Lance Armstrong

Armstrong speaking at the NIH
Personal information
Full name	Lance Edward Armstrong
Nickname	Tour de Lance, Mellow Johnny (from Maillot Jaune, French for Yellow jersey)[1]
Date of birth	September 18, 1971 (1971-09-18) (age 36)
Country	United States
Height	1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Weight	1993: 79 kg (170 lb) 1999: 74 kg (160 lb)
Team information
Current team	Retired
Discipline	Road
Role	Rider
Rider type	All - rounder
Amateur team(s)
1990–1991 1991	Subaru-Montgomery US National Team
Professional team(s)
1992–1996 1997 1998–2005	Motorola Cofidis U.S. Postal / Discovery Channel
Major wins
Tour de France (1999–2005), 22 stages World Cycling Champion (1993) US National Cycling Champion (1993) Clásica de San Sebastián (1995) La Flèche Wallonne (1996)
Infobox last updated on:
June 16, 2008

Lance Armstrong (b. September 18, 1971, Plano, Texas) is a retired American professional road racing cyclist. He won the Tour de France a record-breaking seven consecutive years, from 1999 to 2005. He is the only individual to win seven times, having broken the previous record of five wins, shared by Miguel Indurain (consecutive) and Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx and Jacques Anquetil. Prior to this, he also survived testicular cancer, a germ cell tumor that metastasized to his brain and lungs, in 1996. His cancer treatments included brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his prognosis was not originally considered to be great. Image File history File links Cyclist Lance Armstrong visiting the NIH. File links The following pages link to this file: Lance Armstrong ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ... Commercial version of maillot jaune, 2004 Maillot jaune (French for yellow jersey, pronounced my-oh zhohn) is the jersey worn by the current overall leader of many bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. ... Commercial version of maillot jaune, 2004 The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune pronounced ) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-stage bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... Image File history File links Arc_en_ciel. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. ... The 2000 Summer Olympics or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were the Summer Olympic Games celebrated in 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Location within the state of Texas Coordinates: , County Government  - Mayor Pat Evans Area  - City 185. ... Road bicycle racing is a popular bicycle racing sport held on the road (following the geography of the area), using racing bicycles. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... The 1999 Tour de France was the 86th Tour de France, taking place from July 3 to July 25, 2005. ... The 92nd Tour de France was held from July 2 to July 24, 2005. ... Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964, Villava, Navarre) is a retired Spanish road bicycle racer. ... Bernard Hinault (born 14 November 1954) is a French cyclist best known for his five victories in the Tour de France. ... Baron Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx (IPA: ) (born June 17, 1945, Meensel-Kiezegem, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium) is a former Belgian professional cyclist. ... Jacques Anquetil (January 8, 1934 - November 18, 1987), was a French cyclist and the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964. ... Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. ... Germ cell tumours are ovarian neoplasms derived from germ cells. ... For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. ... Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ... Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις, modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...

In 1999, he was named the American Broadcasting Company's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. He received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. Armstrong retired from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the 2005 Tour de France. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network. ... ABCs Wide World of Sports is a long-running sports anthology show on American television. ... The first issue of Sports Illustrated, August 16, 1954, showing Milwaukee Braves star Eddie Mathews at bat in Milwaukee County Stadium. ... Since its inception in 1954, Sports Illustrated magazine has annually presented the Sportsman of the Year award to the athlete or team whose performance that year most embodies the spirit of sportsmanship and achievement. ... Associated Press Athlete of the Year In 1931, the first and most prestigious Athlete of the Year award in the United States was initiated by the Associated Press (AP). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ESPN, formerly an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American cable television network dedicated to broadcasting and producing sports-related programming 24 hours a day. ... The 10th Anniversary ESPY Award. ... The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality is given on an annual basis to the non-British sportsman or sportswoman considered to have made the most substantative contribution to sport in that year. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 92nd Tour de France was held from July 2 to July 24, 2005. ...

Success

Pre-cycling career

Long before his Tour de France victories, Armstrong was a successful teenage triathlete. In 1988, Triathlete magazine named him "Rookie of the Year." In the 1989 May issue of Triathlete magazine, at seventeen years old, Armstrong was listed as one of the candidates to "Most Likely Succeed."

Coaching

Armstrong met former elite cyclist Chris Carmichael in 1990. Carmichael worked with him as his coach through all of his years at the Tour De France competitions. Chris Carmichael (born October 24, 1961 in Berkeley) is is a cycling, triathlon and endurance sports coach and founder and CEO of Carmichael Training Systems. ...

The team's sports director, Belgian ex-cyclist Johan Bruyneel, was involved in all of Armstrong's victories. The Italian coach Michele Ferrari also coached and advised Armstrong. A directeur sportif is a person who is responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle racing event. ... Johan Bruyneel is the director of Team Discovery, a US-based pro cycling team. ... Michele Ferrari. ...

Physical attributes

He is near but not at the top aerobically, having a VO₂ max of 83.8 mL/kg/min — much higher than the average person (40-50) but not as high as that of some other elite cyclists, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92-94) or Greg LeMond (92.5).^[2] His heart is 30% larger than average; however, an enlarged heart is a common trait for many other athletes. He has a resting heart rate of 32-34 beats per minute with a max heart rate at 201 bpm.^[3] Armstrong's most unusual attribute may be his low lactate levels. During intense training, the levels of most racers range from 12 μL/kg to as much as 20 μL/kg; Armstrong is below 6 μL/kg. This is probably due to Lance's ability to use lactate more effectively than other riders, for lactate is a source of fuel the working muscles. This ability, of lactate removal, is most likely due to many years of hard training. Therefore, lactic acid buildup (or acidosis) doesn't occur as easily in his body. Acidosis, and lactate in general, does not cause fatigue but is a good, testable, marker for what does cause muscular fatigue: muscle cell depolarization. Some have theorized that his high pedaling cadence is designed to take advantage of this low lactate level, though this has been proven incorrect. In contrast, other cyclists — like Jan Ullrich — rely on their power to push a larger gear at a lower rate. Further improvements in Armstrong's physical attributes and performance have been attributed to training-induced increases in his muscular efficiency indicating changes in muscle myosin type.^[4] VO2 max is the maximum capacity to transport and utilize oxygen during incremental exercise. ... Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964, Villava, Navarre) is a retired Spanish road bicycle racer. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ... Cadence in cycling is the number of revolutions of the cranks per minute. ... Jan Ullrich (born December 2, 1973 in Rostock, East Germany, now Germany) is a retired German professional road bicycle racer. ... Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...

