Lamotrigine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5-diamine
Identifiers
CAS number	84057-84-1
ATC code	N03AX09
PubChem	3878
DrugBank	APRD00570
Chemical data
Formula	C9H7Cl2N5
Mol. mass	256.091 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	98%
Protein binding	55%
Metabolism	Hepatic
Half life	24-34 hours (healthy adults)
Excretion	Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	D (USA) Image File history File links The formula was drawn in bkchem and GIMP. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... General Name, symbol, number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Standard atomic weight 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... A drugs efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. ... Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ... It has been suggested that Effective half-life be merged into this article or section. ... Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other materials that are of no use. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ...
Legal status	N/A(USA); POM (UK) The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ...
Routes	Oral

Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal (IPA: [ləˈmɪktəl]) by GlaxoSmithKline, called Lamictin in South Africa, למוג'ין (Lamogine)^[1] in Israel, and 라믹탈 in South Korea) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. For epilepsy it is used to treat partial seizures, primary and secondary tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamotrigine also acts as a mood stabilizer. It is the first medication since lithium granted Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the maintenance treatment of bipolar type I. Chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsants, lamotrigine has relatively few side-effects and does not require blood monitoring. The exact way lamotrigine works is unknown. Some think that it is a Na⁺ channel blocker. It is inactivated by hepatic glucuronidation. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... GlaxoSmithKline plc (LSE: GSK NYSE: GSK) is a British based pharmaceutical, biologicals, and healthcare company. ... The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... Focal seizures (also called partial seizures) are seizures which are characterized by: preserved consciousness in simple focal seizures impaired consciousness (dream-like) in complex focal seizures experience of unusual feelings or sensations sudden and inexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness, or nausea altered sense of hearing, smelling, tasting, seeing, or... This article is about the medical term, epileptic seizure, as distinct from psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. ... Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), also known as Lennox syndrome, is a difficult to treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life and is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types and is often accompanied by mental retardation and behavior... A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by rapid and unstable mood shifts. ... Lithium in pharmacology refers to the lithium ion, Li+, used as a drug. ... hi “FDA” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that exist in a cells plasma membrane and regulate the flow of sodium (Na+) ions into it. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... Example of glucuronidation Glucuronidation of alcohols and acids Glucuronidation is a major inactivating pathway for a huge variety of exogenous and endogenous molecules, including drugs, polluants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids and bile acids. ...

Lamotrigine has been successful in controlling rapid cycling and mixed bipolar states in people who have not received adequate relief from lithium, carbamazepine and/or valproate, possibly having significantly more antidepressant potency than either carbamazepine or valproate. It is useful as part of the treatment of some people with major (unipolar) depression, and has recently been reported to be a useful treatment for some people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). (Source: Lamotragine FAQ.) General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/grey Standard atomic weight 6. ... Carbamazepine (sold under the brand-names Biston, Calepsin, Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Finlepsin, Sirtal, Stazepine, Tegretol, Telesmin, Timonil, sometimes abbreviated CBZ) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain severe psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences as highly traumatic. ... Borderline Personality Disorder (DSM-IV Personality Disorders 301. ...

Indications and usage

The US FDA approved lamotrigine (Lamictal) for the treatment of epilepsy in 1994, and bipolar I disorder in 2003 ^[2]. Off-label uses include the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headaches, migraines, and reducing neuropathic pain (Backonja, 2004; Jensen 2002; Pappagallo, 2003). Off-label psychiatric usage includes the treatment of bipolar II disorders, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, and as adjunctive therapy for "treatment-resistant" unipolar depression (Barbosa, Berk & Vorster, 2003). Lamotrigine is one of a small number of FDA-approved therapies for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; it is one of two approved for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. hi “FDA” redirects here. ... The term off-label refers to the use of a drug for a medical condition other than for which it was officially approved and marketed. ... Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of the nerve or from the side-effects of systemic illness. ... Trigeminal neuralgia, or Tic Douloureux, is a neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal nerve that causes episodes of intense pain in the eyes, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, and jaw. ... Cluster headaches are rare, extremely painful and debilitating headaches that occur in groups or clusters. ... Neuropathy is a disease of the peripheral nervous system. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... Borderline Personality Disorder (DSM-IV Personality Disorders 301. ... Clinical depression (also called major depressive disorder, or unipolar depression when compared to bipolar disorder) is a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ...

