Brown glass jars with some clear lab glassware in the background

Laboratory glassware refers to a variety of equipment, traditionally made of glass, used for scientific experiments and other work in science, especially in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of the equipment is now made of plastic for cost, ruggedness, and convenience reasons, but glass is still used for some applications because it is relatively inert, transparent, more heat-resistant than some plastic up to a point, and relatively easy to customize. Borosilicate glasses such as Duran and Pyrex are often used because they are less subject to thermal stress. For some applications quartz is used for its ability to withstand high temperatures or its transparency in certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some applications, especially some storage bottles, darkened brown glass is used to keep out much of the outside light so that the effect of light on the contents inside is minimized. Special-purpose materials are also used; for example, hydrofluoric acid is stored and used in polyethylene containers or wax-coated bottles because it attacks glass. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 476 KB) Work by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: Laboratory glassware ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 476 KB) Work by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: Laboratory glassware ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... From Latin ex- + -periri (akin to periculum attempt). ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Chemistry - the study of interactions of chemical substances with one another and energy based on the structure of atoms, molecules and other kinds of aggregrates Chemistry (from Egyptian kÄ“me (chem), meaning earth[1]) is the science concerned with the reactions, transformations and aggregations of matter, as well as accompanying... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In English, to be inert is to be in a state of doing little or nothing. ... Transparent glass ball In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass. ... It has been suggested that Kimax be merged into this article or section. ... Durán (also known officially as Eloy Alfaro) is a city located in Guayas, Ecuador, on the Guayas River, opposite Guayaquil. ... // For the programming language, see Pyrex (programming language). ... Stress tensor In physics, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. ... Quartz (from German Quarz[1]) is the second most common mineral in the Earths continental crust. ... Legend γ = Gamma rays HX = Hard X-rays SX = Soft X-Rays EUV = Extreme ultraviolet NUV = Near ultraviolet Visible light NIR = Near infrared MIR = Moderate infrared FIR = Far infrared Radio waves EHF = Extremely high frequency (Microwaves) SHF = Super high frequency (Microwaves) UHF = Ultra high frequency VHF = Very high frequency HF = High... Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. ... Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ...

Use of lab glassware

There are many different kinds of laboratory glassware items, the majority of which are covered in separate articles of their own; see the list further below. Such glassware is used for a wide variety of functions which include volumetric measuring, holding or storing chemicals or samples, mixing or preparing solutions or other mixtures, containing lab processes like chemical reactions, heating, cooling, distillation, separations including chromatography, synthesis, growing biological organisms, spectrophotometry, and containing a full or partial vacuum. This article covers aspects of laboratory glassware which may be common to several kinds of glassware and may briefly describe a few glassware items not covered in other articles. A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt (NaCl) in water This article is about chemical solutions. ... Vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Production of lab glassware

Most laboratory glassware is now mass-produced, but many large laboratories employ a glass blower to construct specialized pieces. This construction forms a specialized field of glassblowing requiring precise control of shape and dimension. In addition to repairing expensive or difficult to replace glassware, scientific glassblowing commonly involves fusing together various glass parts such as glass joints and tubing, stopcocks, transition pieces, and/or other glassware or parts of them to form items of glassware such as vacuum manifolds, special reaction flasks, etc. Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ... Sculpting hot blown glass. ... Tubing refers to a flexible hose or pipe used in plumbing, irrigation, and other industries. ... Vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances. ... Look up flask in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Glass parts for making lab glassware

Various types of joints and stopcocks are available separately and come fused with a length of glass tubing which a glassblower may use to fuse to another piece of glassware.

Ground glass joints

Main article: Ground glass joint

In a lab experiment or process such as a distillation or a reflux, ground glass joints make it possible to rapidly assemble the set-up from component glassware items in a leak-tight but non-permanent way. Using old technology, this was often done with rubber (or possibly cork) stoppers inserted between the component glassware items. Holes could be made in such stoppers to insert glass tubes or the ends of some glass items. However, rubber (and of course cork) are not as chemically inert or heat-resistant as glass and degrade with age. In order to connect the hollow inner spaces of the glassware components, these types of joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers. A reflux set-up with conically-tapered ground glass joints connecting the Graham condenser with the vacuum adapter (top) and two-necked flask. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ...

