NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Labor and employment law

Labour law (American English: labor) or employment law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which addresses the legal rights of, and restrictions on, workers and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In some countries (such as Canada), employment laws related to unionised workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... A work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labor relations. ... // Child labor or labour is the employment of children under an age determined by law or custom. ... The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... Labor history (or labour history) is a broad field of study concerned with the development of the labor movement and the working class. ... Labor rights are laws created in order to always have fairness and keep peace between employees and employers. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... The following is a list of deliberate absence from work related to specific working conditions (strikes) or due to general unhappiness with the political order (general strikes). ... Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ... Social Movement Unionism is a trend of theory and practice in contemporary trade unionism. ... This is a list of trade unions and union federations by country. ... English language spread in the United States. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labor relations. ... Labor rights are laws created in order to always have fairness and keep peace between employees and employers. ...

The function and origins of labour law

Labor law arose due to the demands of workers for better conditions, the right to organize, and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers' organizations and to keep labour costs low. Employers costs can increase due to workers organizing to win higher wages, or by laws emposing costly requirements, such as health and safety or equal opportunities conditions. Workers' organisations, such as trade unions, can also transcend purely industrial disputes, and gain political power - which some may be opposed to. The state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of, and a component of, the conditions for, struggles between different interests in society. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

Workers' and trade union legal rights in the United States are relatively restricted, compared to most European countries. However, the compartmentalization between different laws systems mean that illegal aliens, for example, may work in the same sectors as full [[citizenship|citizens]. As a counter-example, if labor laws are more protective in France, due to social, historic and cultural differences, illegal aliens may not be legally contracted. Thus, they have a more difficult time finding jobs and often work in the underground economy. However, if they do manage to get residency or, better yet, be naturalized, than they will experience better labor conditions than they would if they immigrated to the United States. An illegal immigrant is a person who either enters a country illegally, or who enters legally but subsequently violates the terms of their visa, permanent resident permit or refugee permit. ... This box: The underground economy or shadow economy consists of all commerce that is not taxed. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ...

Important issues in labour law

There are two broad categories of labour law. That relating to employees' rights at work, and that governing the activity of trade unions and other workers' organizations. Matters relating to employees rights and obligations in relations to trade unions are best dealt with in the second category.

Trade unions and workers' organizations

Trade unions (or labour unions) are the form of workers' organisation most commonly defined and legislated on in labour law. However, they are not the only variety. In the United States, for example, workers' centres are associations not bound by all of the law relating to trade unions. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

Strikes

Strike action is the weapon of the workers most associated with industrial disputes, and certainly among the most powerful. In most countries, strikes are legal under a circumscribed set of conditions. Among them may be that: The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Strike action (or simply strike) describes collective action undertaken by groups of workers in the form of a refusal to perform work. ... A sympathy strike is a labour strike that is initiated by workers in one industry and supported by workers in a separate but related industry. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... In urban planning, the notion of public order refers a city containing relatively empty (and orderly) spaces; which allow for flexibility in redesiging the citys layout; such perceptions played an important role in the establishments of suburbs. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A hospital today is an institution for professional health care provided by physicians and nurses. ...

Pickets

Picketing is a tactic which is often used by workers during strikes. They may congregate outside the business which they are striking against, in order to make their presence felt, increase worker participation and dissuade (or prevent) strike breakers from entering the place of work. In many countries, this activity will be restricted both by labour law, by more general law restricting demonstrations, or sometimes by injunctions on particular pickets. For example, labour law may restrict secondary picketing (picketing a business not directly connected with the dispute, such as a supplier of materials), or flying pickets (mobile strikers who travel in order to join a picket). There may be laws against obstructing others from going about their lawful business (scabbing, for example, is lawful); making obstructive pickets illegal, and, in some countries, such as Britain, there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways (shouting abuse, for example). Employees of the BBC form a picket line during a strike in May 2005. ... A strikebreaker is a heroic figure with a free mind and free will, considered by many to be the culmination of human virtue. ... Employees of the BBC form a picket line during a strike in May 2005. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Boycotts

A boycott is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong. Look up Boycott in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Unofficial industrial action

Throughout history, workers have used tactics such as the go-slow, sabotage or just not turning up en-masse in order to gain more control over the workplace environment, or simply have to work less [http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html 1. Some labour law explicitly bans such activity, none explicitly allows it. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... Tiberius, under order of Augustus, quelled revolts in Germania (1 - 5) Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus are appointed as consuls. ...

