1906 1907 1908 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1905 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1905. In the areas occupied by The Federal Republic of Germany ( German (Deutsch) Spoken in: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and 38 other countries. Region: Europe Total speakers: 120 million Ranking: 9 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Germanic   West Germanic    Old High German    Middle High German    Modern... Germany at that time, which did not return to France until Years: 1915 1916 1917 - 1918 - 1919 1920 1921 Decades: 1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1918 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1918, some German-style arrangements for the cooperation of church and state are still in effect today (see The Alsace-Moselle is the current legal name of the France that was part of Germany from 1871 to 1919 (and then from 1940 to 1944_1945), consisting of the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (both of which make up Alsace), and the département of Moselle (itself... Alsace-Moselle).

Today the term is a core concept in the The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958, and has been amended 17 times, most recently on March 28, 2003. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, and replaced that of the Fourth Republic dating from October 27, 1946. Charles de Gaulle was its... French constitution and many see being discreet with one's religion a necessity of being French. This has led to frequent divisions with non- This article is about the religious people known as Christians. For other uses, see This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it... Christian immigrants, especially with France's large This article forms part of the series This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Mecca · Medina · Jerusalem... Muslim population. The most recent debate has been over whether ostentatious religious displays, such as the Note: The word Hijab is often used in news reports and common use, by both Muslims and non-Muslims, to refer to a form of headscarf. This specific use is also discussed below, and this article discusses the more general concept of modesty in Islam. Hijab is the word used... hijab, Sikh A Sikh man wearing a turban This article is part of the Hats and Headgear series: Overview of headgear Hats; Bonnets; Caps Hoods; Helmets; Wigs Masks; Veils; Scarves Tiaras; Crowns List of hats and headgear The Turban (Arabic عمامة; ‘imamah, Persian dulband) is a headdress... turban and large The traditional form of the Christian cross, known as the Latin cross The Christian cross is a familiar religious symbol of most Christianity. Its significance lies in the belief that Jesus Christ was executed by the governor of Judea on a large wooden cross. The New Testament reports that the... Christian crosses and The Star of David The Star of David (Magen David or Mogen David in Hebrew, Shield of David, Solomons Seal, or Seal of Solomon) is a generally recognized symbol of Judaism and Jewish identity. It is also known as the Jewish Star. With the establishment of the State of... Stars of David, should be banned from public schools. Finally after a lot of political debate a law has been recently voted to ban them in schools, see The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools is an amendment to the French Code of Education banning students from wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public primary and secondary schools. The law expands principles founded in existing French law, especially the constitutional requirement of laïcit... French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools.

References

• Analysis of the law on conspicuous symbol by the Brookings Institution (http://www.brook.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/vaisse20040229.pdf)

See also

• Secular state
• A separate article titled civic religion is about a very extreme form of what is here called civil religion. The intended meaning of the term civil religion perhaps varies according to whether one is a sociologist of religion or a professional political commentator. Contents // 1 Sociology of religion 1.1... Civil religion
• This article concerns secularism, the exclusion of religion and supernatural beliefs. For other forms of being secular, and perspective on the terminology underlying the word secularism, see secularity. Secularism means: in philosophy, the belief that ones own life can be best lived, and the universe best understood, with little... Secularism
• The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions. The concept has long been a topic of political debate. There are a variety of views regarding the degree of separation that should... Separation of church and state
• Secular humanism became prominent in the 1970s and was coined to describe a branch of humanism strongly influenced by secularism that attempts to avoid the dogma encouraged by faith-based initiatives, such as traditional religion, through a conviction that dogmas and ideologies whether religious, political or social, must be analyzed... Secular Humanism