Two general types of ground glass joints are fairly commonly used: joints which are slightly conically-tapered and ball and socket joints (sometimes called spherical joints).

Conically-tapered joints

Conically-tapered ground glass joints consist of a male and female half which is manufactured to a standard 1:10 taper. Apart from stoppers, most conically-tapered joints are hollow to allow liquids or gases to flow through. An example of the use of conically-tapered joints is to join a round bottom flask, Liebig condenser, and oil bubbler together to allow a reaction mixture to be refluxed. Categories: Laboratory equipment | Chemistry stubs ... Liebig condenser The Liebig condenser or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket. ... A simple oil bubbler. ... Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ...

Conically-tapered ground glass joints. Inner (male) joint shown on the left and outer (female) joint shown on the right. Ground glass surfaces are shown with gray shading. By putting them together in the direction of the arrows, they can be joined, usually with some grease applied to the ground glass surfaces.

Ball and socket joints

Here, the inner joint is a ball and the outer joint is a socket, both having holes leading to the interior of their respective tube ends to which they are fused. Ball and socket joints are used where some degree of free-play is necessary, such as when joining a cold trap to a gas manifold for a Schlenk line. Image File history File links Conical_Ground_Glass_Joints. ... Vacuum systems For the vacuum device, see cryopump In vacuum applications a cold trap is a device that condenses a vapor into either a liquid or a solid. ... Vacuum gas manifold set up: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum (To cold traps) 4 reaction line, 5 Teflon tap to gas, 6 Teflon tap to vacuum Vacuum gas manifold set up: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum...

Ground glass ball (left) and socket (right) joints. The ground glass surfaces are shown with gray shading. By putting them together in the direction of the arrows, they can be joined, with some grease applied to the ground glass surfaces.

For either standard taper joints or ball and socket joints, inner and outer joints with the same numbers are made to fit together. When the joint sizes are different, ground glass adapters may be available (or made) to place in between to connect them. Special clips or pinch clamps, known as Keck clamps, may be placed around the union of the joints to help keep them together. Image File history File links Ball_and_socket_ground_glass_joints. ...

Lubrication

Grease is used to lubricate glass stopcocks and joints. Some laboratories fill them into syringes for easy application. Two typical examples: Left - Krytox, a fluoroether-based grease; Right - a silicone-based high vacuum grease by Dow Corning.

A rather thin layer of grease is usually applied to the ground glass surfaces to be connected and the inner joint is inserted into the outer joint such that the ground glass surfaces of each are next to each other to make the connection. The use of grease helps to provide a good seal and prevents the joint from seizing, allowing the parts to be disassembled easily. Fairly recently, PTFE (Teflon) sleeves and PTFE sealing rings have been used in between joints to fit them together instead of grease. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 172 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This page left intentionally (mostly) blank. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1600 × 1200 pixel, file size: 172 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This page left intentionally (mostly) blank. ... Grease is a lubricant of higher initial viscosity than oil, consisting originally of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap jelly emulsified with mineral oil. ... A syringe nowadays nearly always means a medical syringe, but it can mean any of these: A simple hand-powered piston pump consisting of a plunger that can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube (the barrel), which has a small hole on one end, so it can... Krytox is a trademark of a family of high performance synthetic lubricants (oils and greases) used in many things from spaceships to computer chips. ... Dow Corning is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, USA. Dow Corning specializes in silicon and silicone-based technology, offering more than 7,000 products and services. ... Grease is a lubricant of higher initial viscosity than oil, consisting originally of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap jelly emulsified with mineral oil. ... Teflon is the brand name of a polymer compound discovered by Roy J. Plunkett (1910-1994) of DuPont in 1938 and introduced as a commercial product in 1946. ... Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a polymer of fluorinated ethylene. ... Teflon is the brand name of a polymer compound discovered by Roy J. Plunkett (1910-1994) of DuPont in 1938 and introduced as a commercial product in 1946. ...