Trade unions and their members

The law of some countries place requirements on unions to follow particular procedures before certain courses of action are adopted. For example, the requirement to ballot the membership before a strike, or in order to take a portion of members' dues for political projects. Laws may guarantee the right to join a union (banning employer discrimination), or remain silent in this respect. Some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members, including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote. Some restrict this, such as the 'right to work' legislation in some of the United States. ...

Rights at work

Child labour

Equal opportunities in recruitment, pay and treatment

This clause means that discrimination is morally unacceptable, in particular racial discrimination or sexist discrimination. The word discrimination comes from the Latin discriminare, which means to distinguish between. Discrimination is more than distinction, it is action based on prejudice resulting in unfair treatment of people. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex of the...

Minimum wages

There may be law stating the minimum amount that a worker can be paid per hour. Both France, Britain and the USA have a law of this kind, though the figure provided for in the USA is so low as to sometimes be insufficient for the means of a worker's subsistence. This explains the working poor phenomenon. In response to this, Living wage ordinances have been passed by many city authorities in the United States, which define a minimum wage for employees of those authorities, and sometimes for the employees of companies with which the authority contracts. These, therefore, constitute law, albeit not law whch restricts businesses in general. The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Working poor is a term used to describe individuals and families who maintain regular employment but remain in relative poverty due to low levels of pay and dependent expenses. ... Living wage refers to the minimum hourly wage necessary for a person to achieve a basic standard of living. ...

The minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market, and therefore acts as a price floor. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and while a majority of industrialized countries has a minimum wage, many developing countries have not. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price (supply) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand). ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... A Price floor is a government-imposed limit on how low a price can be charged for a product. ...

Minimum wage laws were first introduced nationally in the United States in 1938^[1], France in 1950^[2], and in the United Kingdom in 1999^[3]. In the European Union, 18 out of 25 member states currently have national minimum wages^[4].

Rights to consultation, fair treatment, and against unfair dismissal

Convention n°158 of the International Labour Organization states that an employee "can't be fired without any legitimate motive" and "before offering him the possibility to defend himself". Thus, on April 28, 2006, after the unofficial repeal of the French First Employment Contract (CPE), the Longjumeau (Essonne) conseil des prud'hommes (labor law court) judged the New Employment Contract (CNE) contrary to international law, and therefore "unlegitimate" and "without any juridical value". The court considered that the two-years period of "fire at will" (without any legal motive) was "unreasonnable", and contrary to convention n°158, ratified by France. ^[5] ^[6]. Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 is an International Labour Organization Convention. ... The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Demonstration against CPE, March 28, 2006, Paris Jussieu en lutte (Jussieu is fighting), Villepin va prÃ©cariser. ... Longjumeau is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. ... The French dÃ©partement of Essonne is part of the rÃ©gion of ÃŽle-de-France. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Contrat nouvelle embauche (abbreviated to CNE, New Employment Contract aka New Recruitment Contract or sometimes New-job contract in English) is a new French job contract, proposed by prime minister Dominique de Villepin (UMP) and that came into force by decree on August 4, 2005. ... International law (also called public international law to distinguish from private international law, i. ...

Hours of labour and holidays

Before the Industrial Revolution, the workday varied between 11 and 14 hours. With the growth of capitalism and the introduction of machinery, longer hours became far more common, with 14-15 hours being the norm, and 16 not at all uncommon. Use of child labour was commonplace, often in factories. In England and Scotland in 1788, about two-thirds of person working in the new water-powered textile factories were children ^[7]. The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately owned and in which prices of capital and commodities are determined in a largely free market which operates in the pursuit of profit, with investments being determined by private decision. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2005 est. ... Motto: (Eng: No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by...

