 A laboratory tabletop centrifuge A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed. There are two main sizes for laboratory centrifuges. The larger ones are known simply as centrifuges; samples are contained in centrifuge tips or centrifuge tubes. The smaller centrifuges are known as microcentrifuges or microfuges, and microcentrifuge tubes or microfuge tubes are used with them. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1300 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 1300 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ...
Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. ...
Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density. A laboratory tabletop centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. ...
Sedimentation describes the motion of particles in solutions or suspensions in response to an external force such as gravity, centrifugal force or electric force. ...
A centripetal force is a force pulling an object toward the center of a circular path as the object goes around the circle. ...
Increasing the effective gravitational force will more rapidly and completely cause the precipitate ("pellet") to gather on the bottom of the tube. The remaining solution is properly called the "supernate" or "supernatant liquid". Since "supernatant" is an adjective, its usage alone is technically incorrect, although many examples can be found in scientific literature. “Gravity†redirects here. ...
Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ...
Supernatant is adjective for any liquid above non-soluble solids/precipitates and it means floating above (see http://www. ...
The supernatant liquid is then either quickly decanted from the tube without disturbing the precipitate, or withdrawn with a Pasteur pipette. The rate of centrifugation is specified by the acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) or g. The particles' settling velocity in centrifugation is a function of their size and shape, centrifugal acceleration, the volume fraction of solids present, the density difference between the particle and the liquid, and the viscosity. Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, carefully pouring a solution from a container, leaving the precipitate (sediments) in the bottom of the container. ...
A picture is needed here. ...
Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to that point basicly. ...
For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ...
The term g force or gee force refers to the symbol g, the force of acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface. ...
Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. ...
The use of a centrifuge is known as centrifugation. There are various types of centrifugation:
Differential centrifugation is a procedure in which the homogenate is subjected to repeated centrifugations each time increasing the centrifugal force. ...
Isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium centrifugation is a process used to isolate nucleic acids such as DNA. To begin the analysis a mixture of cesium chloride and DNA is placed in a centrifuge for several hours at high speed to generate a force of about 10^5 x g (earths...
Sucrose gradient centrifugation is a type of centrifugation often used to purify enveloped viruses (with densities 1. ...
Design Laboratory centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and separating solids from liquids in a suspension. The solids can be insoluble compounds, biomolecules, cell organelles, or whole cells. They vary widely in speed and capacity. They usually comprise a rotor containing two, four, six, or many more numbered wells within which centrifuge tips may be placed. Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. ...
When a suspension in a centrifuge tip is centrifuged, the solids settle at the bottom of the centrifuge tip; having a tapered wall helps to concentrate the solids, making it easier to decant the supernatant solution, leaving the solids.
The rotor is covered by a plastic cover. The cover is usually interlocked to prevent the motor from turning the rotor when it is open, and from allowing the cover to be opened before the rotor stops for several minutes. The cover protects the user from being injured by touching a rapidly spinning rotor. It also protects the user from fragments in case the rotor fails catastrophically.
To ensure that the rotor does not turn unbalancedly, it must be balanced by placing samples or blanks of equal mass opposite each other. Since most of the mass is derived from the solvent, it is usually sufficient to place blanks or other samples of equal volume. As a safety feature, some centrifuges may stop turning when wobbling is detected.
Centrifuge tips Centrifuge tips or centrifuge tubes are tapered tubes of various sizes made of glass or plastic. They may vary in capacity from tens of millilitres, to much smaller capacities used in microcentrifuges used extensively in molecular biology laboratories. The most commonly encountered tips are of about the size and shape of a normal test tube (~ 10 cm long). Microcentrifuges typically accommodate microcentrifuge tubes with capacities from 250 μl to 2.0 ml. These are exclusively made of plastic. Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
A test tube (Sometimes culture tube) is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, sometimes with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded U shaped bottom. ...
The microlitre is a minute liquid volume that is part of the metric system of measures and which has been accepted into the International System of Units. ...
The millilitre is the equivalent of a cubic centimetre. ...
Glass centrifuge tips can be used with most solvents, but tend to be more expensive. They can be cleaned like other laboratory glassware, and can be sterilized by autoclaving. Plastic centrifuge tips, especially microcentrifuge tubes tend to be less expensive. Water is preferred when plastic centrifuge tips are used. They are more difficult to clean thoroughly, and are usually inexpensive enough to be considered disposable.
