The Lakhmids (Arabic: اللخميون) less commonly Muntherids (Arabic: المناذرة) were a group of Arab Christians who lived in Southern Iraq, and made al-Hirah which was a fabulous city with many castles and bath-houses and Palm gardens their capital in (266). Poets described it as a Paradise on earth, an Arab Poet described the city's pleasant climate and beauty "One day in al-Hirah is better than a year of treatment". al-Hirah ruins is located 2 miles south of Kufa, on the west bank of the Euphrates. The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... Events Ireland - Rule of High King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate) Births Deaths Categories: 266 ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ...

History

The Lhakmid Kingdom was ruled by the Banu Lakhm, hence the name given it. The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son Imru' al-Qais (not to be confused with the famous poet Imru' al-Qais who lived in the 6th century) converted to Christianity. Gradually the whole city converted to that faith. Imru' al-Qais dreamt of a unified and independent Arab kingdom and, following that dream, he seized many cities in Arabia and defeated the king of Himyar Shemrir al-A'asha. He then formed a large army and developed the Kingdom as a naval power, which consisted of a fleet of ships operating along the Bahraini coast. From this position he attacked the coastal cities of Persia (Iran) (which at that time was in civil war, due to a dispute as to the succession), even raiding the birthplace of the Sassanid kings, the province of Pars (Fars). A Qahtanite Arab tribe, which settled in Al-Hirah (modern Kufa region in Iraq) where they founded a buffer state between Arabia and the Persian Empire (roughly 200-602 A.C.). See Lakhmids. ... Ameru al-Qays, or Imruu al Quais, Ibn Hujr, was an Arabian poet of the 6th century, the author of one of the Muallaqat, an anthology of pre-Islamic Arabic literature. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Himyar was a state in ancient South Arabia dating from 110 BC. It conquered neighbouring Saba in 25 BC, Qataban in AD 50 and Hadramaut AD 100. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... PARS (Programmable Airline Reservation System) is an IBM proprietary large scale airline reservation application, executing under the control of IBMs ACP (and later its successor, TPF). ...

In 325, the Persians, led by Shapur II, began a campaign against the Arab kingdoms. When Imru' al-Qais realised that a mighty Persian army composed of 60,000 warriors was approaching his kingdom, he asked for the assistance of the Roman Empire. Constantius II promised to assist him but was unable to provide that help when it was needed. The Persians advanced toward al-Hirah and a series of vicious battles took place over al-Hirah and the surrounding cities. Shapur II crushed the Lhakmid army and captured al-Hirah. He ordered the extermination of its population in retaliation of their raids on Pars. In this, the young Shapur acted much more violently than was normal at the time in order to demonstrate to both the Arab Kingdoms and the Persian nobility his power and authority. Shapur's title in Arabic is Zol 'Aktaf meaning the one who pierces shoulders as he did this with some of his captives. He installed Aus ibn Qallam and gave the city autonomy, thus making the kingdom a buffer zone between Persian Empire's mainland and the territory of other Arabs in the Peninsula. Events May 20 - First Council of Nicaea - first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church: The Nicene Creed is formulated, the date of Easter is discussed. ... Shapur II was king of Persia (310 - 379). ... For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ...

Imru' al-Qais escaped to Bahrain, taking his dream of a unified arab nation with him, and then to Syria seeking the promised assistance from Constantius II which never materialised, so he stayed there till he died. With him ended the dream of a united Arab kingdom until after the advent of Islam. When he died he was entombed at al-Nimarah in the Syrian desert. His funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there has been a revival of interest in the inscription, and controversy has arisen over its precise implications. It is now certain that Imru' al-Qais claimed the title "King of all the Arabs" and claimed in the inscription to have campaigned successfully over the entire north and centre of the peninsula, as far as the border of Najran. Two years after his death, in the year 330, a revolt took place where Aus ibn Qallam was killed and succeeded by the son of Imru' al-Qais "'Amr". Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Najran is a province of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen. ... Events May 11 - Constantine I refounds Byzantium, renames it New Rome, and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. ...

Thereafter, The Lakhmids' main rivals were Ghassanids, who were vassals kings of the Sassanid's arch enemy, the Byzantine Empire. The Lakhmid kingdom was a major centre of the Nestorian sect of Christianity which was nurtured by Sassanids, as it opposed the Orthodox sect of Byzantine. They remained influential throughout the 6th century. Nevertheless, in 602, the last Lakhmid king, Nu'man III, was put to death by the Sassanid king Khosrau II because of a false suspicion of treason and the Lakhmid kingdom was annexed. Islam overran the Sassanid Empire in the 7th century. At that point the city was abandoned and its materials were used to re-construct its exhausted twin Kufa. language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The term Nestorianism is eponymous, even though the person who lent his name to it always denied the associated belief. ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... Events Phocas kills Byzantine Emperor Maurice I and makes himself emperor Beginning of a series of wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanids Births Muawiyah, founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date) Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. ... Khosrau II, the Victorious (Parvez), king of Persia, son of Hormizd IV, grandson of Khosrau I, 590 - 628. ... Kufa (الكوفة al-Kufa in Arabic) is a city in Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. ...