The eight-hour movement's struggle finally led to the first law on the length of a working day, passed in 1833 in England, limiting miners to 12 hours, and children to 8 hours. The 10-hour day was established in 1848, and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter. The 1802 Factory Act was the first labour law in the UK. The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

After England, Germany was the first European country to pass labor laws; Chancellor Bismarck's main goal being to undermine the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1878, Bismarck instituted a variety of anti-socialist measures, but despite this, socialists continued gaining seats in the Reichstag. The Chancellor, then, adopted a different approach to tackling socialism. In order to appease the working class, he enacted a variety of paternalistic social reforms, which became the first type of social security. The year 1883 saw the passage of the Health Insurance Act, which entitled workers to health insurance; the worker paid two-thirds, and the employer one-third, of the premiums. Accident insurance was provided in 1884, whilst old age pensions and disability insurance were established in 1889. Other laws restricted the employment of women and children. These efforts, however, were not entirely successful; the working class largely remained unreconciled with Bismarck's conservative government. Bismarck redirects here. ... SPD redirects here. ... The Reichstag (German for Imperial Diet) was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...

In France, the first labor law was voted in 1841. However, it limited only under-age miners' hours, and it was not until the Third Republic that labor law was effectively enforced, in particular after Waldeck-Rousseau 1884 law legalizing trade unions. With the Matignon Accords, the Popular Front (1936-38) enacted the laws mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacations for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime). 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (December 2, 1846 - August 20, 1904) was a French statesman. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Also known as the Magna Carta of French Labor, the Matignon Accords of 1936 were an agreement to help the French Labor movement. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... The word holiday has related but different meanings in English-speaking countries. ...

Health and safety

Other labor laws involve safety concerning workers. The earliest English factory law was drafted in 1802 and dealt with the safety and health of child textile workers. (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2005 est. ... A factory worker in 1940s Fort Worth, Texas. ... --69. ... // Child labor or labour is the employment of children under an age determined by law or custom. ... Sunday textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan. ...

By location

International labour law and the International Labour Organisation

See the article International Labour Law or the whole Globalization and Workers' Rights section at the Actrav Distance Learning Project of the International Labour Organization [2]. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. ...

Australian labour law

The constitutional foundation for the facilitation of federal Australian labour law, through the action of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission is section 51, article 35 of the Australian Constitution. ...

British labour law

British labour law is more commonly known as United Kingdom employment law or employment rights legislation. British labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Britain. ...

The Factory Acts (first one in 1802, then 1833) and the 1832 Master and Servant Act were the first laws regulating labour relations in the United Kingdom. Their titles give a very effective summary of how the employment relationship was viewed up until the late 1950s. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Master and Servants Act was the culmination of a series of laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries, although heavily biased on the employers terms. ...

The vast majority of employment law before 1960 was based upon the Law of Contract. Since then there has been a significant expansion primarily due to the "equality movement" and the European Union. There are three sources of Law: Acts of Parliament called Statutes, Statutory Regulations (made by a Secretary of State under and Act of Parliament) and Case Law (developed by various Courts). 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...

The first significant modern day Employment Law Act was the Equal Pay Act of 1970 although as it was a somewhat radical concept it did not come into effect until 1972. This act was introduced as part of a concerted effort to bring about equality for women in the workplace. Despite the fact that it has now been in place for more than thirty years, women in the UK still earn an average wage that is considerably below the equivalent wage for men.

Since the election of the Labour Government in 1997, there have been many changes in UK employment law. These include enhanced maternity and paternity rights, the introduction of a National Minimum Wage and the Working Time Directive which covers working time, rest breaks and the right to paid annual leave. Discrimination law has also been tightened, with protection from discrimination now available on the grounds of age, religion or belief and sexual orientation as well as gender, race and disability.

Advice on employment law in the UK is available from a variety of sources, including the ACAS helpline (0845 7474747) or, for workers in Scotland, the Scottish Low Pay Unit Employment Rights Advice Line (0845 6023802). [edit] Scottish Low Pay Unit The Scottish Low Pay Unit (SLPU) is an independent not-for-profit organisation dedicated to campaigning for fairness at work. ...

There are also a number of useful sources of information on the internet, such as the Department of Trade and Industry website: [3] and the Scottish Low Pay Unit's online employment rights pack: [4] [edit] Scottish Low Pay Unit The Scottish Low Pay Unit (SLPU) is an independent not-for-profit organisation dedicated to campaigning for fairness at work. ...

This is a list of the key Employment Law Anti-Discrimination legislation many of which have been updated over the years both by further Legislation or Case Law.

