It has been suggested that Work permit be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Labour law (American English: labor) or employment law is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which addresses the legal rights of, and restrictions on, workers and their organisations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In some countries (such as Canada), employment laws related to unionised workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. The labour movement, heavily influenced by socialism, has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... A work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ... Eight-hour day banner, Melbourne, 1856 The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. ... Labor rights are laws created in order to always have fairness and keep peace between employees and employers. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. ... Labor History Timeline 1790s - 1800s - 1810s - 1820s - 1830s - 1840s - 1850s - 1860s - 1870s - 1880s - 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1790s 1797 United States Profit sharing originated at Albert Gallatins glass works in New Geneva, Pennsylvania. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... The following is a list of deliberate absence from work related to specific working conditions (strikes) or due to general unhappiness with the political order (general strikes). ... Syndicalism refers to a set of ideas, movements and tendencies which share the avowed aim of transforming capitalist society through action by the working class on the industrial front. ... Social Movement Unionism is a trend of theory and practice in contemporary trade unionism. ... This is a list of trade unions and union federations by country. ... American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ... See also Portal:Law The stela of King Hammurabi depicts the god Shamash revealing a code of laws to the king. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Labor rights are laws created in order to always have fairness and keep peace between employees and employers. ...

The function and origins of labour law

Labour law arose due to the demands of workers for better conditions and the right to organise, and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers' organisations and keep labour costs low. Employers costs can increase due to workers organising to win better wages, or by laws emposing costly requirements, such as health and safety or equal opportunities conditions. Workers' organisations, such as trade unions, can also transcend purely industrial disputes, and gain political power - certain interests in society may be opposed to this. The state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of, and a component of the conditions for, struggles between different interests in society.

For example, workers' and trade union legal rights in the United States are relatively restricted, compared to most European countries. However, the compartmentalization between different laws systems mean that illegal aliens, for example, may work in the same sectors as full citizens (although they most often work in difficult and tiring jobs which natives don't want). As a counter-example, if labor laws are more protective in France, due to social, historic and cultural differences, illegal aliens may not be legally contracted. Thus, they have a more difficult time finding jobs and often work in the underground economy. However, if they do manage to get residency or, better yet, be naturalized, than they will get better labor conditions than US immigrants. An illegal immigrant is a person who either enters a country illegally, or who enters legally but subsequently violates the terms of their visa, permanent resident permit or refugee permit. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... The underground economy consists of all trade that occurs without detection by government so that commerce and income are not taxed. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ...

Important issues in labour law

There are two broad categories of labour law. That relating to employees' rights at work, and that governing the activity of trade unions and other workers' organizations. Matters relating to employees rights and obligations in relations to trade unions are best dealt with in the second category.

Trade unions and workers' Organizations

Trade unions (or 'labour unions') are the form of workers' organisation most commonly defined and legislated on in labour law. However, they are not the only variety. In the USA, for example, 'workers' centres' are associations not bound by all of the law relating to trade unions. A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

Strikes

Strike action is the weapon of the workers most associated with industrial disputes, and certainly among the most powerful. In most countries, strikes are legal under a circumscribed set of conditions. Among them may be that: The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

• The strike is decided on by a prescribed democratic process. (Wildcat strikes are illegal).
• Sympathy strikes, against a company by which workers are not directly employed, may be prohibited.
• General strikes may be forbidden by a public order.
• Certain categories of person may be forbidden to strike (airport personnel, health personnel, police or firemen, etc.)
• Strikes may be pursued by people continuing to work, as in Japanese strike actions which increase productivity to disrupt schedules, or in hospitals.

Strike action (or simply strike) describes collective action undertaken by groups of workers in the form of a refusal to perform work. ... A sympathy strike is a labour strike that is initiated by workers in one industry and supported by workers in a separate but related industry. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... In urban planning, the notion of public order refers a city containing relatively empty (and orderly) spaces; which allow for flexibility in redesiging the citys layout; such perceptions played an important role in the establishments of suburbs. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A hospital today is an institution for professional health care provided by physicians and nurses. ...