It is now widely believed that annexation of Lakhmid kingdom was one of the main factors behind the Fall of Sassanid dynasty by Muslim Arabs and Islamic conquest of Iran. The Sassanid era is considered to be one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran (Persia). ...

Lakhmid Kingdom facts

• al-Hirah was the cradle of the Arabic alphabet.
• It was the birthplace of famous poets like al-Nabighah al-Thubyani, Laqete ibn Ya'amur al-Ayadi, 'Alqama ibn 'Abada and Uday ibn Zaid al-Abbadi. It was visited by other great poets like Tarafah ibn al-'Abd, Amr ibn Kulthum (who killed 'Amr III).
• Sassanid army along with al-Mundhir IV himself and his army defeated the famed Byzantine general Belisarius twice at the Battle of Edessa (530) and Battle of Callinicum (531).
• After the death of Nu'man III, Arabs defeated the Persians in the Battle of Thi-Qar.
• Lakhmids some times had good relations with Persians as Bahram V lived in Al-Hirah and was educated at the court of al-Mundhir I, whose support helped him gain the throne after the assassination of his father.

Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing in the Arabic language. ... al-Nabigha (al-Nabighah al-Dhubyani, real name Ziyad ibn Mu awiyyal) (Arabic: النابغة الذبياني) (c. ... Alqama ibn Abada, generally known as Alqama al-Fahl, an Arabian poet of the tribe Tamim, who flourished in the second half of the 6th century. ... Tarafa, or Tarafah ibn al Abd ben Sufyan ben Malik al Bakri, was a 6th Century Arabian poet of the tribe of the Bakr. ... Amr ibn Kulthum Ibn Malik Ibn A`tab Abu Al-Aswad al-Taghlibi (... - 584), from the tribe of Taghlib, was born in Rabe`aa, north of the Arabian-Lands. ... The Persian Knight. ... Belisar as a beggar, as depicted in popular legend, in the painting by Jacques-Louis David (1781). ... Combatants Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Commanders Shapur I Valerian Strength 40,000 70,000 including Praetorian Guard Casualties Minimal Heavy The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and Sassanid forces under King Shapur I in 259. ... The Battle of Callinicum took place between the armies of the Eastern Roman Empire under the command of General Belisarius and Persians under Azarethes on April 19, 531 AD. Belisarius had been skirmishing with the Persian forces after the Battle of Dara in an attempt to incite a rout, but... Bahram V, king of Persia (420-439), also called Bahram Gur,son of Yazdegerd I, after whose sudden death (or assassination) he gained the crown against the opposition of the grandees by the help of al-Mondhir, the Arabic dynast of Hira. ... Al Hirah was an ancient city located south of al-Kufah in south-central Iraq. ...

Lakhmids Kings

1. 'Amr I ibn Uday(268-288)
2. Imru' al-Qais I ibn 'Amr(288-328)
3. Aus ibn Qallam(325-330)
4. 'Amr II ibn Imru' al-Qais(370-382)
5. Imru' al-Qais II al-Mohreq ibn 'Amr(382-403)
6. Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qais "the one-eyed"(403-431)
7. al-Mundhir I ibn Nu'man ibn Imru' al-Qais(431-473)
8. al-Aswad ibn al-Mundhir ibn Nu'man(473-493)
9. al-Mundhir II ibn al-Mundhir "his brother"(493-500)
10. Nu'man II ibn al-Aswad(500-504)
11. Alqama abu Yaffar(504-507)
12. Imru' al-Qais III ibn Nu'man(507-514)
13. al-Mundhir III ibn Imru' al-Qais(514-523)
14. al-Harith ibn 'Amr Al-Kendi(523-527)
15. al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir(527-554)
16. 'Amr III ibn Hind Mudrit al-Hijara(554-569)
17. Qaboos ibn Hind "his brother"(569-577)
18. Feshart Ouzayd(577-578)
19. al-Mundhir V ibn Qaboos(578-582)
20. Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir "abu Qaboos"(582-613)
21. Eyas ibn Qubaysa al-Ta'ai(613-618)
22. Zadyeh "Persian"(618-638)-Islamic conquest

References

• History book of Ibn Khaldoun
• History book of Ibn al-Athir
• History book of Ibn Hisham
• Britannica Encyclopedia
• Bahrain governent website "Arabic website"
• Article about al-Hira history "Arabic website"
• Article about Christians