Laki (Icelandic: Lakagígar) is a volcanic fissure situated in the south of Iceland, not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small town Kirkjubæjarklaustur, in Skaftafell National Park. A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ft is an abbreviation that may refer to the following: The foot, a unit of length, see foot (unit of length) The Hungarian Forint A fort, especially when used as a placename, for example Ft. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Mountains can be characterized in several ways. ... A fissure vent is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. ... Volcano 1. ... A fissure vent is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. ... Eldgjá is a volcanic canyon in Iceland. ... Kirkjubæjarklausturs basalt Kirkjugólf The village Kirkjubæjarklaustur (IPA: , Icelandic: church farm cloister) is a town of approximately 160 inhabitants situated in the south of Iceland on the hringvegur (road no. ... Morning sunlight on Skaftafellsjökull The Svartifoss The Svartifoss in the Winter Skaftafell National Park is situated between Kirkjubæjarklaustur, typically referred to as Klaustur, and Höfn in the south of Iceland. ...

Laki is part of a volcanic system, centering on the Grímsvötn volcano and including the Eldgjá canyon and Katla volcano, and lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures which run in a south-west to north-east direction. // General information The Grímsvötn (Icelandic vatn, or lake) are lakes in Iceland. ... Eldgjá is a volcanic canyon in Iceland. ... For the dragon in The Brothers Lionheart see Katla (dragon). ... A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity and undergoes internal deformation. ... Mýrdalsjökull Mýrdalsjökull is a glacier in the south of Iceland. ... Iceland as seen from space, with Vatnajökull appearing as a white area to the lower right Vatnajökull, Iceland Grímsvötn in the Vatnajökull glacier Vatnajökull Vatnajökull from the road to Jökulsárlón Vatnajökull (English: Lake glacier) (IPA: [ˈvahtnajœːkʏtl Ì¥]) is...

In AD 934, the Laki system produced a very large volcanic eruption, as a flood basalt in the Eldgjá eruption, which released 19.6 km³ (4.7 mi³) of lava. In 1783-1784, the system erupted again, from the Laki fissure and the adjoining Grímsvötn volcano, spewing 15 km³ (3.6 mi³) of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous fluorine/sulfur-dioxide compounds that killed over 50% of livestock, leading to famine killing 25%-33% of the population. This article is about volcanoes in geology. ... Eruption can refer to: Volcanic eruption The eruption of teeth through the gum Eruption (band) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... fgxhtdfhfghfghgfhfgfffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhflood basalt. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Swedish/Norwegian mil. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Swedish/Norwegian mil. ... Basalt Columnar basalt at Sheepeater Cliff in Yellowstone Basalt (IPA: ) is a common gray to black volcanic rock. ... General Name, Symbol, Number fluorine, F, 9 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 2, p Appearance Yellowish brown gas Atomic mass 18. ... Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide, sulfurous anhydride or sulphurous anhydride) has the chemical formula SO2. ...

AD 934 eruption

The Laki system produced the biggest volcanic eruption on earth in historical times, in the form of a flood basalt, during the Eldgjá eruption A.D. 934, which released 19.6 km³ (4.7 mi³) of lava. This article is about volcanoes in geology. ... Eruption can refer to: Volcanic eruption The eruption of teeth through the gum Eruption (band) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... fgxhtdfhfghfghgfhfgfffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggggggggggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhflood basalt. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Swedish/Norwegian mil. ...

1783 eruption

On 8 June 1783, a fissure with 130 craters opened explosively at first because of the groundwater interacting with the rising basalt magma. Over time, the eruptions became less explosive, with the style changing from Plinian to Strombolian, and later to Hawaiian with high rates of lava effusion. June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Fissure (Latin fissura, Plural fissurae) is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, or cleft found in the brain, spinal cord, and liver; or a tear in the anus. ... Look up crater in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Basalt Columnar basalt at Sheepeater Cliff in Yellowstone Basalt (IPA: ) is a common gray to black volcanic rock. ... Magma is molten rock located beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other rocky planet), and which often collects in a magma chamber. ... Eruption of Vesuvius in 1822. ... Strombolian eruptions are relatively low-level volcanic eruptions, named after Stromboli, where such eruptions consist of rhytmical ejection of incandescent cinder, lapilli and lava bombs to altitudes of tens to hundreds of meters. ... Hawaiian eruptions are relatively gentle, low level volcanic eruptions, named for the volcanoes of Hawaii. ... Effusion can refer to: In literature, effusion is the process of opening the flood gates to ones emotions, so to speak. ...