Pickets

Picketing is a tactic which is often used by workers during strikes. They may congregate outside the business which they are striking against, in order to make their presence felt, increase worker participation and dissuade (or prevent) strike breakers from entering the place of work. In many countries, this activity will be restricted both by labour law, by more general law restricting demonstrations, or sometimes by injunctions on particular pickets. For example, labour law may restrict secondary picketing (picketing a business not directly connected with the dispute, such as a supplier of materials), or flying pickets (mobile strikers who travel in order to join a picket). There may be laws against obstructing others from going about their lawful business (scabbing, for example, is lawful); making obstructive pickets illegal. And in some countries, such as Britain, there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways (shouting abuse, for example). Employees of the BBC form a picket line during a strike in May 2005. ... A strikebreaker is a heroic figure with a free mind and free will, considered by many to be the culmination of human virtue. ... Employees of the BBC form a picket line during a strike in May 2005. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Boycotts

A boycott is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong. A boycott is an action undertaken to abstain from using, buying, or dealing with someone or some organisation as an expression of protest or as a means of coercion. ...

Unofficial industrial action

Throughout history, workers have used tactics such as the go-slow, sabotage or just not turning up en-masse in order to gain more control over the workplace environment, or simply have to work less [http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html 1. Some labour law explicitly bans such activity, none explicitly allows it. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... This article is about the year. ...

Trade unions and their members

The law of some countries place requirements on unions to follow particular procedures before certain courses of action are adopted. For example, the requirement to ballot the membership before a strike, or in order to take a portion of members' dues for political projects. Laws may guarantee the right to join a union (banning employer discrimination), or remain silent in this respect. Some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members, including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote. Some restrict this, such as the 'right to work' legislation in some of the United States. ...

Rights at work

Child labour

Main article: Child labour

Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ...

Equal opportunities in recruitment, pay and treatment

This clause means that discrimination is morally unacceptable, in particular racial discrimination or sexist discrimination. This article is about discrimination in the social science sense. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all systemic differentiations based on the sex of the...

Minimum wages

Main article: Minimum wage

There may be law stating the minimum amount that a worker can be paid per hour. Both France, Britain and the USA have a law of this kind, though the figure provided for in the USA is so low as to sometimes be insufficient for the means of a worker's subsistence. This explains the working poor phenomenon. In response to this, Living wage ordinances have been passed by many city authorities in the United States, which define a minimum wage for employees of those authorities, and sometimes for the employees of companies with which the authority contracts. These, therefore, constitute law, albeit not law whch restricts businesses in general. The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Working poor is a term used to describe individuals and families who maintain regular employment but remain in relative poverty due to low levels of pay and dependent expenses. ... Living wage refers to the minimum hourly wage necessary for a person to achieve a basic standard of living. ...

The minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market, and therefore acts as a price floor. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and while a majority of industrialized countries has a minimum wage, many developing countries have not. The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price (supply) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand). ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... A Price floor is a government-imposed limit on how low a price can be charged for a product. ...

Minimum wage laws were first introduced nationally in the United States in 1938^[1], France in 1950^[2], and in the United Kingdom in 1999^[3]. In the European Union, 18 out of 25 member states currently have national minimum wages^[4].

Rights to consultation, fair treatment, and against unfair dismissal

Convention n°158 of the International Labour Organization states that an employee "can't be fired without any legitimate motive" and "before offering him the possibility to defend himself". Thus, on April 28, 2006, after the unofficial repeal of the French First Employment Contract (CPE), the Longjumeau (Essonne) conseil des prud'hommes (labor law court) judged the New Employment Contract (CNE) contrary to international law, and therefore "unlegitimate" and "without any juridical value". The court considered that the two-years period of "fire at will" (without any legal motive) was "unreasonnable", and contrary to convention n°158, ratified by France. ^{[5] [6]}. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations to deal with labour issues. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Demonstration against CPE, March 28, 2006, Paris The contrat première embauche (CPE), translated first employment contract, is a proposed law that would be created by an amendment to the eighth article of the Statute on the Equality of Opportunities law. ... Longjumeau is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. ... The French département of Essonne is part of the région of ÃŽle-de-France. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Contrat nouvelle embauche (abbreviated to CNE, New Employment Contract aka New Recruitment Contract or sometimes New-job contract in English) is a new French job contract, proposed by prime minister Dominique de Villepin (UMP) and that came into force by decree on August 4, 2005. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...