Hose connections

Laboratory glassware such as Buchner flasks and Liebig condensers may have tubular glass tips serving as hose connectors with several ridged hose barbs around the diameter near the tip. This is so that the tips can have the end of a rubber or plastic tube mounted over them to connect the glassware to another system such as a vacuum, water supply, or drain. A special clip may be placed over the end of the flexible tube surrounding the connector tip to prevent the hose from slipping off the connector. A Buchner flask (Sometimes called a vacuum flask, but this can be confused with thermoses) is a thick walled erlenmeyer flask with a glass tube and hose barb leading about an inch out of the neck of it. ... Liebig condenser The Liebig condenser or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket. ...

Stopcocks

Stopcocks are basically valves. They are often parts of laboratory glassware such as burettes, separatory funnels, and columns used for column chromatography. The stationary outer body of the stopcock is typically made of glass since it is fused with the rest of the glass item. The inner plug or rotor, which can be rotated inside the body to control flow through the stopcock, has one (or more) holes going through it which serve as a fluid pathway(s). This inner plug or rotor can be made of plastic or glass. When it is plastic, the stopcock body's inner glass surface contacting it is typically smooth glass. When it is made of glass, the contacting glass surfaces are typically both ground glass surfaces with stopcock grease used between them for lubrication. High vacuum glass manifolds typically use all glass stopcocks. Such stopcocks are often available separately with some lengths of glass tubing at the ports so that glass blowers can use them to make custom glass manifolds for vacuum lines. These water valves are regulated by handles. ... A burette (also buret) is a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glassware with a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision tap, or stopcock, on the bottom. ... Pictured is a sophisticated gas chromatography system. ... Lubrication occurs when opposing surfaces are completely separated by a lubricant film. ... Look up Vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

O-ring joints

There are also glass joints available sometimes which use an O-ring between them to form a leak-tight seal. Such joints are more symmetrical in theory with a tubular joint on each side having a widened tip with a concentric circular groove into which an elastomer O-ring can be inserted between the two joints. O-ring joints are sized based on the inner diameter in mm of the joint. Since they can come apart rather easily, a clip or pinch clamp is needed to hold them together. The elastomer of the O-ring is more limited in high temperature resistance than other types of glass joints using high temperature grease. Typical O-ring and application An O-ring is a loop of elastomer with a round (o-shaped) cross-section used as a mechanical seal. ... The term elastomer is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, and is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Glass O-ring joints with elastomer O-ring in between. By putting them together in the direction of the arrows with an appropriately-sized O-ring placed in between in circular grooves on each joint (not shown on the joint on the left side for simplicity), they can be joined.

Image File history File links Glass_O-ring_joints. ...

Threaded connections

Round slightly spiral threaded connections are possible on tubular ends of glass items. Such glass threading can face the inside or the outside. In use, glass threading is screwed into or onto non-glass threaded material such as plastic. Glass vials typically have outer threaded glass openings onto which caps can be screwed on. Bottles and jars in which chemicals are sold, transported, and stored usually have threaded openings facing the outside and matching non-glass caps or lids.

Glass-to-metal transition joints

Occasionally, it may be desired to fuse a glassware item to a metal item with a tubular pathway between them. This requires the use of a glass-to-metal transition joint. Most glass used in laboratory glassware does not have the same coefficient of thermal expansion as metal, so fusing the usual type of glass with metal is likely to result in cracking of the glass. These special transition joints have several short sections of special types of glass fused together between the metal and the usual type of glass, each having more gradual changes in thermal expansion coefficients. Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ...

Fritted glass

Fritted glass is finely porous glass through which gas or liquid may pass. It is made by sintering together glass particles into a solid but porous body. This porous glass body can be called a frit. Applications in laboratory glassware include use in fritted glass filter items, scrubbers, or spargers. Other laboratory applications of fritted glass include packing in chromatography columns and resin beds for special chemical synthesis. In chemistry and common usage, a filter is a device (usually a membrane or layer) that is designed to block certain objects or substances while letting others through. ...