The eruption, also known as the Skaftá Fires, produced about 15 km³ (3.6 mi³) of basalt lava, and the total volume of tephra emitted was 0.91 km³.^[1] Lava fountains were estimated to have reached heights of 800-1400 m (~2,600-4,600 ft). In the United Kingdom, the summer of 1783 was known as the "sand-summer" due to ash fallout.^[2] The gases were carried by the convective eruption column to altitudes of about 15 km. The aerosols built up caused a cooling effect in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly by as much as 1 degree Celsius. KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... A mile is a unit of length, usually used to measure distance, in a number of different systems, including Imperial units, United States customary units and Swedish/Norwegian mil. ... Basalt Columnar basalt at Sheepeater Cliff in Yellowstone Basalt (IPA: ) is a common gray to black volcanic rock. ... Tephra refers to air-fall material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition or fragment size. ... A lava fountain is a volcanic phenomenon is which lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a crater or fissure. ... Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ft is an abbreviation that may refer to the following: The foot, a unit of length, see foot (unit of length) The Hungarian Forint A fort, especially when used as a placename, for example Ft. ... Aerosol pollution over Northern India and Bangladesh - Photo: NASA Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM), aerosols or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid (a smoke) or liquid (an aerosol) suspended in a gas. ... The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ...

The eruption continued until 7 February 1784, but most of the lava was erupted in the first five months. Grímsvötn volcano, from which the Laki fissure extends, was also erupting at the time from 1783 until 1785. The outpouring of gases, including 8 million tons of fluorine and 120 million tons of sulphur dioxide gave rise to what has since become known as the "Laki haze" across Europe. February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number fluorine, F, 9 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 2, p Appearance Yellowish brown gas Atomic mass 18. ...

Consequences in Iceland

The consequences for Iceland were catastrophic, approximately 25-33% of the population died in the famine of 1783 to 1784 after the fissure eruptions ceased. Around 80% of sheep, 50% of cattle and 50% of horses died because of fluorosis from the 8 million tons of fluorine that were released.^[3][4] The word Fluorosis can refer to: Skeletal fluorosis Dental fluorosis This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

The parish priest Jón Steingrimsson grew famous because of his eldmessa ("fire sermon"). The whole community of the small town of Kirkjubæjarklaustur was in church. At the same time the town was endangered by a lava stream. But while the people were in church, the lava stopped not far from town.

"This past week, and the two prior to it, more poison fell from the sky than words can describe: ash, volcanic hairs, rain full of sulfur and salt peter, all of it mixed with sand. The snouts, nostrils, and feet of livestock grazing or walking on the grass turned bright yellow and raw. All water went tepid and light blue in color and gravel slides turned gray. All the earth's plants burned, withered and turned gray, one after the another, as the fire increased and neared the settlements."^[5]

Consequences in Europe

An estimated 122 Tg (120 Million tons) of sulphur dioxide was emitted into the atmosphere: approximately equivalent to three times the total annual European industrial output in 2006, and also equivalent to a Mount Pinatubo-1991 eruption every three days.^[6] This outpouring of sulphur dioxide during unusual weather conditions caused a thick sulphurous haze to spread across western Europe, resulting in many thousands of deaths throughout 1783 and the winter of 1784. A teragram (symbol: Tg) is an SI unit of mass. ... Ĵəм Mount Pinatubo is an active volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, at the intersection of the borders of the provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. ...

The summer of 1783 was the hottest on record and a rare high pressure zone over Iceland caused the winds to blow to the south west. The poisonous cloud drifted to Bergen in Norway, then spread to Prague in the Czech Republic by 17 June, Berlin by 18 June, Paris by 20 June, Le Havre by 22 June, and to the United Kingdom by 23 June. The fog was so thick that boats stayed in port, unable to navigate, and the sun was described as "blood coloured".^[7] County Hordaland District Midhordland Municipality NO-1201 Administrative centre Bergen Mayor (2006) Herman Friele (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 215 465 km² 445 km² 0. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Abbey of Graville, Le Havre. ... June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. ...

Inhaling sulphurous gas causes victims to choke as their internal soft tissue swells. The local death rate in Chartres was up by 5% during August and September, with over 40 dead. In the UK the records show that the additional deaths were outdoor workers, and perhaps 2-3 times above the normal rate in Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire and the east coast. It has been estimated that 23,000 British people died from the poisoning in August and September.