Collaboration of sponsors

Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking his sponsors and equipment suppliers to contribute and act as one cohesive part of the team.^[5] For example, rather than having the bike frame, handlebars, and tires of a bicycle designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction with each other, his teams adopted a Formula 1-style relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",^[6] taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, composed of Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek-owned company), Shimano, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for a well-coordinated and technologically cutting-edge array of products. Formula One, abbreviated to F1 and also known as Grand Prix racing, is the highest class of single-seat open-wheel auto racing. ... The Trek Bicycle Corporation is a major American bicycle and component manufacturer. ... Nike, Inc. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... Shimano, Inc. ... Giro is a U.S. manufacturer of helmets for cycling and snow sports. ... Oakley, Inc. ...

Consequences of cancer

A 2006 article claims that Armstrong's testicular cancer actually helped him during the Tour de France.^[7] The article outlines that surgical removal of testicles (even one) re-positions the body's hormonal system, playing with the feedback system of normal testosterone production. Consequently, a cascade of events which allegedly favor or enhance endurance performance is proposed by the authors. They suggest that the increase in LH to testosterone ratio and the increase in free fatty acid (FFA) to glycogen utilisation ratio which resulted in an increase in power-to-weight ratio (a favourable characteristic for mountain climbing) and a remodeling of type I and type II muscle fibers in Armstrong's physiology all contributed to his athletic prowess.^{[citation needed]} Another mechanism by which the authors propose that Armstrong obtained and maintained his super physiology was that the altered hormonal state induced an increase in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). Look up testes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Reasons for success

Many have discussed the reasons for Armstrong's success in winning seven Tours in a row. No single factor seems to be responsible, but rather a combination of the following:

Training methodology and preparation

He trained in Spain for months leading up to the Tour de France and made frequent trips to France to fully analyze and ride key parts of the upcoming Tour de France course. Since he focused solely on the Tour de France and seldom competed in other major races, he was able to train 180 days per year for the 23 days of the Tour, a significantly greater training time than riders who compete in other races.

Coaching

Armstrong met former elite cyclist Chris Carmichael in 1990 and worked with him as his coach through all of his years at the Tour De France competitions. Chris Carmichael (born October 24, 1961 in Berkeley) is is a cycling, triathlon and endurance sports coach and founder and CEO of Carmichael Training Systems. ...

The team's sports director, Belgian ex-cyclist Johan Bruyneel, was involved in all of Armstrong's victories. The Italian coach Michele Ferrari has also coached and advised Armstrong. A directeur sportif is a person who is responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle racing event. ... Johan Bruyneel is the director of Team Discovery, a US-based pro cycling team. ... Michele Ferrari. ...

Riding style

Armstrong has a high lactate threshold and can maintain a higher cadence (often 120 rpm) in a lower gear than his competitors, most noticeably in the time trials^{[citation needed]}. This style is in direct contrast to previous champions (e.g., Jan Ullrich and Greg LeMond) who used a high gear and brute strength to win time trials. It is believed that a high cadence results in less fatigue in the leg muscles than a lower cadence requiring more severe leg muscle contractions. Ultimately the cardiovascular system is worked to a greater extent with a high cadence than with a lower, more muscular cadence. Because the leg muscles are taxed less with a high cadence pedaling style, they recover faster, and the efforts can be sustained for longer periods of time. Armstrong dedicated a significant portion of his training to developing and maintaining a high cadence style^{[citation needed]}. Anaerobic exercise is complementary to aerobic exercise. ... Cadence in cycling is the number of revolutions of the cranks per minute. ... Jan Ullrich (born December 2, 1973 in Rostock, East Germany, now Germany) is a retired German professional road bicycle racer. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ...

Physical attributes

He is near but not at the top aerobically, having a VO₂ Max of 83.8 mL/kg/min — much higher than the average person (40-50) but not as high as that of some other elite cyclists, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92-94) or Greg LeMond (92.5).^[8] His heart is 30% larger than average; however, an enlarged heart is a common trait for many other athletes. He has a resting heart rate of 32-34 beats per minute with a max heart rate at 201 bpm.^[9] Armstrong's most unusual attribute may be his low lactate levels. During intense training, the levels of most racers range from 12 μL/kg to as much as 20 μL/kg; Armstrong is below 6 μL/kg. The result is that less lactic acid accumulates in Armstrong's system, therefore it is possible that he feels less fatigue from severe efforts, and this may contribute to his ability to sustain the same level of physical effort as other elite racers with less fatigue and faster recovery times. Some theorize that his high pedaling cadence is designed to take advantage of this low lactate level. In contrast, other cyclists — like Jan Ullrich — rely on their anaerobic capacity, pushing a larger gear at a lower rate. Further improvements in Armstrong's physical attributes and performance have been attributed to training-induced increases in his muscular efficiency indicating changes in muscle myosin type.^[10] VO2 max is the maximum capacity to transport and utilize oxygen during incremental exercise. ... Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964, Villava, Navarre) is a retired Spanish road bicycle racer. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ... Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. ... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ... Cadence in cycling is the number of revolutions of the cranks per minute. ... Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...