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of epilepsy. Typically developing before 4 years of age, LGS is associated with developmental delays. There is no cure, treatment is often complicated, and complete recovery is rare. Symptoms include the atonic seizure (also known as a "drop attack"), during which brief loss of muscle tone and consciousness cause abrupt falls. Lamotrigine significantly reduces the frequency of LGS seizures, and is one of two medications known to decrease the severity of drop attacks (French et al., 2004). Combination with valproate is common, but this increases the risk of lamotrigine-induced rash, and necessitates reduced dosing due to the interaction of these drugs (Pellock, 1999). Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), also known as Lennox syndrome, is a difficult to treat form of childhood-onset epilepsy, that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life and is characterized by frequent seizures and different seizure types and is often accompanied by mental retardation and behavior... Atonic seizures (also called drop seizures, drop attacks, or akinetic seizures), are a minor type of seizure. ... Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...

Lamotrigine (Lamictal) is the first FDA-approved therapy since lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (GlaxoSmithKline, 2003). While traditional anticonvulsant drugs are primarily antimanics, lamotrigine is most effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar depression. Lamotrigine treats bipolar depression without triggering mania, hypomania, mixed states, or rapid-cycling, and the 2002 American Psychiatric Association guidelines recommended lamotrigine as a first-line treatment for acute depression in bipolar disorder as well as a maintenance therapy, however lamotrigine is not indicated "on label" for treatment of acute symptoms. General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/grey Standard atomic weight 6. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ... The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ... For the classical mythological figures named Mania, see Mania (mythology). ... A mixed state (aka dysphoric mania, agitated depression) is a condition during which symptoms of mania and depression occur simultaneously (e. ... For other uses, see Bipolar. ...

Dosing

Lamictal (lamotrigine) Scored tablets

The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine are quite complicated, with highly varying half-life and blood plasma levels. Thus, therapeutic plasma concentrations of lamotrigine are unknown, and according to the manufacturer, dosing should be based on therapeutic response. Lamotrigine is sometimes used in combination with other psychiatric drugs, such as members of the valproate family, and this interaction also can radically affect appropriate dosages. Together these factors make the dosage schedule (the amount which is appropriate to take) among the most complex of all psychiatric medicines.^[3] Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Pharmacokinetics (in Greek: pharmacon meaning drug, and kinetikos meaning putting in motion) is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...

Lamotrigine dosages are generally increased and decreased relatively gradually. A therapeutic response may require weeks or months of subsequent dose escalations, and very small differences in dosage often have noticeably different effects, much more so than with most other psychiatric medications; as little as 10% more or less may make a noticeable difference.

In addition to closely monitoring therapeutic responses, the conservative titration minimizes the risk of inducing the potentially life-threatening (but rare) Stevens-Johnson syndrome rash. Dosing should be reduced gradually as well, as abrupt discontinuation of any anticonvulsant increases the risk of seizures, even without a history of epilepsy. Titration setup: the titrant drops from the burette into the analyte solution in the flask. ... Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe and life-threatening condition. ...

GlaxoSmithKline's trademarked brand of Lamotrigine, Lamictal, is manufactured in scored tablets (25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg) and chewable dispersible tablets (2 mg, 5 mg and 25 mg). Five-week sample kits are also available; these include titration instructions and scored tablets (25 mg for patients taking valproate, 25 mg and 100 mg for patients not taking valproate). Lamotrigine is also available in un-scored tablet form. In 2005, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. began selling generic Lamotrigine in the United States, but only in 5 mg and 25 mg chewable dispersible tablets.^[4] Lamotrigine is also available in generic form ^[5] in the United Kingdom and Canada. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. ...

Bipolar and depression dosages

The recommended initial dosing begins at 25 mg for bipolar disorder, though some have recommended starting at half of that. Antidepressant effects have been reported at as little as 25 mg per day, but typically begin at 100 mg a day, and mood stabilization takes place between 100 mg to 200 mg a day.