In a fritted glass filter, a disc or pane of fritted glass is used to filter out solid particles, precipitate, or residue from a fluid, similar to a piece of filter paper. The fluid can go through the pores in the fritted glass, but the frit will often stop a solid from going through. A fritted filter is often part of a glassware item, so fritted glass funnels and fritted glass crucibles are available.

Gas-washing bottle

Laboratory scale spargers, scrubbers, and gas-washing bottles are similar glassware items which may use a fritted glass piece fused to the tip of a gas-inlet tube. This fritted glass tip is placed inside the vessel with liquid inside during use such that the fritted tip is submerged in the liquid. To maximize surface area contact of the gas to the liquid, a gas stream is slowly blown into the vessel through the fritted glass tip so that it breaks up the gas into many tiny bubbles. The purpose of sparging is to saturate the enclosed liquid with the gas, often to displace another gaseous component. The purpose of a scrubber or gas-washing bottle is to scrub the gas such that the liquid absorbs one (or more) of the gaseous components to remove it from the gas stream, effectively purifying the gas stream. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (495x809, 31 KB) Gas-washing Bottle photo taken on 2005-02-18 File links The following pages link to this file: Laboratory glassware ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (495x809, 31 KB) Gas-washing Bottle photo taken on 2005-02-18 File links The following pages link to this file: Laboratory glassware ... Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. ... Sparging in chemical sciences refers to the bubbling of a chemically inert gas through a liquid. ... The word scrubber can mean:- The part of a rebreather breathing set which absorbs the carbon dioxide which the individual using the breathing set breathes out. ...

Cleaning laboratory glassware

There are many different methods of cleaning laboratory glassware. Common methods utilize:

• Dilute solutions of commercial laboratory detergents
• base bath and acid bath

For all methods, as much contamination as possible should be removed with a solvent such as acetone or ethanol or by scrubbing with a brush or scouring pad. Laundry detergents are just one of many possible uses for detergents Detergent is a compound, or a mixture of compounds, intended to assist cleaning. ... Acids and bases: Acid-base reaction pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Acid-base extraction Acidity function Proton affinity Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Superacids Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases Superbases Lewis bases Organic bases edit In chemistry, a base is... Acidity redirects here. ... A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Grain alcohol redirects here. ...

Do note that the methods listed below vary from lab to lab.

Commercial soaps

Most grease and minor contamination (left after a solvent rinse) can be removed by soaking overnight in a bath containing diluted detergent. These detergents are usually alkaline, and contain sodium arylalkysulfonates and other ionic and non-ionic surfactants. After soaking, the glassware is scrubbed well with a nylon brush, rinsed well and allowed to dry. In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qalyالقلوي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkali earth metal element. ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured red are lower in energy than areas colored yellow An ion is an atom or group of atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, making them negatively or positively charged. ... Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. ...

Base Bath and Acid Bath

The glassware is soaked in a vat of ethanol saturated with sodium hydroxide overnight. It is rinsed in tap water, soaked in dilute hydrochloric acid for a few hours to remove remaining sodium hydroxide. Thereafter, it is rinsed several times with distilled water before drying in an oven. Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda or sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous (water-based) solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ...

This is a good general purpose method which removes most organic compounds (acidic, basic, and neutral). It is also good for removing hydrocarbon or silicone laboratory grease, but does not remove Krytox or similar fluorocarbon based greases. Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic (see below for more on the definition controversy... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... Silicones (more accurately called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes) are inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, where R = organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. ... Krytox is a trademark of a family of high performance synthetic lubricants (oils and greases) used in many things from spaceships to computer chips. ... Some important fluorocarbons. ...

Older methods

Older methods involving aqua regia (for removing metals from frits), hydrogen peroxide and chromic acid (for removing organics) are generally considered unsafe because of possible explosions and the corrosive/toxic materials involved. Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns orange within seconds. ... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... In chemistry, chromic acid is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, with the formula H2CrO4. ...