Strength of his team

Some^[who?] have attributed Armstrong's success in recent years in part to his US Postal Service cycling team (in 2005, the Discovery Channel Team). Throughout his wins in the Tour de France, Lance slowly built up the strength of his team. In his first few Tour victories, his team was not considered exceptionally strong. Yet it is evident by the wins of his team in the Team Time Trial in his last three Tour de France victories that they were one of the most dominating teams in the Pro Tour Circuit. While the U.S. Postal Team competes in races worldwide, the riders were selected specifically to help Armstrong win the yellow jersey. In this way, the team's single-minded approach can be contrasted with other teams. For example, Jan Ullrich's T-Mobile team, as well as supporting Ullrich in the general classification, also had an eye for many years on the outcome of the points competition, which their sprinter Erik Zabel won for six consecutive years. However, the decisive moves in which he gained large leads over the competition involved Armstrong racing far ahead of his team, and Armstrong often fended off multiple attacks when his team faltered and he was isolated unexpectedly. Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... Commercial version of maillot jaune, 2004 The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune pronounced ) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-stage bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. ...

Support of broader team

This section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (July 2007)

Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking his sponsors and equipment suppliers to contribute and act as one cohesive part of the team. For example, rather than having the bike frame, handlebars, and tires of a bicycle designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction with each other, his teams adopted a Formula 1-style relationship with sponsors and suppliers, taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, comprised of Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek-owned company), Shimano, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for a well-coordinated and technologically cutting-edge array of products. The approach has since become the standard in the professional cycling industry. Formula One, abbreviated to F1 and also known as Grand Prix racing, is the highest class of single-seat open-wheel auto racing. ... The Trek Bicycle Corporation is a major American bicycle and component manufacturer. ... Nike, Inc. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... Shimano, Inc. ... Giro is a U.S. manufacturer of helmets for cycling and snow sports. ... Oakley, Inc. ...

Cancer can be performance-enhancing

A recent article claims that the American legend's testicular cancer actually helped him during the Tour de France.^[11] The article outlines that surgical removal of testicles (even one) re-positions the body's hormonal system, playing with the feedback system of normal testosterone production. Consequently, a cascade of events which allegedly favour or enhance endurance performance is proposed by the authors. They suggest that the increase in LH to testosterone ratio and the increase in free fatty acid (FFA) to glycogen utilisation ratio which resulted in an increase in power-to-weight ratio (a favourable characteristic for mountain climbing) and a remodelling of type I and type II muscle fibres in Armstrong's physiology all contributed to him becoming the super-athlete that he is or was.

Another mechanism by which the authors propose that Armstrong obtained and maintained his super physiology was that the altered hormonal state induced an increase in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). While the key to enhanced endurance is oxygen availability supplied by blood cells, to suggest that in the case of Armstrong this could have been provided by the extra blood produced as a consequence of the hormone imbalance is drawing a long bow, particularly in view of the evidence provided by the authors.

Allegations of drug use

Armstrong has continually denied having used performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as "the most tested athlete in the world".^[12] Throughout his career only one test showed indications of the presence of doping products: in 1999, a urine sample showed traces of corticosteroids, but the amount was not in the positive test range. He later produced a medical certificate showing he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance.^[13] In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... A saddle sore is a skin ailment in the nether region due to, or exacerbated by, riding on a bicycle saddle. ...

Specific allegations

• In 2004, sports reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh jointly published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L. A. Confidentiel - Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse Emma O'Reilly who claimed that Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.^[13] Another key figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims that he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while they were members of the Motorola team, a claim since denied by other team members.^[14] Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper The Sunday Times in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong subsequently sued the newspaper for libel, which settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pretrial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."^[15] The newspaper's lawyers issued the following statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologised for any such impression." (See also^[16] in The Guardian). Armstrong later dropped similar lawsuits in France.^[17]
• On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief ^[18] in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of Androstenine while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain.^[19] While Androstenine is not on the list of banned drugs, the substances androstenedione and androstenediol are listed. However, Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.^[20] The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005, the terms of the agreement undisclosed.^[21]
• On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that urine taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France had tested positive for EPO in recent testing conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.^[22][23] This claim was based on an investigation in which they claimed to be able to match samples from the 1999 Tour that were used to hone the EPO test to Armstrong.^[24] The world governing body of cycling, Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), did not begin using a urine test for EPO until two years later, in 2001. Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow’s article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant’s rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."^[25]
• In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims made by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas-based company that was attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was eventually settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. Armstrong later issued a statement suggesting that Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which included steroids and EPO that are routinely taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.^[26] The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols, ^[27] or his medical history, although according to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), there exists a recorded conversation in which Stephanie McIlvain, Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc., told LeMond, "You know, I was in that room. I heard it."^[28]
• In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published an in-depth story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.^[29] The report cited evidence presented at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.^[30] From the LA Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour." ^[31] Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The LA Times article also provided in-depth information on the testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate Steven Swart, Frankie Andreu and his wife Betsy, and Instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping techniques in the peloton. Vaughters later signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the Instant messaging logs submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the LA Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The L.A. Times' article provides a comprehensive review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."
• In September 2006, Frankie Andreu and another unnamed teammate were reported to have made recent statements that they used EPO during the 1999 Tour de France. This was the same tour, and the same drug, at issue in the controversy with the World Anti-Doping Agency. While both teammates are reported as saying they never saw Armstrong use EPO, Armstrong at once attacked the article, describing it as a "hatchet job". [6]

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Lance Armstrong. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Lance Armstrong. ... L. A. Confidentiel : Les secrets de Lance Armstrong () is a book by sports journalists David Walsh, of the Sunday Times, and Pierre Ballester. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Spanish city. ... Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Erythropoietin (IPA pronunciation: , alternative pronunciations: ) or EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. ... Entrance of UCI headquarter at Aigle (Switzerland) Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is a professional cycling union that oversees cycling events in the international community. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ... Frankie Andreu before the 1996 Summer Olympics Frankie Andreu (born September 26, 1966 in Dearborn, Michigan) is a former professional cyclist whose career highlights include riding as team captain of the U.S. Postal Service cycling team along with Lance Armstrong in 1998, 1999 and 2000. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ... This just IN !!!:paris hiltons new dog. ... // Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. ... Jonathan Vaughters is an American former professional racing cyclist. ... The peloton (from French, literally meaning ball and related to the English word platoon), bunch or pack is the large main group in a road bicycle race. ... The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an independent foundation created through a collective initiative led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). ...