Anti-Discrimination Legislation

The Equal Pay Act of 1970 was established by the British Parliament to prevent discrimination as regards to terms and conditions of employment between men and women. ... The Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 was established by the British Parliament to protect men, women and transgendered people from discrimination on the grounds of gender. ... // Background The Disability Discrimination Act is a UK parliamentary act of 1995, which makes it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport. ... The UKs Public Interest Disclosure Act provides a framework of legal protection for individuals who disclose information so as to expose malpractice and matters of similar concern. ... The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/2408) is a piece of secondary legislation in the United Kingdom, which prohibits employers unreasonbly discriminating against employees on grounds of age. ...

Dismissal

Under United Kingdom law, specifically section 95(1) if the Employment Rights Act 1996, three events can constitute "Dismissal". These events are where:-

Dismissal can be "fair" or "unfair". An employee who has been unfairly dismissed has a right to statutory compensation and further compensation for financial loss sustained in consequence of the dismissal. Such questions are dealt with by employment tribunals. Employment Tribunals are inferior courts in Great Britain which have statutory jurisdiction to hear many kinds of disputes between employers and employees. ...

For a dismissal to be "fair", an employer must give at least one potentially fair reason for the dismissal. Reasons recognised as being fair are stated in s.98(2) Employment Rights Act 1996:

The employer must also follow the Statutory Dismissal Procedure (albeit with exceptions) which follows the standard three stage process i.e.:

Failure to follow this process will result in an "automatically unfair dismissal". An Employment Tribunal will be required to make an award to the employee and increase this by a minimum of ten to fifty percent - irrespective of the "moral" arguments of their case.

Canadian labour law

In Canadian law, 'labour law' refers to matters connected with unionised workplaces, while 'employment law' deals with non-unionised employees. Canadian labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Canada. ...

European labour law

The European Working Time Directive limited the maximum length of a working week to 48 hours in 7 days, and a minimum rest period of 11 hours in each 24 hours. Like all EU Directives, this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation. Although the directive applies to all member states, in the UK it is possible to "opt out" of the 48 hour working week in order to work longer hours. In contrast, France has passed more strict legislation, limiting the maximum working week to 35 hours (but optional hours are still possible). The controversial Directive on services in the internal market (aka "Bolkestein Directive") was then passed in 2006. The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives from all EU Member States The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 25 independent, democratic member states. ... The European Working Time Directive is a collection of regulations concerning hours of work, designed to protect the health and safety of workers. ... A directive is a collective legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. ... The 35-hour workweek is a measure adopted first in France, in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospins administration. ... The Directive on services in the internal market (commonly referred to as the Bolkestein Directive) is an initiative of the European Commission aimed at creating a single market for services within the European Union. ... Frits Bolkestein Frederik Bolkestein (born 1933; usually known as Frits Bolkestein) is a Dutch politician and former EU Commissioner. ...

French labour law

In France, the first labor laws were the Waldeck Rousseau's 1884 laws. Then, the Popular Front (1936-38) enacted the law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacations for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime) — see Matignon Accords (1936). The Grenelle accords (Accords de Grenelle) negotiated on May 25 and 26 in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduced to 44 hours the workweek, created trade union sections in each enterprise (fr:section syndicale d'entreprise, December 27, 1968 law), and increased by 25% the minimum wages (fr:SMIG). Lionel Jospin's government then enacted the 35-hour workweek (instead of 39 hours) in 2000. Five years later, conservative prime minister Dominique de Villepin enacted the New Employment Contract (CNE) law. Addressing the demands of employers asking for more flexibility in the French labour law, the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was favorizing contingent work (or precarity). In 2006, he then had the First Employment Contract (CPE) voted (in emergency procedures), but that was met by students and unions' protests. President Jacques Chirac finally had no choice apart of repealing it, which he unofficially did while simultaneously proclaiming it. Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (December 2, 1846 - August 20, 1904) was a French statesman. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... This article is on vacation as time off. ... Also known as the Magna Carta of French Labor, the Matignon Accords of 1936 were an agreement to help the French Labor movement. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... A May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up, with the stereotypical silhouette of the General de Gaulle. ... The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Lionel Robert Jospin (born July 12, 1937 in Meudon, a suburb of Paris) is a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997-2002. ... The 35-hour workweek is a measure adopted first in France, in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospins administration. ... Dominique Marie FranÃ§ois RenÃ© Galouzeau de Villepin (born 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco) simply known as Dominique de Villepin ( â€” , is a French diplomat and politician. ... Contrat nouvelle embauche (abbreviated to CNE, New Employment Contract aka New Recruitment Contract or sometimes New-job contract in English) is a new French job contract, proposed by prime minister Dominique de Villepin (UMP) and that came into force by decree on August 4, 2005. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Precarity is a very recent term used to refer to either intermittent work or, more generally, a confluence of intermittent work and precarious existence. ... Demonstration against CPE, March 28, 2006, Paris Jussieu en lutte (Jussieu is fighting), Villepin va prÃ©cariser. ... The 2006 labor protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure set to deregulate labor. ... Jacques RenÃ© Chirac (born November 29, 1932 in Paris) is a French politician and the current President of the French Republic. ...