The haze also heated up causing severe thunder storms with hailstones that were reported to have killed cattle until it disipated in the autumn. This disruption then led to a most severe winter in 1784, where Gilbert White at Selborne in Sussex reported with 28 days of continuous frost. The extreme winter is estimated to have caused 8,000 additional deaths in the UK. In the spring thaw, Germany and Central Europe then reported severe flood damage.^[8] Gilbert White (July 18, 1720 – June 26, 1793) was a pioneering naturalist and ornithologist. ... Selborne is a village in Hampshire, England, about 50 miles from London, with a population of about 650. ... Sussex is a traditional county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ...

Consequences in North America

In North America the winter of 1784 was the longest and one of the coldest on record. It was the longest period of below-zero temperature in New England, the largest accumulation of snow in New Jersey, and the longest freezing over of Chesapeake Bay. There was ice skating in Charleston Harbor, a huge snowstorm hit the south, the Mississippi River froze at New Orleans, and there was ice in the Gulf of Mexico.^[9][10] World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Area  Ranked 47th  - Total 8,729 sq mi (22,608 km²)  - Width 70 miles (110 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 14. ... The Chesapeake Bay - Landsat photo The Chesapeake Bay where the Susquehanna River empties into it. ... The Charleston Harbor is an inlet (8 sq mi/20. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest river in the United States; the longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ...

Other consequences

There is also evidence that the Laki eruption had effects beyond Europe, with weakened African and Indian monsoon circulations, leading to precipitation anomalies of -1 to -3 mm (-0.04 to -0.12 inch) per day over the Sahel of Africa, resulting in, amongst other effects, low flow in the River Nile.^[11] A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Monsoon in the Vindhya mountain range, central India A monsoon is a wind pattern that changes direction depending on the season. ... See also Sahel, Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. ... The Nile (Arabic: ‎, translit: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river, though not the most voluminous, in the world. ...

Contemporary reports

Gilbert White recorded his perceptions of the event at Selborne: Gilbert White (July 18, 1720 – June 26, 1793) was a pioneering naturalist and ornithologist. ... Selborne is a village in Hampshire, England, about 50 miles from London, with a population of about 650. ...

The summer of the year 1783 was an amazing and portentous one, and full of horrible phaenomena; for besides the alarming meteors and tremendous thunder-storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom, the peculiar haze, or smokey fog, that prevailed for many weeks in this island, and in every part of Europe, and even beyond its limits, was a most extraordinary appearance, unlike anything known within the memory of man. By my journal I find that I had noticed this strange occurrence from June 23 to July 20 inclusive, during which period the wind varied to every quarter without making any alteration in the air. The sun, at noon, looked as blank as a clouded moon, and shed a rust- coloured ferruginous light on the ground, and floors of rooms; but was particularly lurid and blood-coloured at rising and setting. All the time the heat was so intense that butchers' meat could hardly be eaten on the day after it was killed; and the flies swarmed so in the lanes and hedges that they rendered the horses half frantic, and riding irksome. The country people began to look with a superstitious awe, at the red, louring aspect of the sun; [...]^[12]

Benjamin Franklin recorded his observations in a 1784 lecture: Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ...

During several of the summer months of the year 1783, when the effect of the sun's rays to heat the earth in these northern regions should have been greater, there existed a constant fog over all Europe, and a great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect towards dissipating it, as they easily do a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the Earth was exceedingly diminished. Hence the surface was early frozen. Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and received continual additions. Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more severely cold. Hence perhaps the winter of 1783-4 was more severe than any that had happened for many years.

The cause of this universal fog is not yet ascertained [...] or whether it was the vast quantity of smoke, long continuing, to issue during the summer from Hecla in Iceland, and that other volcano which arose out of the sea near that island, which smoke might be spread by various winds, over the northern part of the world, is yet uncertain.^[13] (It should be noted that, according to current records, Hekla did not errupt in 1783. The Laki fissure erruption was 45 miles to the east and the Grimsvotn volcano erruption was circa 75 miles north east.)

Hekla is a volcano located in the south of Iceland at , with a height of 1,488 m (4,881 ft). ... Hekla is a volcano located in the south of Iceland at , with a height of 1,488 m (4,881 ft). ...

See also

• Volcanoes of Iceland

Eruption at Eldfell volcano, just outside a town of 5000 people, in 1973 Iceland has a very high number of active volcanoes due to its unique geological conditions. ...

References

External links

• Photos and information
• Information about the volcanism at Laki
• Lakagígar
• A meditation on Jón Steingrímsson from Anglicans Online
• Dr John Grattan at International Volcanic Heath Hazard Network
• A Sulphurous Stench: Illness and Death in Europe Following the Eruption of the Laki Fissure
• Powerpoint of Lecture from Durham University, Slides 96-100

Coordinates: 64°03′53″N, 18°13′34″W This article or section reads like an advertisement. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...