Investigation

In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency ("WADA") for an independent investigation, UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to conduct an independent investigation of the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was the head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.^[32] Vrijman's report "cleared" Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.^[33][34] The report said that tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."^[35] The recommendation of the commission's report was that no disciplinary action should be taken against any rider on the basis of the LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.^[36] The WADA rejected these conclusions.^[37] The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.

Family and personal life

Armstrong (center) on the set of College GameDay during the 2006 UT football season.

Armstrong was born as Lance Edward Gunderson to Linda Walling and Eddie Charles Gunderson. He was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two years old. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, who adopted Lance in 1974. ^[38] Linda has been married and divorced four times. Lance has since refused to meet his birth father and has described his stepfather as deceitful. ^[39] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... College Gameday logo College GameDay is an ESPN show (with a separate radio broadcast on ESPN Radio) that first aired in 1987 with Bob Carpenter as host and Lee Corso and Beano Cook as analysts. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Lance Rentzel (born October 14, 1943 in Flushing, New York) was a pro football receiver who played for several pro teams from 1965 to 1974. ... City Irving, Texas Other nicknames Americas Team, The Boys, The Pokes Team colors White, Silver, Silver-Green, Royal Blue, Navy Blue Head Coach Wade Phillips Owner Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1960–present) Western Conference (1960) Eastern Conference (1961-1969) Capitol Division... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They were married on May 8, 1998, and have three children: Luke, born in October 1999, and twins Isabelle and Grace, born in November 2001. The pregnancy was made possible through the use of sperm Armstrong banked three years before having chemotherapy and surgery.^[40] The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his kids were flown in for the podium cermony in 2005, where Luke helped his father to hoist the trophy, while his twin daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascott and bouquet of yellow flowers. is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...

Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow some time in the autumn of 2003 and publicly revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006. In October 2007, Armstrong and fashion designer Tory Burch ended a relationship after dating for several months.^[41] After that relationship ended, Armstrong was linked to Ashley Olsen, who is 15 years his junior. He is now linked to Kate Hudson, the American actress. ^[42] Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. ... “Engaged” redirects here. ... Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) is an American actress, best known as half of the acting duo Mary-Kate and Ashley alongside her fraternal twin[1] sister, Mary-Kate Olsen. ... This article is about the actress. ...

Armstrong owns a house in Austin, Texas, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.^[43] Neighbors of his ranch property claim that Armstrong inadvertently polluted a local swimming hole when he was creating a dam on his ranch.^[43] One neighboring family said that the problem existed for two years and that "you only have so much patience."^[43] Armstrong later cleaned it up, much to the satisfaction of his neighbors.^[44] Armstrong is a fan of The University of Texas Longhorns college football program and is often seen at events and on the sidelines supporting the team (see photo). Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State County Travis Williamson Hays Settled 1835 Incorporated December 27, 1839 Government  - Type Manager-Council  - Mayor Will Wynn  - City Manager Marc Ott Area  - City 296. ... This article is about a type of land use and method of raising livestock. ... The Texas Hill Country, as seen from near Interstate 10. ... A swimming hole is a place in a river, stream, creek, spring or similar natural body of water which is large enough and deep enough for a person to swim in. ... This article is about structures for water impoundment. ... University of Texas redirects here. ... Head coach Mack Brown Ninth year, 93–22 Home stadium Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium Capacity 85,123 - grass Conference Big 12 - South First year 1893 Athletic director DeLoss Dodds Website mackbrown-texasfootball. ... This article covers college football played in the United States. ...

Post-cycling career

Since retirement, Armstrong has focused his efforts on the Lance Armstrong Foundation and other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. Lance Armstrong at LAF Community Program Conference The Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) is a United States charitable organization that provides support for people with cancer. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Indianapolis 500 pace cars The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a pace car since 1911. ... The Chevrolet Corvette is a sports car first manufactured by Chevrolet in 1953. ... The 90th Indianapolis 500 was held on Sunday, May 28, 2006. ...

In 2007, Lance Armstrong along with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charitable organization, which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires millions of non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.^[45] Andre Kirk Agassi (born April 29, 1970) is a former World No. ... For other persons named Muhammad Ali, see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation). ... Warrick DeMon Dunn (born January 5, 1975 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is an American football player who currently plays running back for the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL. // At Catholic High in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Dunn played quarterback, cornerback, and running back. ... Jeffery Michael Gordon (born August 4, 1971) is a professional American race car driver. ... Mia Hamm (born Mariel Margaret Hamm on March 17, 1972 in Selma, Alabama) is a former American soccer player. ... This article is about the American skateboarder. ... Andrea Jaeger (born June 4, 1965, in Chicago, Illinois) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. ... Jackie Joyner-Kersee (born March 3, 1962) is a retired American athlete, ranked amongst the all-time greatest heptathletes. ... Mario Lemieux (born October 5, 1965 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a retired professional ice hockey centre who played 17 seasons for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1984 and 2005. ... Alonzo Harding Mourning, Jr. ... Cal Ripken redirects here. ...

Marathon

After his retirement, he continued to stay fit and decided to run the New York City Marathon accompanied by friend Robert Mc Elligott.Together with Nike, he assembled a pace team consisting of well known runners Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach his goal time of 3 hours. He struggled with shin splints and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last 5 miles (8.0 km) to come through at 2:59:36, finishing 856th. He commented that the race was extremely difficult, even when compared to competing in the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness." ^[46] The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.^[47] This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue without stop through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run. The New York City Marathon is an annual marathon foot-race run over a 42,195 m (26. ... Alberto Salazar (born August 7, 1958 in Cuba) is an American marathon runner of the 1980s. ... Joan Benoit Samuelson (born May 16, 1957) was an American marathon runner who won gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. ... Hicham El Guerrouj (Arabic: هشام الكروج, born September 14, 1974, Berkane) is a retired Moroccan middle distance runner. ... Shin splints is a general term used to refer to a painful condition in the shins. ... The Live Strong Band The Live Strong Yellow Band is a yellow wristband developed by cyclist and cancer survivor Lance Armstrong in summer 2004. ...