These numbers may be as much as halved for those also taking valproate family antiepileptic drugs, which inhibit the metabolism of lamotrigine, more than doubling its half-life and require that a lower dose of lamotrigine be used. The numbers may be as much as doubled for those taking enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs (including carbamazepine USP (Tegretol); oxcarbazepine (Trileptal); and phenytoin (Dilantin)), which enhance the metabolism of lamotrigine (causing it to be broken down more quickly), and its dosage must be increased when taken with these drugs; the same consideration is required when Lamictal is taken with hormonal contraception. Valproic acid is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Carbamazepine (sold under the brand-names Biston, Calepsin, Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Finlepsin, Sirtal, Stazepine, Tegretol, Telesmin, Timonil, sometimes abbreviated CBZ) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Oxcarbazepine (marketed as Trileptal® by Novartis) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic. ... Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the hormonal system. ...

Those taking Lamotrigine in combination with a valproate are instructed to take the daily amount of medication all at once, while those taking the enzyme-inducing anti-convulsants are instructed to split the daily amount into two doses. Those taking neither of the other two classes of drugs usually take the entire daily amount as a single dose.

Clinical studies show no effective difference for depression or bipolar disorder beyond 200 mg, however antimanic effects may not begin until doses of 400 mg a day, and some bipolar patients report feeling useful effects above the 200 mg per day level. GlaxoSmithKline suggests maintenance doses up to 400 mg for bipolar disorder, unless the patient is taking a valproate, in which case a maximum of 200 mg is suggested. Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, and thought patterns. ...

Epilepsy dosages

Due to the numerous types of epilepsy and drug interaction complications, dosages for epilepsy can be even more complex than those for bipolar disorders; advice from qualified medical professionals is essential.

The recommended initial dosing begins at less than 1 mg for epilepsy. Generally, the therapeutic range for epilepsy is 300 mg to 500 mg a day, unless the patient is also taking a valproate drug, in which case it is normally 100 mg to 200 mg per day. Valproic acid or 2-Propylpentanoic acid is CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)COOH . ...

Side effects

Cognitive side effects are common with doses over 50mg qid, per 2001-2003 Glaxo-sponsored Clinical Trials comparing quality of life between Topiramate and Lamotigine in healthy volunteers (unpublished). Common side effects include headaches, dizziness and insomnia. It is known to cause extremely vivid dreams that may go away during treatment. It has also caused major weight loss.^{[citation needed]} In very rare cases, Lamotrigine has been known to cause the development of a dangerous rash called Stevens-Johnson syndrome (or SJS). The rash is more common in children, so this medication is often reserved for adults. There is also an increased incidence of this rash in patients who are currently on, or recently discontinued a valproates anti-convulsant drug, as these medications interact in such a way that the clearance of both is decreased and the effective dose of lamotrigine is increased. Muscle aches are another fairly common side effect, and there are occasional reports of dry mouth. A headache (cephalalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... // Pre-syncope is a sensation of feeling faint. ... This article is about the sleeping disorder. ... A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance or texture. ... Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a severe and life-threatening condition. ...

In clinical trials women were more likely than men to have side effects. This is the opposite of most other anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. It's been suggested that genetic background makes a difference in dosages, with those of non-Caucasian background typically needing lower doses. The 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (1885-1890) shows the Caucasian race (in blue) as comprising Aryans, Semites and Hamites. Aryans are further sub-divided into European Aryans and Indo-Aryans (the latter corresponding to the group now designated Indo-Iranians). ...

Lamotrigine binds to melanin-containing tissues such as the iris of the eye. The long-term consequences of this are unknown.

Use during pregnancy is recommended only if benefits outweigh potential risks. It was also reported on CNN in September 2006 that taking Lamictal during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to a cleft palate in babies. Lamotrigine is found in breast milk; breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment.

Some patients have reported experiencing a loss of concentration, even with very small doses, while some others have actually reported an increase in alertness and concentration. In general, however, it tends to have less of an impact on concentration relative to other mood stabilizers.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanism of action

One proposed mechanism of action for lamotrigine involves an effect on sodium channels, although this remains to be established in humans. In vitro pharmacological studies suggest that lamotrigine inhibits voltage-sensitive sodium channels, thereby stabilizing neuronal membranes and consequently modulating presynaptic transmitter release of excitatory amino acids (e.g. glutamate and aspartate)[1]. Glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid. ... Aspartic acid, also known as aspartate, the name of its anion, is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. ...