Hours of labour and holidays

Further information: Eight-hour day

Before the Industrial Revolution, the workday varied between 11 and 14 hours. With the growth of capitalism and the introduction of machinery, longer hours became far more common, with 14-15 hours being the norm, and 16 not at all uncommon. Use of child labour was commonplace, often in factories. In England and Scotland in 1788, about two-thirds of person working in the new water-powered textile factories were children ^[7]. Eight-hour day banner, Melbourne, 1856 The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... A Watt steam engine in Madrid. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I 843  Area    - Total 78...

The eight-hour movement's struggle finally led to the first law on the length of a working day, passed in 1833 in England, limiting miners to 12 hours, and children to 8 hours. The 10-hour day was established in 1848, and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter. The 1802 Factory Act was the first labour law in the UK. Eight-hour day banner, Melbourne, 1856 The Eight-hour day movement, also known as the Short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life and imposed long hours and poor working conditions. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

After England, Germany was the first European country to pass labor laws; Chancellor Bismarck's main goal being to undermine the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1878, Bismarck instituted a variety of anti-socialist measures, but despite this, socialists continued gaining seats in the Reichstag. The Chancellor, then, adopted a different approach to tackling socialism. In order to appease the working class, he enacted a variety of paternalistic social reforms, which became the first type of social security. The year 1883 saw the passage of the Health Insurance Act, which entitled workers to health insurance; the worker paid two-thirds, and the employer one-third, of the premiums. Accident insurance was provided in 1884, whilst old age pensions and disability insurance were established in 1889. Other laws restricted the employment of women and children. These efforts, however, were not entirely successful; the working class largely remained unreconciled with Bismarck's conservative government. Bismarck redirects here. ... SPD redirects here. ... The Reichstag (German for Imperial Diet) was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, and of Germany until 1945. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... For specific national programs, see Social Security (United States), National insurance (UK), Social Security (Sweden) Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ...

In France, the first labor law was voted in 1841. However, it limited only under-age miners' hours, and it was not until the Third Republic that labor law was effectively enforced, in particular after Waldeck-Rousseau 1884 law legalizing trade unions. With the Matignon Accords, the Popular Front (1936-38) enacted the laws mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacations for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime). 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... A map of France under the Third Republic, featuring colonies. ... Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (December 2, 1846 - August 20, 1904) was a French statesman. ... 1884 (MDCCCLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Also known as the Magna Carta of French Labor, the Matignon Accords of 1936 were an agreement to help the French Labor movement. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... The word holiday has related but different meanings in English-speaking countries. ...

Health and safety

Main article: Occupational safety and health

Other labor laws involve safety concerning workers. The earliest English factory law was drafted in 1802 and dealt with the safety and health of child textile workers. It has been suggested that Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act be merged into this article or section. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi   - Water (%) Population... A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is a large industrial building where workers manufacture goods or supervise machines processing one product into another. ... --69. ... Child labor or labour is the term for the employment of children. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

By location

International labour law and the International Labour Organisation

See the article International Labour Law or the whole Globalization and Workers' Rights section at the Actrav Distance Learning Project of the International Labour Organization.

Australian labour law

Main article: Australian labour law

The constitutional foundation for the facilitation of federal Australian labour law, through the action of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission is section 51, article 35 of the Australian Constitution. ...

British labour law

Main article: British labour law

British Labour Law is more commonly know as UK Employment Law. British labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Britain. ...

The Factory Acts (first one in 1802, then 1833) and the 1832 Master and Servant Act were the first laws regulating labour relations in the United Kingdom. Their titles give a very effectve summary of how the employment relationship was viewed up until the late 1950's. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Master and Servants Act was the culmination of a series of laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries, although heavily biased on the employers terms. ...

The vast majority of Employment Law pre 1960 was based upon the Law of Contract. Since then there has been a significant expansion primarily due to the "Equality movement" and the European Union. There are three sources of Law: Acts of Parliament called Statutes, Statutory Regulations (made by a Secretary of State under and Act of Parliament) and Case Law (developed by various Courts).

