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Lake Pontchartrain
Landsat image
Map
Coordinates	30.206055° N 90.102132° W
Lake type	salt-water lake
Basin countries	United States
Surface area	630 sq mi (1630 km²)
Settlements	New Orleans

Lake Pontchartrain's north shore at Fontainebleau State Park near Mandeville, Louisiana in 2004

Lake Pontchartrain (local English pronunciation [leɪk ˈpʰɑntʃətʰɹeɪn]) (French: Lac Pontchartrain, pronounced [lak pɔ̃ʃaʀtʀɛ̃]) is a brackish lake located in southeastern Louisiana. It is the second largest salt-water lake in the United States, after the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the largest lake in Louisiana. It covers an area of 630 square miles (1630 square km) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (about 4 meters). Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3286x2465, 2004 KB) Lake Pontchartrain, New Orleans. ... The Landsat program is the longest running enterprise for acqusition of imagery of Earth from space. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (889x549, 41 KB) Summary Lake Pontcharin, Louisiana, USA Quick map for Hurricane Katrina, needs work Derived from Demi Public Domain Map Server, Public Domain data sources used Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Lake Pontchartrain Hurricane Katrina... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... Nickname: Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Government  - Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area  - City  350. ... Image File history File links Lake_Pontchartrain. ... Image File history File links Lake_Pontchartrain. ... Mandeville is a city in St. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The purpose of this page is to lay out our policies for handling sounds, and give people some useful information for handling sound files. ... Brackish water (less commonly brack water) is water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. ... A man-made lake in Keukenhof, Netherlands A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... Great Salt Lake, located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah, is the largest salt lake in the Western Hemisphere,[1] the fourth largest terminal lake in the world,[2] and the 33rd largest lake on Earth. ... Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area  Ranked 13th  - Total 84,889 sq mi (219,887 km²)  - Width 270 miles (435 km)  - Length 350 miles (565 km)  - % water 3. ... Dredging is the process by which either new waterways are created or existing waterways are deepened. ...

The south shore forms the northern boundary of the cities of New Orleans, and its two largest suburbs Metairie and Kenner. On the north shore are the cities of Mandeville, Covington, and Madisonville. To the northeast is the city of Slidell. Nickname: Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Government  - Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area  - City  350. ... , Metairie (local pronunciations , ) is a suburb of New Orleans. ... Kenner is a suburb of New Orleans that has a population of 70,517 (census 2000). ... Mandeville is a city in St. ... The city of Covington is the parish seat of St. ... Madisonville is a town in St. ... , Slidell is a city in St. ...

Namesake

Lake Pontchartrain is named after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, the French Minister of the Marine, chancellor of France and minister of finance during the reign of France's "Sun King," Louis XIV, for whom Louisiana is named. Louis Phélypeaux (1643–1727), marquis de Phélypeaux (1667), comte de Maurepas (1687), comte de Pontchartrain (1699), known as the chancellor de Pontchartrain, was a French politician. ... For other uses, see Chancellor (disambiguation). ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... “Sun King” redirects here. ...

Description

Lake Pontchartrain is an estuary which connects with the Gulf of Mexico via Rigolets strait (known locally as "the Rigolets") and Chef Menteur Pass into Lake Borgne, and therefore experiences small tidal changes. It receives fresh water from the Tangipahoa, Tchefuncte, Tickfaw, Amite, and Bogue Falaya Rivers, and from Bayou Lacombe. Rio de la Plata estuary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Estuaries An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... The Rigolets (locally pronounced RIG-uh-leez) is a strait in Louisiana that, along with Chef Menteur Pass, connects Lake Pontchartrain and Lake St. ... Simplified diagram A strait is a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. ... The Chef Menteur Pass is a narrow natural waterway which, along with the Rigolets, connects Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Lake Borgne is a lagoon in eastern Louisiana of the Gulf of Mexico. ... “Ebb tide” redirects here. ... The Tchefuncte River (chuh-FUNK-tuh) is a tributary of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana in the United States. ... The Bogue Falaya, also known as the Bogue Falaya River, is a river, about 23 mi (37 km) long, in southeastern Louisiana in the United States. ...