U.S. FDA approval history

• December 1994 - for use as adjunctive treatment for partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adult patients (16 years of age and older).
• August 1998 - for use as adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in pediatric and adult patients, new dosage form: chewable dispersible tablets.
• December 1998 - for use as monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adult patients when converting from a single enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drug (EIAED).
• January 2003 - for use as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age.
• June 2003 - for the maintenance treatment of adults with Bipolar I Disorder to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes (depression, mania, hypomania, mixed episodes) in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy. Additionally, the FDA has noted that findings for Lamictal maintenance treatment were more robust in bipolar depression.
• January 2004 - for use as monotherapy for treatment of partial seizures in adult patients when converting from the anti-epileptic drug valproate (including valproic acid (Depakene) and divalproex sodium (Depakote)).

Notes

1. ^ http://www.drug.co.il/bygeneric.asp?gen_id=775&drugID=7007&wel=
2. ^ http://www.fda.gov/cder/rdmt/ESCY03AP.HTM
3. ^ http://www.crazymeds.org/lamictal.html
4. ^ http://www.tevapharm.com/pr/2005/pr_513.asp
5. ^ http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/MedicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/Prescriptions/PrescriptionsArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4104966&chk=eSpcRy

References

• Backonja, M. (2004). Neuromodulating drugs for the symptomatic treatment of neuropathic pain. Cur Pain Headache Rep. 8(3):212–6
• Barbosa, L. Berk, M. Vorster, M. (2003). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of augmentation with lamotrigine or placebo in patients concomitantly treated with fluoxetine for resistant major depressive episodes. [Abstract]. J Clin Psychiatry. 64(4):403–407.
• Campbell, G.H. Lutsep, H.L. (2004, 16 December). Trigeminal neuralgia. J. Mendizabal, et al. (Eds). Accessed on March 22, 2005.
• Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2005, 01 April). A catalog of FDA approved drug products. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed on April 01, 2005.
• Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2005, 01 April). Electronic orange book: Approved drug products. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed on April 01, 2005.
• Curry, W.J. and Kulling, D.L. (1998). Newer Antiepileptic Drugs: Gabapentin, Lamotrigine, Felbamate, Topiramate and Fosphenytoin. American Family Physician. 57(3): 513-?.
• French, J.A. et al. (2004). Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment of refractory epilepsy [electronic version]. Neurology. 62:1261–1273.
• GlaxoSmithKline. (2003, June 23). Lamictal: First medication since Lithium approved for long-term maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Press Release.
• GlaxoSmithKline. (2004, January 14). For epilepsy it is used to treat partial seizures, primary and secondary tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal® (lamotrigine): Prescribing information. Accessed on February 02, 2005.
• GlaxoSmithKline UK. (2004, February 09). Lamictal combined tablets. electronic Medicines Compendium. Accessed on February 02, 2005.
• Glauser, T.A. Morita, D.A. (2002, January 30). Lennox-gastaut syndrome. (eds). Accessed on March 22, 2005.
• Huntington’s Outreach Project for Education. (2004, December 08). Lamotrigine disease mechanism V: Glutamate toxicity Stanford University. Accessed on March 12, 2005.
• Jensen, T.S. (2002). Anticonvulsants in neuropathic pain: rationale and clinical evidence. [Abstract]. Eur J Pain. 6 Suppl A:61–68.
• Ochoa, J.G. & Riche W. (2005, 02 March). Antiepileptic drugs: An overview. E.A. Passaro, et al (Eds). Accessed on March 12, 2005.
• Pappagallo, M. (2003). Newer antiepileptic drugs: possible uses in the treatment of neuropathic pain and migraine. [Abstract]. Clin. Ther. 25(10):2506–38.
• Pellock, J.M. (1999). Managing pediatric epilepsy syndromes with new antiepileptic drugs [Special issue, electronic version]. Pediatrics. 104(5): 1106–1116.

External links

• FAQ: Psychiatric Uses of Lamotrigine (Lamictal), by Ivan K. Goldberg, MD. Includes many references from the medical literature.
• Center for Drug Evaluation and Research: Lamictal - documents related to the FDA approval process, including medical reviews and correspondence letters.
• Lamictal™ Medicine Guide - from the electronic Medicines Compendium (UK), with the summary of product characteristics and pdf files of patient information leaflets.
• Epilepsy South Africa: MEDICATION FOR EPILEPSY - an Epilepsy FAQ with a list of medicines for treatment thereof, includes Lamotrigine with South African trade name Lamictin.