The first significant modern day Employment Law Act was the Equal Pay Act of 1970 although as it was a somewhat radical concept it did not come into efect until 1972.

This is a list of the key Employment Law Anti-Discrimination legislation many of which have been updated over the years both by further Legislation or Case Law.

Anti-Discrimination Legislation

• Equal Pay Act 1970
• Sex Discrimination Act 1975
• Race Relations Act 1976
• Disability Discrimination Act 1995
• Protection from Harassment Act 1997
• Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
• Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/1551
• Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2034
• Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 SI 2003/1660 (in effect from 2nd December 2003)
• Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 SI 2003/1661 (in effect from 1st December 2003)
• Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, SI 2006/1031

Dismissal

For the purposes of the law of unfair dismissal, a "dismissal" is one of:

• Termination of the employee's contract with or without notice
• Expiry of a fixed-term contract
• The conduct of the employer (e.g. by being unreasonable) allows the employee to leave without notice. Such a dismissal is known as a "Constructive".

An employer must give (at least one) potentially fair reason for the dismissal. Reasons recognised as being fair are stated in s.98(2) Employment Rights Act 1996:

• relates to the capability or qualifications of the employee for performing work of the kind which he was employed by the employer to do,
• relates to the conduct of the employee,
• is retirement of the employee, (effective 1^st October 2006
• is that the employee was redundant,
• Some other substantial reason of a kind such as to justify the dismissal of an employee holding the position which the employee held,
• is that the employee could not continue to work in the position which he held without contravention (either on his part or on that of his employer) of a duty or restriction imposed by or under an enactment.

The employer must also follow the Statutory Dismissal Procedure (albeit with exceptions) which follows the standard three stage process i.e.:

• Give a statement of grounds for action and invitation to meeting
• Hold the meeting, confirm the decision in writing, note the right of appeal
• If appealed, repeat step 2.

Failure to follow this process will result in an "automatically unfair dismissal". An Employment Tribunal will be required to make an award to the employee and increase this by a minimum of ten to fifty percent - irrespective of the "moral" arguments of their case.

Canadian labour law

Main article: Canadian labour and employment law

In Canadian law, 'labour law' refers to matters connected with unionised workplaces, while 'employment law' deals with non-unionised employees. Canadian labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Canada. ...

European labour law

The European Working Time Directive limited the maximum length of a working week to 48 hours in 7 days, and a minimum rest period of 11 hours in each 24 hours. Like all EU Directives, this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation. Although the directive applies to all member states, in the UK it is possible to "opt out" of the 48 hour working week in order to work longer hours. In contrast, France has passed more strict legislation, limiting the maximum working week to 35 hours (but optional hours are still possible). The controversial Directive on services in the internal market (aka "Bolkestein Directive") was then passed in 2006. The European Union (EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 member states. ... The European Working Time Directive is a collection of regulations concerning hours of work, designed to protect the health and safety of workers. ... The 35-hour workweek is a measure adopted first in France, in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospins administration. ... The Directive on services in the internal market (commonly referred to as the Bolkestein Directive) is an initiative of the European Commission aimed at creating a single market for services within the European Union. ... Frits Bolkestein Frederik Bolkestein (born 1933; usually known as Frits Bolkestein) is a Dutch politician and former EU Commissioner. ...