Microcentrifuge tube  Four screw-top microcentrifuge tubes. Microcentrifuge tubes or microfuge tubes are small, cylindrical plastic containers with conical bottoms, typically with an integral snap cap. They are used in molecular biology and biochemistry to store and centrifuge small amounts of liquid. As they are inexpensive and considered disposable, they are used by many chemists as convenient sample vials in lieu of glass vials. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 773 KB) Photographer: Dasha Title: Coomassie Description: Solution of Coomassie, which turns blue if protein is present. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 773 KB) Photographer: Dasha Title: Coomassie Description: Solution of Coomassie, which turns blue if protein is present. ...
Coomassie blue is a dye that can be used in immunoelectrophoresis. ...
A right circular cylinder An elliptic cylinder In mathematics, a cylinder is a quadric surface, with the following equation in Cartesian coordinates: This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, circular cylinder (a = b). ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about the geometric object, for other uses see Cone. ...
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. ...
A laboratory tabletop centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. ...
A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ...
Made of polypropylene,[1] they can be used in very low temperature (-20 °C) or with organic solvents such as chloroform. They come in many different sizes, generally ranging from 250 μL to 2.0 mL. The most common size is 1.5 mL. Disinfection is possible (1 atm, 120 °C, 20 minutes), but due to their low cost and the difficulty in cleaning the plastic surface, they are usually discarded after each use. Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tacs box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code under its flap Micrograph of polypropylene Polypropylene or polypropene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including food packaging, ropes, textiles, plastic parts...
The microlitre is a minute liquid volume that is part of the metric system of measures and which has been accepted into the International System of Units. ...
The millilitre is the equivalent of a cubic centimetre. ...
Eppendorf tube has become a genericized trademark for microfuge tubes or microcentrifuge tubes. Eppendorf is a major manufacturer of this item, but by no means the only one. A genericized trademark, generic trade mark, generic descriptor, or proprietary eponym, is a trademark or brand name which has become the colloquial or generic description for a particular class of product or service. ...
Eppendorf [1] is a biotechnology company, originally based in Hamburg/ Germany. ...
 Three microcentrifuge tubes: 2ml, 1.5ml and 200ul (for PCR)). PCR tubes in a stand after a colony PCR The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique[1] for exponentially amplifying DNA, via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism (such as E. coli or yeast). ...
Safety The load in a laboratory centrifuge must be carefully balanced. Small differences in mass of the load can result in a large force imbalance when the rotor is at high speed. This force imbalance strains the spindle and may result in damage to centrifuge or personal injury.
Centrifuge rotors should never be touched while moving, because a spinning rotor can cause serious injury. Modern centrifuges generally have features that prevent accidental contact with a moving rotor.
Because of the kinetic energy stored in the rotor head during high speed rotation, those who have experienced the loss of a rotor inside of an ultracentrifuge compare the experience to having a bomb explode nearby. The kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. ...
The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb produced in the United States. ...
Theory Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the sample, rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute. The acceleration is often quoted in multiples of g, the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface. This distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations. Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity, and at any point on a velocity-time graph, it is given by the slope of the tangent to that point basicly. ...
Rotational speed (sometimes called speed of revolution) indicates for example how fast the motor is running. ...
For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ...
Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ...
The acceleration can be calculated as the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is an AAA (authentication, authorization and accounting) protocol for applications such as network access or IP mobility. ...
Angular velocity describes the speed of rotation and the orientation of the instantaneous axis about which the rotation occurs. ...
Relative centrifugal force is the measurement of the force applied to a sample within a centrifuge. This can be calculated from the speed (RPM) and the rotational radius (cm) using the following calculation.
- g = RCF = 0.00001118 × r × N2
where - g = Relative centrifuge force
- r = rotational radius (centimetre, cm)
- N = rotating speed (revolutions per minute, r/min)
A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
For other uses, see Revolutions per minute (disambiguation). ...
See also Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. ...
A cascade of gas centrifuges at a United States enrichment plant. ...
References - ^ Chemical Stability of Disposables (pdf). Applications Note 05. Eppendorf (Jun 2005).
Eppendorf [1] is a biotechnology company, originally based in Hamburg/ Germany. ...
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