List of laboratory glassware

Reaction vessels and containers

• beakers
• flasks
  • Erlenmeyer flasks, also known as conical flasks
  • Buchner flasks - type of thick-walled Erlenmeyer flasks for vacuum
  • volumetric flasks - flasks which are inscribed at the neck to denote a known volume. These are high precision glassware. The volumes are calibrated typically at 20°C and are marked on the flask together with the error of the flask.
  • Round-bottom flasks - modern flasks with a spherical bottom and one or more necks, typically with ground glass joints, sometimes abbreviated RBF
  • Florence flasks - traditional flasks with a round body and one neck, typically longer and slightly wider than the ones on round-bottom flasks and without a ground glass joint
  • Dewar flasks for extremely cold liquefied/solidified gases

Tubes

• test tubes for running small scale experiments, typically tests
• boiling tubes - larger test tubes used for boiling of small quantities of reaction mixtures
• drying tubes, acid trap tubes, scrubbing trap tubes and containers

Storage containers hiA beaker is a simple container for liquids, very commonly used in laboratories. ... Erlenmeyer flasks from the Argonne National Laboratory glassblowing shop. ... Conical flask For the episode of The X-Files, see The Erlenmeyer Flask. ... A Buchner flask (Sometimes called a vacuum flask, but this can be confused with thermoses) is a thick walled erlenmeyer flask with a glass tube and hose barb leading about an inch out of the neck of it. ... A volumetric flask. ... Round-bottom flasks are types of flasks having spherical bottoms used as laboratory glassware, mostly for chemical or biochemical work. ... Florence flask A Florence flask (also known as a round bottom flask or a boiling flask) is a piece of laboratory glassware. ... A Dewar flask is a vessel designed to provide very good thermal insulation. ... A test tube (Sometimes culture tube) is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, sometimes with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded U shaped bottom. ... A large, thick-walled laboratory tube used for strongly heating substances with a Bunsen burner or other heat source. ... A picture is needed here. ...

• jars, glass bottles, and similar glass containers
  • Winchester (bottle)
• Petri dishes
• watch glasses
• crucibles - often made of porcelain or other materials with high temperature resistance
• vials (including special vials for scintillation counting)
• ampoules - sealed glass bulbs often containing air or moisture sensitive reagents, dispensed by scoring and breaking the neck
• glass desiccators
• bell jars

Measuring/addition apparatus Jar can mean: Containers: Antique fruit jar Canopic jar, used in ancient Egyptian burial Leyden jar, a simple capacitor Killing jar [municipality in Zaqatalskiy region of Azerbaijan] JAR (file format) is a file format used to package Java programming language applications Jar, Norway, a centre in the municipality of B... Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. ... Winchester bottles are a common type of glassware for laboratories. ... Man looking at fungus inside of petri dishes A Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical dish that biologists use to culture microbes. ... Caesium fluoride sample on a watch glass A watch glass is a circular, slightly concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, or as a cover for a beaker. ... Crucibles used in Czochralski method A crucible is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when heating them to very high temperatures. ... Pharmaceutical ampoule, a type of vial. ... The term Scintillation has several different meanings, including: Atmospheric induced Scintillation effects which influence astronomical observations. ... Pharmaceutical ampoules An ampoule is a small glass vial which is hermetically sealed by melting the thin top usually with a blowtorch flame after filling, and is most commonly used as a container for hypodermic injection solutions (eg. ... Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. ... A bell jar is a piece of laboratory glassware in the shape of a bell. ...

• graduated cylinders or measuring cylinders for measuring larger volumes of liquid without being very accurate
• traditional (glass) pipettes, and autopipettes for dispensing small volumes of liquid accurately
• droppers and Pasteur pipettes for transferring liquids
• burettes which dispense volumes of liquids accurately
• cuvettes - made of special glass, quartz or some other material usable for spectroscopy
• gas syringes and other syringes
• conical measures
• thermometers and hydrometers are often largely made of glass
• NMR tube - tube used in NMR experiments.