Lance Armstrong stated that despite the difficulty he had in the 2006 race, he wanted to do the race again in 2007.^[48] On February 12, 2007, Armstrong officially announced his decision to enter the November 4, 2007, ING New York City Marathon.^[49] Armstrong completed the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2:46:43 finishing 232nd. ^[50] is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

On April 21, 2008, Armstrong completed the 2008 Boston Marathon in 2:50.58, finishing in the top 500. ^[51] is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... The 100th running of the Boston Marathon, 1996 The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event hosted by the city of Boston, Massachusetts, on Patriots Day, the third Monday of April. ...

Politics

George W. Bush and Armstrong mountain biking at Prairie Chapel Ranch

In an interview with the New York Times, teammate George Hincapie hinted at Armstrong possibly running for Governor of Texas after retiring from cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside magazine, Armstrong hinted at possibly running for governor, although "not in '06".^[52] Armstrong and President George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. President Bush called Armstrong in France after his 2005 victory to congratulate him, and in August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking.^[53] In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong stated; "He's a personal friend [Bush], but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends".^[54] Armstrong has described himself as; "Left of center, against the war in Iraq, and pro-choice".^[55][56] Image File history File links President_George_Bush_and_2005_Tour_de_France_winner_Lance_Armstrong_take_a_ride_together. ... Image File history File links President_George_Bush_and_2005_Tour_de_France_winner_Lance_Armstrong_take_a_ride_together. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... George Hincapie (born June 28, 1973 in Queens, New York City) is an American professional road bicycle racer residing in Greenville, South Carolina. ... In politics, Governor of Texas is the title given to the chief executive of the state of Texas. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... For other uses, see Times. ... President Bush at his ranch Prairie Chapel Ranch is a 1583 acre (6. ... Mountain biker riding in the Arizona desert. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

In August 2005, Armstrong has hinted that he has changed his mind about possibly entering politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose, that aired on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the type of time commitments that caused him to decide to retire from cycling. Again on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin CBS affiliate [7] that he is no longer considering politics. "The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?" This article is about the American journalist. ... PBS redirects here. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the broadcast network. ...

In 2006, Armstrong began to clarify that he intends to be involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies. In a May 2006 interview with Sports Illustrated, Armstrong is quoted as saying "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer Fighters' Union of the World." Sports Illustrated also quotes Armstrong as saying that he fears halving his influence with legislators if he chooses one side in American partisan politics. His foundation is becoming more involved in lobbying on behalf of cancer patients before Congress. The first issue of Sports Illustrated, August 16, 1954, showing Milwaukee Braves star Eddie Mathews at bat in Milwaukee County Stadium. ... The first issue of Sports Illustrated, August 16, 1954, showing Milwaukee Braves star Eddie Mathews at bat in Milwaukee County Stadium. ...

Teams and victories

Lance Armstrong competed with the U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team (later Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team) for most of his career, including his 7 Tour de France victories

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 494 pixelsFull resolution (1440 × 890 pixel, file size: 258 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lance Armstrong ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 494 pixelsFull resolution (1440 × 890 pixel, file size: 258 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lance Armstrong ... Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team Logo Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... The 7-Eleven Cycling Team, founded in 1981 under Jim Ochowicz and spanning 10 years, was the United States first professional cycling team, and responsible to a large extent for an increase in bike racing interest in the U.S. In its lifespan, the team claimed a win in the... Atlanta redirects here. ... Fitchburg Longsjo Classic is an annual road bicycle racing stage race held in and around Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States. ... Image File history File links Arc_en_ciel. ... For the womens event, see UCI Road World Championships, Women. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... USPRO National Championships is the name given by USA Cycling, the United States national governing body of cycling, for a series of national championships // USPRO National Road Championships The first rider from the United States that crosses the finish line will be considered the United States National Road Race Champion... The 1993 Tour de France was the 80th Tour de France, taking place July 3 to July 27, 1993. ... The Trofeo Laigueglia is an early season road bicycle race held annually in Liguria, Italy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Tour of Sweden (or Postgirot Open) was an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Sweden from 1982 to 2002. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The 1995 Tour de France was the 82nd Tour de France. ... The Clasica San Sebastian is a bicycle race held every summer since 1981 in the Basque region of Spain. ... Paris-Nice, nicknamed the race to the sun, is an annual professional cycling stage race held annually each March. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... La Flèche Wallonne is a major professional cycle road race held in April each year in Belgium. ... Cofidis is a French professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by the insurance company Cofidis. ... Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team Logo Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... Tour de Luxembourg is an annual stage race in professional road bicycle racing held in Luxembourg. ... The 53rd edition of the Vuelta a España was held 5 to 27 September, 1998 and began in Córdoba and ended in Madrid. ... The 1999 Tour de France was the 86th Tour de France, taking place from July 3 to July 25, 2005. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. ... The Route du Sud is a road bicycle race held annually in Southern France. ... The Circuit de la Sarthe (English: Circuit of Sarthe) is an early-season short road bicycle racing stage race held annually in Pays de la Loire, France. ... The 2000 Tour de France was won by Lance Armstrong. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The Grand Prix des Nations was an individual time trial (a race against the clock or contre la montre) for Europes leading professional racing cyclists. ... Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was a cycle race around Brussels, where Eddy Merckx was born. ... Viatcheslav Vladimirovich Ekimov (Russian Вячеслав Владимирович Екимов; born February 4, 1966 in Vyborg near St Petersburg, Russia), nicknamed Eki, was a heralded professional bicycle racer. ... The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. ... The 2000 Summer Olympics or the Millennium Games/Games of the New Millennium, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were the Summer Olympic Games celebrated in 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... The Tour de France of 2001 was relatively short, but also difficult, with a number of heavy mountain stages, a team time trial and a climbing time trial. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The Tour de Suisse (English: Tour of Switzerland) is a UCI ProTour stage race held annually in June. ... The Tour de France of 2002 started in Luxembourg on July 6, 2002, and ended in Paris on July 28. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. ... The Grand Prix du Midi Libre (nicknamed Midi Libre) was a multiple-stage cycling course in the south of France. ... The Tour de France of 2003 started and ended in Paris. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. ... The 91st Tour de France (July 3 - July 25, 2004). ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The 2004 Tour de Georgia was the second annual bicycle road racing event held in the state of Georgia, United States. ... The Grand Prix du Midi Libre (nicknamed Midi Libre) was a multiple-stage cycling course in the south of France. ... The Volta ao Algarve (Portugese; English: Tour of the Algarve) is a road bicycle racing stage race held annually in the Algarve, Portugal. ... Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... The 92nd Tour de France was held from July 2 to July 24, 2005. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... These are the results for the 2005 edition of the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, won by Basque rider Íñigo Landaluze, who has given positive in a doping test but whose case is still under dispute. ... Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team (UCI Team Code: DSC) is a US-based professional road bicycle racing team. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Map of Gastown Statue of Gassy Jack, Gastown. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Sara Lee ® IronKids Triathlon Series is a series of triathlons held around the U.S for children ages 7 to 14. ...

