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Encyclopedia > Lactation
Kittens nursing
Kittens nursing

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process occurs in all female mammals, and in humans it is commonly referred to as breastfeeding or nursing. In most species milk comes out of the mother's nipples; however, the platypus (a non-placental mammal) releases milk through ducts in its abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat, is milk production a normal male function. In some other mammals, the male may produce milk as the result of a hormone imbalance, (for instance witch's milk). This phenomenon may also be observed in newborn infants as well. Download high resolution version (1738x1182, 1120 KB)A one year old pure white cat nursing four kittens in a cardboard box behind a warm TV. Expectant mother cats usually seek a warm, dark place for giving birth to their kittens. ... Download high resolution version (1738x1182, 1120 KB)A one year old pure white cat nursing four kittens in a cardboard box behind a warm TV. Expectant mother cats usually seek a warm, dark place for giving birth to their kittens. ... Kitten at six weeks. ... A glass of cows milk. ... Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in female mammary glands and the presence of hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the... Breastfeeding an infant Symbol for breastfeeding (Matt Daigle, Mothering magazine contest winner 2006) Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a womans breasts. ... Nipple is, generally, the name given to the mammalian nipple, or to things resembling it, such as the tip of an artificial teat or the tip of a grease secreting mechanism in machinery. ... Binomial name Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw, 1799) Platypus range (indicated by darker shading)[3] The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Binomial name Dyacopterus spadiceus (Thomas, 1890) The Dayak fruit bat or Dyak fruit bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus) is found in Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, and the Malay Peninsula. ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Witchs milk or neonatal milk is milk secreted from the breasts of some newborn infants. ...


Purpose

The chief function of lactation is to provide nutrition to the young after birth. In almost all mammals lactation, or more correctly the suckling stimulus, induces a period of infertility, usually by the suppression of ovulation, which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring.[1] The updated USDA food pyramid, published in 2005, is a general nutrition guide for recommended food consumption. ... Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a man or a woman to contribute to conception. ... Ovulation is the process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, female gamete, or casually, an egg) that participates in reproduction. ...


References

  1. ^ McNeilly, A. S. 1997. Lactation and fertility. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2:291-298 PMID 10882312

See also

A 5 day old mouse pup, suckling on an anesthetized, lactating female.
A 5 day old mouse pup, suckling on an anesthetized, lactating female.

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Lactate (0 words)
Since this time the increase in blood lactate has been interpreted as a marker for increased glycolytic metabolism, which in turn has been interpreted as a sign of anaerobiosis.
Regardless of the controversy, blood lactate increases during incremental exercise have been repeatedly used to predict/explain aerobic exercise performance.
Improved detection of the lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation.
Critical Care | Full text | Bench-to-bedside review: Lactate and the kidney (3060 words)
The renal contribution to lactate removal thus increases from 16% at a pH of 7.45 to 44% at a pH of 6.75 [4].
Lactate uptake is the major mechanism of renal lactate removal and appears to be essentially confined to the cortex [5,14], as shown by radioisotopic methods in isolated, perfused rat kidney [14].
Lactate may thus be the major gluconeogenetic precursor in the kidney under some conditions, and contributes significantly to the glycemic impact of other renal-specific precursors of gluconeogenesis such as glycerol [17], alanine and glutamine [19].
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