Purification/separation apparatus Graduated cylinder. ... A selection of pipettes A pipette (also called a pipet or a pipettor) is a laboratory instrument used to transport a measured volume of liquid. ... A picture is needed here. ... A burette (also buret) is a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glassware with a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision tap, or stopcock, on the bottom. ... A cuvette is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small square tube, sealed at one end, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. ... Extremely high resolution spectrogram of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines (fraunhofer lines) Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between radiation (electromagnetic radiation, or light, as well as particle radiation) and matter. ... A gas syringe showing its components separate and together A gas syringe also known as glass collecting bottle, is a piece of laboratory glassware used to draw a volume of a gas from a beaker or other closed system, or measure the volume of gas given off in a reaction. ... A syringe nowadays nearly always means a medical syringe, but it can mean any of these: A simple hand-powered piston pump consisting of a plunger that can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical tube (the barrel), which has a small hole on one end, so it can... A conical measure is a type of laboratory glassware which consists of a conical cup with a notch on the top to allow for the easy pouring of liquids. ... It has been suggested that List of temperature sensors be merged into this article or section. ... A hydrometer is an instrument used for determining the specific gravity of liquids. ... An NMR tube filled with a colorless sample, sealed with a green polyethylene cap and Parafilm Left to right: Flame, septum and polyethylene cap sealed NMR tubes Aqua regia has been added to these NMR tubes to remove all traces of organic material. ... NMR may refer to: Nuclear magnetic resonance, a phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei and external magnetic fields Nielsen Media Research, a U.S. company which measures TV, radio and newspaper audiences This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share...

• funnels including Buchner funnels, Thistle tubes, and fritted glass filters
  • separatory funnels
• Soxhlet extractors
• chromatography column and sometimes gas chromatography

Gas/vapour phase handling apparatus A typical kitchen funnel. ... Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. ... A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware consisting mostly of a shaft of tube, with a reservoir and funnel-like section at the top. ... Separating funnel. ... A schematic representation of a Soxhlet extractor A Soxhlet extractor is a type of laboratory glassware invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. ... Pictured is a sophisticated gas chromatography system. ... Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), or simply gas chromatography (GC) is a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or nitrogen, and the stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid on an inert solid support. ...

• condensers for heating reaction mixtures at reflux or condensing vapors from distillation
• distillation glassware including old-fashioned alembics and retorts
• gas bubblers - vessels which can hold some liquid through which a gas can bubble through, often used for isolating an enclosed gas space from the atmosphere but keeping atmospheric pressure by letting excess gas bubble through the liquid.
• gas-washing bottles, spargers, or scrubbers - for sparging (or scrubbing) gas
• glass columns for fractional distillation, including Vigreux columns
• Schlenk line or vacuum line glassware including manifold with stopcocks and cold traps

Adapters and other apparatus Look up condenser in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Diagram of typical reflux apparatus. ... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed... An alembic is an alchemical still consisting of two retorts connected by a tube. ... A beautiful retort. ... The term sparging may mean: A process used in brewing beer. ... Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. ... Vigreux may refer to: Vigreux column Vigreux condenser Category: ... Vacuum gas manifold set up: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum (To cold traps) 4 reaction line, 5 Teflon tap to gas, 6 Teflon tap to vacuum Vacuum gas manifold set up: 1 inert gas in, 2 inert gas out (to bubbler), 3 vacuum... Vacuum systems For the vacuum device, see cryopump In vacuum applications a cold trap is a device that condenses a vapor into either a liquid or a solid. ...

• glass joint adapters
• pycnometer
• glass rods used as stirrers, spatulas, or otherwise to manipulate the contents
• glass parts for lab glassware
  • stopcocks (essentially valves)
  • ground glass joints, including conically tapered and ball and socket
  • glass tubing in general and specifically capillary tubing
  • glass stoppers
  • glass-to-metal transition pieces
  • fritted glass pieces
  • Expansion adapter
  • Reduction adapter

The pycnometer or pyknometer is a device used for measuring fluid density, also known as a specific gravity bottle. ... These water valves are regulated by handles. ... Tubing refers to a flexible hose or pipe used in plumbing, irrigation, and other industries. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Laboratory glassware

• Using Glassware (.PDF)
• The Glassware Gallery: Glassware Joints
• Comparison of PTFE rings and sleeves to seal greaseless tapered glass joints (PDF)