French labour law

In France, the first labor laws were the Waldeck Rousseau's 1884 laws. Then, the Popular Front (1936-38) enacted the law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacations for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime) — see Matignon Accords (1936). The Grenelle accords (Accords de Grenelle) negotiated on May 25 and 26 in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduced to 44 hours the workweek, created trade union sections in each enterprise (fr:section syndicale d'entreprise, December 27, 1968 law), and increased by 25% the minimum wages (fr:SMIG). Lionel Jospin's government then enacted the 35-hour workweek (instead of 39 hours) in 2000. Five years later, conservative prime minister Dominique de Villepin enacted the New Employment Contract (CNE) law. Addressing the demands of employers asking for more flexibility in the French labour law, the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was favorizing contingent work (or precarity). In 2006, he then had the First Employment Contract (CPE) voted (in emergency procedures), but that was met by students and unions' protests. President Jacques Chirac finally had no choice apart of repealing it, which he unofficially did while simultaneously proclaming it (he proclaimed it and then declared that it would'nt be applied - sic). Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (December 2, 1846 - August 20, 1904) was a French statesman. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... This article is on vacation as time off. ... Also known as the Magna Carta of French Labor, the Matignon Accords of 1936 were an agreement to help the French Labor movement. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (147th in leap years). ... May 1968 poster: Be young and shut up. ... The minimum wage is the minimum rate a worker can legally be paid (usually per hour) as opposed to wages that are determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market. ... Lionel Robert Jospin (born July 12, 1937 in Meudon, a suburb of Paris) is a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1997-2002. ... The 35-hour workweek is a measure adopted first in France, in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospins administration. ... Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco) simply known as Dominique de Villepin ( — , is a French diplomat and politician. ... Contrat nouvelle embauche (abbreviated to CNE, New Employment Contract aka New Recruitment Contract or sometimes New-job contract in English) is a new French job contract, proposed by prime minister Dominique de Villepin (UMP) and that came into force by decree on August 4, 2005. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Precarity is a very recent term used to refer to either intermittent work or, more generally, a confluence of intermittent work and precarious existence. ... Demonstration against CPE, March 28, 2006, Paris The contrat première embauche (CPE), translated first employment contract, is a proposed law that would be created by an amendment to the eighth article of the Statute on the Equality of Opportunities law. ... The 2006 labor protests in France occurred throughout France during February, March, and April 2006 as a result of opposition to a measure set to deregulate labor. ... Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932) is a French politician and the current President of the French Republic. ...

Mexican labour law

Main article: Mexican labor law

Mexican labor law governs the process by which workers in Mexico may organize labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike. ...

United States labour law

Main article: United States labor law

In the United States, employers generally accepted the 8-hour day as of 1912. The Wages and Hours Act of 1938 set the maximum standard work week to 44 hours, and in 1950 this was reduced to 40 hours. The green card entitle legal immigrants to work permits, although illegal alien may often work in the States because of compartmentalization of various bureaucratic entities. United States labor law is a heterogeneous collection of state and federal laws. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 is federal legislation of the United States. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Green Card is an identification card for a permanent resident of the United States of America who does not have US citizenship. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... A work permit is a generic term for a legal authorization which allows a person to take employment. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into illegal immigration. ...

References

1. ^ "History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 1996", Department of Labor, March 31, 2006.
2. ^ "MINIMUM WAGE (GUARANTEED)", European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, March 31, 2006.
3. ^ "National Minimum Wage", dti, March 31, 2006.
4. ^ Eurostat (2005): Minimum Wages 2005: Major Differences between EU Member States (PDF)
5. ^ (French) "Un contrat en CNE jugé contraire au droit international", Reuters, April 28, 2006. Retrieved on May 5, 2006.
6. ^ (French) "Bernard Thibault au plus haut", L'Express, April 28, 2006. Retrieved on May 5, 2006.
7. ^ [1]

The Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) is the statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union and promoting harmonisation of statistical methods across the member states. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY) is best known as a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... LExpress is Frances first weekly news magazine. ...

See also

• Contingent work
• Legal working age and child labour
• Master and Servant Act
• Social security
• Sweat shops
• Vicarious liability
• Weekends
• Right-to-work law

This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. ... Child labour or labor is the phenomenon of children in employment. ... The Master and Servants Act was the culmination of a series of laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries, although heavily biased on the employers terms. ... For specific national programs, see Social Security (United States), National insurance (UK), Social Security (Sweden) Social security primarily refers to a field of social welfare concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment, families with children and others. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vicarious liability is a form of strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency – respondeat superior – the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate and can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory... The weekend is a part of the week lasting one or two days in which most paid workers do not work. ... Right-to-work laws are statutes enforced in several U.S. States, allowed under provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, which discourages collective bargaining by prohibiting trade unions from making membership a condition of employment, either before or after hire. ...

External links

• Overview article on Austrian labor law
• Summary of Dutch labour law in English
• Other articles on Austrian labor law (mainly in German language)
• Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School
• Repression Against the IWW