Accolades

• United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
• Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
• World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
• Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
• Prince of Asturias Award in Sports (2000)
• Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
• Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2003)
• Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year (2000)
• Trophee de L'Academie des Sport [France] (2004)
• Vélo d'Or Award by Velo Magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
• Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)
• Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)
• Marca Legend Award by Marca, a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
• BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award (2003)
• ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
• ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
• ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
• ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
• ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)
• Favorite Athlete award at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
• Presidential Delegation to the XIX Olympic Winter Games (2002)^[59]
• Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year (2002)
• VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
• VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
• William Hill Sports Book of the Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)^[60]
• Union Cycliste Internationale: World Number 1 Ranked Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
• Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
• Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
• An asteroid, 1994 JE₉ was named 12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
• Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Tufts University

The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is a non-profit organization that serves as the National Olympic Committee (NOC) for the United States and coordinates the relationship between the United States Anti-Doping Agency and the World Anti-Doping Agency and various international sports federations. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... The Prince of Asturias Awards (in Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias) is a series of annual prizes given in Spain by the Fundación Príncipe de Asturias to individuals from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, or public affairs. ... List of winners and nominees of the Laureus World Sports Awards: Sportsman of the Year. ... List of winners and nominees of the Laureus World Sports Awards: Comeback of the Year. ... The (French for Golden Wheel) is a cycling award, created in 1992 by the French cycling magazine Vélo Magazine. ... La Gazzetta dello Sport is an Italian newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. ... MARCA is a Spanish nationwide daily sports newspaper. ... The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality is given on an annual basis to the non-British sportsman or sportswoman considered to have made the most substantative contribution to sport in that year. ... The 10th Anniversary ESPY Award. ... The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network. ... ABCs Wide World of Sports is a long-running sports anthology show on American television. ... The Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards or also known as the KCAs is an annual awards show, always aired live and usually held in late March or early April, that honors the years biggest television, movie and music acts, as voted by the people (mostly kids) who watch the... The 19th annual Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards were held on April 1, 2006 at UCLA’s Pauley Pavilion. ... The William Hill Sports Book of the Year is an annual British book award dedicated to rewarding excellence in sports writing. ... Entrance of UCI headquarter at Aigle (Switzerland) Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is a professional cycling union that oversees cycling events in the international community. ... The UCI Road World Rankings was a system of ranking road bicycle racers based upon the results in all UCI-stanctionned races over a twelve month period. ... // The asteroid 12373 Lancearmstrong is a Main belt asteroid discovered by Charles de Saint-Aignan at Lowell Observatory, examining films taken at Palomar. ... Tufts redirects here. ...

Quotes

This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. If the content can be changed to be more encyclopedic rather than just a list of quotes, please do so and remove this message. Otherwise, you can help by formatting it per the Wikiquote guidelines in preparation for the duplication.

• On the Champs-Élysées podium for the last time, after winning his seventh tour: "Finally the last thing I'll say to the people who don’t believe in cycling, the cynics and the skeptics. I'm sorry for you. I'm sorry that you can’t dream big. I'm sorry you don't believe in miracles. But this is one hell of a race. This is a great sporting event and you should stand around and believe it. You should believe in these athletes, and you should believe in these people. I'll be a fan of the Tour de France for as long as I live. And there are no secrets - this is a hard sporting event and hard work wins it. So Vive le Tour forever. Thank you!" ^[61]
• About the French 2006 FIFA World Cup team during his speech of gratitude at the ESPY Awards: "All their players tested positive... for being assholes."^[62]
• "Pain is temporary, it may last a minute, or an hour, or a day, or a year, but eventually it will subside and something else will take its place. If I quit, however, it lasts forever."^[63]
• "Anything is possible. You can be told that you have a 90-percent chance or a 50-percent chance or a 1-percent chance, but you have to believe, and you have to fight."^[64]
• "A boo is a lot louder than a cheer, if you have 10 people cheering and one person booing all you hear is the booing."^[65]
• "At the end of the day, if there was indeed some Body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a God at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, "But you were never a Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven." If so, I was going to reply, "You know what? You're right. Fine."^[66]
• "Without cancer, I never would have won a single Tour de France. Cancer taught me a plan for more purposeful living, and that in turn taught me how to train and to win more purposefully. It taught me that pain has a reason, and that sometimes the experience of losing things–whether health or a car or an old sense of self–has its own value in the scheme of life. Pain and loss are great enhancers."^[67]
• "Well obviously I have some talent."^[68]

Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... 2006 World Cup redirects here. ... The 10th Anniversary ESPY Award. ...