Mexican labour law

Mexican labor law governs the process by which workers in Mexico may organize labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike. ...

United States labour law

In the United States, employers generally accepted the 8-hour day as of 1912. The Wages and Hours Act of 1938 set the maximum standard work week to 44 hours, and in 1950 this was reduced to 40 hours. The green card entitle legal immigrants to work permits, although illegal alien may often work in the States because of compartmentalization of various bureaucratic entities. United States labor law is a heterogeneous collection of state and federal laws. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 is federal legislation of the United States. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Green Card is an identification card for a permanent resident of the United States of America who does not have US citizenship. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... A work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into illegal immigration. ...

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal and state governments to discriminate. The private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution. The Fifth Amendment has an explicit requirement that the Federal Government not deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property," without due process of the law and an implicit guarantee that each person receive equal protection of the laws. The Fourteenth Amendment explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual's rights of due process and equal protection. Equal protection limits the State and Federal governments' power to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group, like a race, religion or sex. Due process protection requires that employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a "liberty," like the right to free speech, or a property interest. The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... The word federal in a general sense refers to the nature of an agreement between or among two or more states, nations, or other groups to merge into a union in which control of common affairs is held by a central authority created by and with the consent of the... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern the people in one or more societies, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ... To discriminate is to make a distinction. ... In United States law, adopted from English law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... The Equal Protection Clause is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, providing that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall. ... The Equal Protection Clause is a part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, providing that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall. ... To discriminate is to make a distinction. ... In United States law, adopted from English law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ...

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits employment discrimination based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older. This Act was created to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment because in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers; their numbers are great and growing; and their employment problems grave; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act is the principal federal statute with regard to [employment discrimination] prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, [labor organizations], training programs and employment agencies based on race or color, religion, sex, and national origin. Retaliation is also prohibited by Title VII against any person for opposing any practice forbidden by statute, or for making a charge, testifying, assisting, or participating in a proceeding under the statute. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available to Title VII cases and granted Title VII plaintiffs the right to jury trial. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. ...

References

^ "History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 1996", Department of Labor, March 31, 2006.
^ "MINIMUM WAGE (GUARANTEED)", European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, March 31, 2006.
^ "National Minimum Wage", dti, March 31, 2006.
^ Eurostat (2005): Minimum Wages 2005: Major Differences between EU Member States (PDF)
^ (French) "Un contrat en CNE jugé contraire au droit international", Reuters, April 28, 2006. Retrieved on May 5, 2006.
^ (French) "Bernard Thibault au plus haut", L'Express, April 28, 2006. Retrieved on May 5, 2006.
^ [1]

The Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) is the statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union and promoting harmonisation of statistical methods across the member states. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ... LExpress is Frances first weekly news magazine. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Scale_of_justice. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... A contract is any promise or set of promises made by one party to another for the breach of which the law provides a remedy. ... In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. ... The Law of Obligations is one of the component elements of the civil law system of law and encompasses contractual obligations, quasi-contractual obligations such as unjust enrichment and extra-contractual obligations. ... Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system. ... The term trust has several meanings: In sociology, trust is willing acceptance of one persons power to affect another. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of statutory and common law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses. ... International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. ... Conflict of laws, or private international law, or international private law is that branch of international law and interstate law that regulates all lawsuits involving a foreign law element, where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied as the lex causae. ... The European Union is unique among international organisations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... Commercial law or business law is the body of law which governs business and commerce and is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law. ... Corporations law or corporate law is the law concerning the creation and regulation of corporations. ... In law, intellectual property (IP) is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain types of information, ideas, or other intangibles in their expressed form. ... The following analysis is based on English law. ... Restitution is the name given to a form of legal relief in which the plaintiff recovers something from the defendant that belongs, or should belong, to the plaintiff. ... Tax law is the codified system of laws that describes government levies on economic transactions, commonly called taxes. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with antitrust. ... Consumer protection is government regulation to protect the interests of consumers, for example by requiring businesses to disclose detailed information about products, particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. ... Environmental law is a body of law, which is a system of complex and interlocking statutes, common law, treaties, conventions, regulations and policies which seeks to protect the natural environment which may be affected, impacted or endangered by human activities. ... Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by government to its citizens, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Human rights law is a system of laws, both domestic and international which is intended to promote human rights. ... Nationality law is the branch of a countrys legal system wherein legislation, custom and court precendent combine to define the ways in which that countrys nationality and citizenship are transmitted, acquired or lost. ... Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ... Family Law was a television drama starring Kathleen Quinlan as a divorced lawyer who attempted to start her own law firm after her lawyer husband took all their old clients. ... The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e. ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ... Civil law is the predominant system of law in the world, with its origins in Roman law, and sets out a comprehensive system of rules, usually codified, that are applied and interpreted by judges. ... In the religious sense, law can be thought of as the ordering principle of reality; knowledge as revealed by God defining and governing all human affairs. ... In law, custom, or customary law consists of established patterns of behaviour that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting. ... Socialist law is the official name of the legal system used in Communist states. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about law in society. ... ... In Egyptian mythology, Maàt was the goddess of truth, justice and order as well as a word referring to those concepts she represents. ... The material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive. ... Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. ... The Arthashastra (more precisely ArthaÅ›Ästra) is a treatise on statecraft and economic policy which identifies its author by the names Kauá¹ilya[1] and Viá¹£á¹‡ugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with the Mauryan minister CÄá¹‡akya. ... Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ... Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. ... Legal positivism is a school of thought in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. ... Natural law (Latin jus naturale) is law that exists independently of the positive law of a given political order, society or nation-state. ... Legal formalism is a Positivist view in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. ... The study of feminist legal theory is a school thought based on the common view that laws treatment of women in relation to men has not been equal nor fair. ... Critical legal studies refers to a movement in legal thought that applied methods similar to those of critical theory (the Frankfurt School) to law. ... Law and economics, or Economic analysis of law, is the term usually applied to an approach to legal theory that incorporates methods and ideas borrowed from the discipline of economics. ... New institutional economics is a school of heterodox economics, which builds on old institutional economics arguments about the embeddedness of economic activity in social and legal institutions, using Ronald Coases fundamental insight about the critical role that transaction costs play in determining economic structures and performance. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules is socially organized. ... Civil society or civil institutions refers to the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations or institutions which form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force backed structures of a state (regardless of that states political system). ... A lawyer is a person licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and in other forms of dispute resolution. ...

Contents

The function and origins of labour law

Important issues in labour law

Trade unions and workers' organizations

Strikes

Pickets

Boycotts

Unofficial industrial action

Trade unions and their members

Rights at work

Child labour

Equal opportunities in recruitment, pay and treatment

Minimum wages

Rights to consultation, fair treatment, and against unfair dismissal

Hours of labour and holidays

Health and safety

By location

International labour law and the International Labour Organisation

Australian labour law

British labour law

Anti-Discrimination Legislation

Dismissal

Canadian labour law

European labour law

French labour law

Mexican labour law

United States labour law

References

See also

External links

Contents

The function and origins of labour law GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Important issues in labour law

Trade unions and workers' organizations

Strikes

Pickets

Boycotts

Unofficial industrial action

Trade unions and their members

Rights at work

Child labour

Equal opportunities in recruitment, pay and treatment

Minimum wages

Rights to consultation, fair treatment, and against unfair dismissal

Hours of labour and holidays

Health and safety

By location

International labour law and the International Labour Organisation

Australian labour law

British labour law

Anti-Discrimination Legislation

Dismissal

Canadian labour law

European labour law

French labour law

Mexican labour law

United States labour law

References

See also

External links

The function and origins of labour law