Lactic acid

Lactic acid fermentation is a form of fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells in the absence of oxygen. During lactic acid fermentation, one molecule of glucose is ultimately converted to two molecules of lactic acid. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1100x1012, 16 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Lactic acid User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1100x1012, 16 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Lactic acid User:Benjah-bmm27/Gallery ... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... A three-dimensional diagram of the animal cell, including its organelles. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of ATP, reduces 2 molecules of NAD+ to NADH, and creates 2 three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. Most of the chemical energy of the glucose is still trapped in pyruvate. The complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide requires the oxidation of pyruvate thorough the Krebs Cycle and electron transport system (ETS). Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. The word is derived from Greek γλυκύς (sweet) and λύσις (letting loose). ... Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ... Space-filling model of NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOO−) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. ... The Electron Transport Chain. ...

When the Krebs Cycle and ETS are working at capacity (regardless of the presence of oxygen^[1]), further local ATP needs can be achieved by increasing glycolysis. The resulting pyruvate is converted to Lactic Acid through Lactic Acid Fermentation. Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. ...

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD⁺, which allows glycolysis to continue. Lactate diffuses out of the cell and into the blood. The lactate in the bloodstream is converted back into pyruvate in the liver, for use when oxygen is once again present.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ...

Certain cells, such as cardiac muscle cells, are highly permeable to lactate.^{[citation needed]} Lactate is converted into pyruvate and metabolised normally (ie: via the Krebs Cycle). Since these cells are highly oxygenated, it is unlikely that lactate would accumulate (as is the case in oxygen-starved muscle cells). This also allows circulating glucose to be available to muscle cells. Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated muscle found within the heart. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...

Any excess lactate is taken up by the liver, converted to pyruvate and then to glucose. This, along with the production of lactate from glucose in muscle cells constitutes the Cori cycle. For the bird, see Liver bird. ... Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ... The Cori cycle, named after its discoverers, Carl Cori and Gerty Cori, refers to the cycling of lactate produced by red blood cells and muscle (during anaerobic respiration) back into glucose. ...

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by a low pH and this prevents the formation of excess lactate and/or lactic acidosis (sudden drop in blood pH). PFK catalyses an irreversible step in glycolysis.^{[citation needed]} Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the most important regulatory enzyme (EC 2. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see renal tubular acidosis. ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. The word is derived from Greek γλυκύς (sweet) and λύσις (letting loose). ...

Muscle cramps have been associated with levels of lactic acid in the blood, especially as a result of electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating.^{[citation needed]} An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. ... Perspiration (also called sweating or sometimes transpiration) is the production and evaporation of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride (the main constituent of table salt), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ...

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