References

is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
• Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
• Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni Rodgers: No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
• Daniel Coyle: Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Lance and the Tour.
• Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L. A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière (French). Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping.
• Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L.A. Officiel (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière (French). Why Lance Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel.
• Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Lance Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment.
• John Wilcockson: 23 Days in July (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
• John Wilcockson: The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Lance's last ever Tour de France and his 7th consecutive victory.
• Dzulfitree B. Ahmad

L. A. Confidentiel : Les secrets de Lance Armstrong () is a book by sports journalists David Walsh, of the Sunday Times, and Pierre Ballester. ...

Acting

• Armstrong has appeared in several films, such as Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story and You, Me and Dupree.

Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story is a comedy from 20th Century Fox, written and directed by Rawson Thurber and available on DVD or VHS December 2004. ... You, Me and Dupree is a comedy film released on July 14, 2006. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Lance Armstrong

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Lance Armstrong

• Lance Armstrong's Official Website
• The Lance Armstrong Foundation
• LIVESTRONG.COM - Daily health, fitness and lifestyle website
• Nike and the Lance Armstrong Foundation's "Wear Yellow - Live Strong" campaign
• Athletes for Hope
• Photos and Videos of Lance & The Tour De France at NowPublic
• USA TODAY: Tour de France; Fighting cancer is new mission for Armstrong.
• The main website for info about the Discovery Channel team
• BBC Sport Profile Lance Armstrong
• livestrong
• Cycling News: The Legend of Lance: an Armstrong retrospective, August 3, 2005
• U.S. Olympic Team bio ... four photo galleries
• United Athletes Magazine Armstrong's physical qualities and abilities
• Reflective Montage
• Video of Lance Armstrong speaking at the 2007 Aspen Ideas Festival, 07/04/2007
• Does Lance Armstrong really have a big heart?

Sporting positions
Preceded by Gianni Bugno	World Road Racing Champion 1993	Succeeded by Luc Leblanc
Preceded by Marco Pantani	Winner of the Tour de France 1999 – 2005	Succeeded by Óscar Pereiro
Awards
Preceded by Marco Pantani	Vélo d'Or 1999 – 2001	Succeeded by Mario Cipollini
Preceded by Derek Birley	William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner 2000	Succeeded by Laura Hillenbrand
Preceded by Barry Bonds	Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 2002 – 2005	Succeeded by Tiger Woods
Preceded by Mario Cipollini	Vélo d'Or 2003 – 2004	Succeeded by Tom Boonen
Preceded by Michael Schumacher	World Sportsman of the Year 2004	Succeeded by Michael Schumacher