Lake Ponchartrain [map center] connects with Lake Maurepas and is surrounded by several communities, including New Orleans, Metairie, Kenner, LaPlace, Mandeville, Slidell and others (also see: larger map).

Salinity varies from negligible at the northern cusp west of Mandeville up to nearly half seawater level at the eastern bulge past Interstate 10 (or I-10). Lake Maurepas connects with Lake Pontchartrain on the west via Pass Manchac. The Industrial Canal connects the Mississippi River with the lake at New Orleans. Bonnet Carré Spillway diverts water from the Mississippi into the lake during times of river flooding. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Lake Maurepas is a saltwater lake in southeastern Louisiana. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Metairie is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area located in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. ... Kenner is a city located in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, on the East Bank of the Mississippi River. ... Laplace (sometimes spelled LaPlace or La Place) is a census-designated place located in St. ... Mandeville is a city located in St. ... Slidell is a city in St. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... Sea water is water from a sea or ocean. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Interstate 10 Interstate 10 (abbreviated I-10) is the southernmost east-west, coast-to-coast interstate highway in the United States. ... Interstate 10, or I-10, is the southernmost east-west, coast-to-coast interstate highway in the United States. ... Lake Maurepas is a saltwater lake in southeastern Louisiana. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Picture of flooding in Amphoe Sena, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. ...

History

The lake was created 2,600 to 4,000 years ago as the evolving Mississippi River Delta formed its southern and eastern shorelines with alluvial deposits.^[1] Its Native American name was Okwata ("Wide Water"). In 1699, French explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, renamed it Pontchartrain after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain. False-color image of the larger Mississippi Delta Closeup of the currently active delta front Mississippi Delta Lobes The Mississippi River Delta is the modern area of land (the river delta) built up by alluvium deposited by the Mississippi River as it slows down and enters the Gulf of Mexico. ... An alluvial deposit is an accumulation of alluvium (sediment), sometimes containing valuable ore and gemstones, or simply consisting of gravel, sand, or clay, in the bed or former bed of a river. ... Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. ... Louis Phélypeaux (1643–1727), marquis de Phélypeaux (1667), comte de Maurepas (1687), comte de Pontchartrain (1699), known as the chancellor de Pontchartrain, was a French politician. ...

Human habitation of the region began at least 3,500 years ago, but increased rapidly with the arrival of Europeans about 300 years ago. The current population is over 1.5 million. The United States Geological Survey is monitoring the environmental effects of shoreline erosion, loss of wetlands, pollution from urban areas and agriculture, saltwater intrusion from artificial waterways, dredging, basin subsidence and faulting, storms and sea-level rise, and freshwater diversion from the Mississippi and other rivers.^[2] InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. For erosion as an operation of Mathematical morphology, see Erosion (morphology) Erosion is displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of ocean currents, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement... A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... It has been suggested that Pollutant be merged into this article or section. ... Saltwater intrusion is a natural process that occurs in virtually all coastal aquifers. ... Dredging is the process by which either new waterways are created or existing waterways are deepened. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...

New Orleans

New Orleans was established at a Native American portage between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain. In the 1920s the Industrial Canal in the eastern part of the city opened, providing a direct navigable water connection, with locks, between the Mississippi River and the lake. In the same decade, a project dredging new land from the lake shore behind a new concrete floodwall began; this would result in an expansion of the city into the former swamp between Metairie/Gentilly Ridges and the lakefront. The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was constructed in the 1950s and 1960s, connecting New Orleans (by way of Metairie) with Mandeville and bisecting the lake in a north-northeast line. At 24 miles (39 km), the Causeway is the longest bridge in the world. For the Gentoo Linux package manager, see Portage (software). ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... Canal locks in England. ... Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Heading south on the Causeway toward New Orleans The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway consists of two parallel bridges that are the longest bridges in the world by total length. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ...

Hurricanes

Lake Pontchartrain at New Orleans during Hurricane Georges in 1998; lakefront camps outside of the protection levee suffered severe damage.

During hurricanes a storm surge can build up in Lake Pontchartrain, just as with Florida's Lake Okeechobee. Wind pushes water into the lake from the Gulf of Mexico as a hurricane approaches from the south, and from there it can spill into New Orleans. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (824x507, 86 KB) This image is a work of an U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employee, taken or made during the course of the persons official duties. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (824x507, 86 KB) This image is a work of an U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employee, taken or made during the course of the persons official duties. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Lowest pressure 937 mbar (hPa) Damage $5. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Lake Okeechobee from space, September 1988 View of Lake Okeechobee from Pahokee. ...

A hurricane in September, 1947 flooded the city, most of which is a few feet/meters below sea level (and sinking). After the storm, hurricane-protection levees were built along Lake Pontchartrain's south shore to protect the city. When a storm surge of 10 feet (3 meters) from Hurricane Betsy left much of the city under water in 1965, the levees encircling the city and outlying parishes were raised to heights of 14 to 23 feet (4-7 m). Due to cost concerns, the levees were built to protect against only a Category 3 hurricane; however, the levees initially withstood the Category 5 storm surge of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005), which only slowed to Category 3 winds within hours of landfall (due to a last-minute eyewall replacement cycle). 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... A levee, levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ... ... Hurricane Betsy was a powerful hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa; 26. ... Concentric eyewall cycles (or eyewall replacement cycle ) naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones , i. ...

Experts using computer modeling at Louisiana State University subsequent to Hurricane Katrina have concluded that the levees were never topped but rather faulty design, inadequate construction, or some combination of the two were responsible for the flooding of most of New Orleans: some canal walls leaked underneath because the wall foundations were not deep enough in peat-subsoil to withstand the pressure of higher water.^[3] [The problem is analogous to eyewitness reports of bulkhead walls leaking inside the Titanic, rather than overtopped at E-deck, due to faulty steel rivets which became brittle in cold water.] Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College at Baton Rouge, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and the main campus of the Louisiana State University System. ... Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa; 26. ... Look up Titanic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A rivetted buffer beam on a steam locomotive A rivet is a mechanical fastener consisting of a smooth cylindrical shaft with heads on either end, the second one formed in position. ...

Funding

Congress failed to fully fund an upgrade requested during the 1990s by the Army Corps of Engineers, and funding was cut in 2003-04 despite a 2001 study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency warning that a hurricane in New Orleans was one of the country’s 3 most likely disasters.^[4] Raising and reinforcing the levees to resist a Category 5 hurricane might take 25 years to complete.^[5] Some estimates place the cost at $25 billion. Congress in Joint Session. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ... United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 military men and women. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... New FEMA seal The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ...

Hurricane Katrina

When Hurricane Katrina reached Category 5 in 2005, some experts predicted that the levee system might fail completely if the storm passed close to the city. Although Katrina weakened to a Category 3 before making landfall on August 29 (with only Category 1-2 strength winds in New Orleans on the weaker side of the eye of the hurricane), the levees designed to withstand Category 3 storms suffered multiple breaks the following day (see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans) flooding 80% of the city. Lowest pressure 902 mbar (hPa; 26. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Katrina was catastrophic and long-lasting. ...

The walls of the Industrial Canal were breached by storm surge via the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, while the 17th Street Canal and London Avenue Canal experienced catastrophic breaches, even though water levels never topped their flood walls. Louisiana State University experts presented evidence that some of these structures might have had design flaws or faulty construction.^[6] The Industrial Canal is a 5. ... ... The Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal (also known as MRGO, MR-GO or Mr. ... Woman walks dog along the levee beside the floodwall on the Metarie side of the Canal, 11 November, 2005. ... The London Avenue Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana does not connect Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River. ... Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College at Baton Rouge, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and the main campus of the Louisiana State University System. ...

There are indications that the soft earth and peat underlying canal walls may have given way. In the weeks before Katrina, tests of salinity in seepage pools near canals showed them to be lake water, not fresh water from broken mains. The 5.5 mile (9 km) long I-10 Twin Span bridge heading northeast between New Orleans and Slidell was destroyed. Apparently, a bit farther east, the shorter Fort Pike Bridge crossing the outlet to Lake Borgne remained intact. By mid-October, one side of the Twin Span had been repaired and was ready to reopen to two-way traffic. Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ... Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ... Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of Engineering mechanics to predict the mechanical behavior of soil. ... For the village on the Isle of Wight, see Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ...

On September 5, 2005, the Army Corps of Engineers started to fix levee breaches by dropping huge sandbags from Chinook helicopters. The London Avenue Canal and Industrial Canal were blocked at the lake as permanent repairs started. On September 6, the Corps began pumping flood water back into the lake after seven days in the streets of New Orleans. Because it was fouled with human and animal corpses, sewage, heavy metals, petrochemicals, and other dangerous substances the Army Corps worked with the US EPA and Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) to avoid major contamination and eutrophication of the lake.^[7] September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The CH-47 Chinook is a highly versatile, twin engine, twin rotor heavy-lift helicopter. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... A heavy metal is any of a number of higher atomic weight elements, which has the properties of a metallic substance at room temperature. ... Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (hydrocarbon) origin. ... “EPA” redirects here. ... Eutrophication refers to an increase in the primary productivity of any ecosystem. ...

Aerial photography suggests that 25 billion gallons (95 bn liters) of water covered New Orleans as of September 2, which equals about 2% of Lake Pontchartrain's volume. Due to a lack of electricity, the city was unable to treat the water before pumping it into the lake. It is unclear how long the pollution will persist and what its environmental damage to the lake will be, or the hazards from the mold and contaminated mud remaining in the city. September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that Pollutant be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Toxic mold be merged into this article or section. ...

On September 24, 2005, Hurricane Rita did not breach the temporary repairs in the main part of the city, but the repair on the Industrial Canal wall in the lower 9th ward was breached, allowing about 2 feet of water back into that neighborhood. September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lowest pressure 895 mbar (hPa)[1] Damages $10 billion (2005 USD)[1] Fatalities 7 direct, 113 indirect Areas affected Bahamas, Florida, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Rita is the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the most...

In Popular Culture

• The traditional song "On the Banks of the Pontchartrain" has been recorded by such artists as Hank Williams and Nanci Griffith.
• In the 2004 video game James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, one mission involves a chase across the lake on the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
• The lake is also featured in the 1993 PC game Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers
• It is featured in the 2003 film "The Haunted Mansion", to identify the area's location.

• Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 crashed into the lake on 25 February, 1964, resulting in the deaths of 51 passengers and 7 crew. Most of the remains of plane and passengers were never found.
• New England Patriots defensive end Marquise Hill was found dead in Lake Pontchartrain on May 28, 2007
• Pontchartrain is a song on the album Dreaming Through the Noise by Vienna Teng.

It has been suggested that Audrey Williams be merged into this article or section. ... Depiction of Nanci Griffith on the cover of her album Flyer Nanci Caroline Griffith, (born July 6, 1953 in Seguin, Texas) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter from Austin, Texas. ... Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Heading south on the Causeway toward New Orleans The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway consists of two parallel bridges that are the longest bridges in the world by total length. ... The Haunted Mansion is a film released in November 2003 and produced and distributed by The Walt Disney Company. ... Eastern Air Lines was a major United States airline that existed from the late 1920s until 1991. ... City Foxborough, Massachusetts Other nicknames The Pats Team colors Nautical Blue, New Century Silver, Red, and White Head Coach Bill Belichick Owner Robert Kraft General manager Bill Belichick Mascot Pat Patriot League/Conference affiliations American Football League (1960–69) Eastern Division (1960–69) National Football League (1970–present) American Football... Marquise Hill (August 8, 1982 – May 28, 2007) was an American football defensive end for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. ... Dreaming Through the Noise is singer-songwriter Vienna Tengs third album. ... Album cover for Waking Hour Vienna Teng (born on October 3, 1978) is an Taiwanese-American pianist and singer-songwriter based in San Francisco. ...

References

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Bonnet Carré Spillway
• Tammany Trace Rail Trail

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Tammany Trace was once the Illinois Central Railroad corridor. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Lake Pontchartrain

• Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
• United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet
• Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain
• The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
• New Orleans history of the lake
• Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum
• USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
• New Orleans District Water Management
• Washing Post article alleging levee faults, 21 Sept 2005
• National Geographic article about the levees, 2 Sept. 2005
• Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 Aug 2005
• U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 Nov 1995
• BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 Sept. 2005

• Maps and aerial photos Coordinates: 30.206055° -90.102132°
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  • Satellite image from Google Maps, Windows Live Local, WikiMapia
  • Topographic map from TopoZone
  • Aerial image or topographic map from TerraServer-USA