v • d • e Tour de France Yellow jersey winners 1903 Maurice Garin · 1904 Henri Cornet · 1905 Louis Trousselier · 1906 René Pottier · 1907-1908 Lucien Petit-Breton · 1909 François Faber · 1910 Octave Lapize · 1911 Gustave Garrigou · 1912 Odile Defraye · 1913-1914 Philippe Thys · 1915-1918 World War I · 1919 Firmin Lambot · 1920 Philippe Thys · 1921 Léon Scieur · 1922 Firmin Lambot · 1923 Henri Pélissier · 1924-1925 Ottavio Bottecchia · 1926 Lucien Buysse · 1927-1928 Nicolas Frantz · 1929 Maurice De Waele · 1930 André Leducq · 1931 Antonin Magne · 1932 André Leducq · 1933 Georges Speicher · 1934 Antonin Magne · 1935 Romain Maes · 1936 Sylvère Maes · 1937 Roger Lapébie · 1938 Gino Bartali · 1939 Sylvère Maes · 1940-1946 World War II · 1947 Jean Robic · 1948 Gino Bartali · 1949 Fausto Coppi · 1950 Ferdinand Kübler · 1951 Hugo Koblet · 1952 Fausto Coppi · 1953-1955 Louison Bobet · 1956 Roger Walkowiak · 1957 Jacques Anquetil · 1958 Charly Gaul · 1959 Federico Bahamontes · 1960 Gastone Nencini · 1961-1964 Jacques Anquetil · 1965 Felice Gimondi · 1966 Lucien Aimar · 1967 Roger Pingeon · 1968 Jan Janssen · 1969-1972 Eddy Merckx · 1973 Luis Ocaña · 1974 Eddy Merckx · 1975 Bernard Thévenet · 1976 Lucien Van Impe · 1977 Bernard Thévenet · 1978-1979 Bernard Hinault · 1980 Joop Zoetemelk · 1981-1982 Bernard Hinault · 1983-1984 Laurent Fignon · 1985 Bernard Hinault · 1986 Greg LeMond · 1987 Stephen Roche · 1988 Pedro Delgado · 1989-1990 Greg LeMond · 1991-1995 Miguel Indurain · 1996 Bjarne Riis · 1997 Jan Ullrich · 1998 Marco Pantani · 1999-2005 Lance Armstrong · 2006 Óscar Pereiro · 2007 Alberto Contador Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Gianni Bugno (born Brugg, Switzerland, February 14, 1964) was an Italian professional road racing cyclist. ... The UCI Road World Championships, often referred to as the World Cycling Championships, is the annual world championship for bicycle road racing organized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Luc Leblanc (born on August 4, 1966 in Limoges, France) was a professional male cyclist from France. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Marco Pantani (January 13, 1970, Cesena – February 14, 2004, Rimini) was an Italian cyclist widely regarded as being one of the best climbers of all times in professional road bicycle racing. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... Óscar Pereiro Sio (born August 3, 1977 in Mos, Galicia) is a Galician professional road bicycle racer best known for winning the 2006 Tour de France after the original winner, Floyd Landis, was disqualified for failing a series of doping tests. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Marco Pantani (January 13, 1970, Cesena – February 14, 2004, Rimini) was an Italian cyclist widely regarded as being one of the best climbers of all times in professional road bicycle racing. ... The (French for Golden Wheel) is a cycling award, created in 1992 by the French cycling magazine Vélo Magazine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Mario Cipollini. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Sir Derek Birley (born 31 May 1926; died 14 May 2002) was an English educationalist and writer who had a strong interest in sport, especially cricket. ... The William Hill Sports Book of the Year is an annual British book award dedicated to rewarding excellence in sports writing. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Laura Hillenbrand (born 1967) is the author of the acclaimed Seabiscuit: An American Legend, a non-fiction account of the career of the great racehorse Seabiscuit, for which she won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year in 2001. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964 in Riverside, California) is currently a left fielder for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. ... In 1931, the first and most prestigious Athlete of the Year award in the United States was initiated by the Associated Press (AP). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Personal Information Birth December 30, 1975 ) Cypress, California Height 6 ft 1 in (1. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... Mario Cipollini. ... The (French for Golden Wheel) is a cycling award, created in 1992 by the French cycling magazine Vélo Magazine. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... Tom Boonen (born on October 15, 1980 in Mol, Belgium) is a professional road bicycle racer and is the 2005 World Road Race Champion. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Michael Schumacher (pronounced , (born January 3, 1969, in Hürth Hermülheim, Germany)[1] is a former Formula One driver, and seven-time world champion. ... List of winners and nominees of the Laureus World Sports Awards: Sportsman of the Year. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Michael Schumacher (pronounced , (born January 3, 1969, in Hürth Hermülheim, Germany)[1] is a former Formula One driver, and seven-time world champion. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... For other uses, see Tour de France (disambiguation). ... Commercial version of maillot jaune, 2004 The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune pronounced ) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-stage bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. ... Since 1903, the following riders have won the Tour de France. ... Image File history File links Jersey_yellow. ... The 1903 Tour de France was the first Tour de France, set up and sponsored by the newspaper LAuto. ... Maurice Garin (March 3, 1871 - February 19, 1957) was a road bicycle racer. ... The Tour de France 1904 was the second edition of the Tour de France, and was held from July 2 to July 24, 1904. ... Henri Cornet, born August 4, 1884 - died March 18, 1941, was a French cyclist who won the 1904 Tour de France. ... The 1905 Tour de France was the third Tour de France, held from July 9th to July 30th, 1905. ... Louis Trousselier was a French cyclist. ... The 1906 Tour de France was the 4th Tour de France, and second to use the point system. ... René Pottier, (June 5, 1879 in Moret-sur-Loing - January 25, 1907 in Levallois-Perret) was a French cyclist René Pottier took first place in the Bordeaux-Paris 1903 race before turning professional. ... The 1907 Tour de France was the 5th Tour de France and first to have a Luxembourg representative place in the top 10. ... The 1908 Tour de France was the 6th Tour de France. ... Lucien Georges Mazan (October 18, 1882 – December 20, 1917) was an Argentine cyclist (pseudonym: Lucien Petit-Breton). ... The 1909 Tour de France was the 7th Tour de France, taking place from July 5 to August 1, 1909. ... François Faber (26 January 1887 – 9 May 1915) was a Luxembourgian cyclist. ... The 1910 Tour de France was the 8th Tour de France, taking place July 3 to July 31, 1910. ... Octave Lapize was a French cyclist who won the 1910 Tour de France. ... The 1911 Tour de France was the 9th Tour de France, taking place from July 2 to July 30, 1911. ... Gustave Garrigou was a French cyclist who won the 1911 Tour de France. ... The 1912 Tour de France was the 10th anniversary of the Tour de France. ... Odile Defraye was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1912 Tour de France. ... The 1913 Tour de France was the 11th Tour de France, taking place June 29 to July 27, 1913. ... The 1914 Tour de France was the 12th Tour de France, taking place June 28 to July 26, 1914. ... Philippe Thys Philippe Thys (October 8, 1890 - January 16, 1971) was a Belgian cyclist and three-time winner of the Tour de France. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The 1919 Tour de France was the 13th Tour de France, taking place June 29 to July 27, 1919. ... Firmin Lambot was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1919 and 1922 Tour de France. ... The 1920 Tour de France was the 14th Tour de France, taking place from June 27 to July 27, 1920. ... Philippe Thys Philippe Thys (October 8, 1890 - January 16, 1971) was a Belgian cyclist and three-time winner of the Tour de France. ... The 1921 Tour de France was the 15th Tour de France, taking place June 26 to July 24, 1921. ... Léon Scieur was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1921 Tour de France. ... The 1922 Tour de France was the 16th Tour de France, taking place June 25 to July 23, 1922. ... Firmin Lambot was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1919 and 1922 Tour de France. ... The 1923 Tour de France was the 17th Tour de France, taking place June 24 to July 22, 1923. ... Henri Pélissier was a French cyclist who won the 1923 Tour de France. ... The 1924 Tour de France was the 18th editon of the Tour de France and was won by Ottavio Bottecchia (Automoto). ... The 1925 Tour de France was the 19th editon and was held from 21 June to 19 July 1925 over 5430 kilometers and 18 stages. ... Ottavio Bottecchia Ottavio Bottecchia (1 August 1894 - 14 June 1927) was an Italian cyclist and the first Italian champion of the Tour de France. ... The 1926 Tour de France was the 20th Tour de France, taking place June 20 to July 18, 1926. ... Lucien Buysse was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1926 Tour de France. ... The 1927 Tour de France was the 21st Tour de France, taking place June 19 to July 17, 1927. ... The 1928 Tour de France was the 22nd Tour de France, taking place June 17 to July 15, 1928. ... Nicholas Frantz (November 4, 1899 – November 8, 1985) was born in Mamer, Luxembourg. ... The 1929 Tour de France was the 23rd Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 28, 1929. ... Maurice De Waele (December 27, 1896 – February 14, 1952) was born in Lovendegem, Belgium. ... The 1930 Tour de France was the 24th Tour de France, taking place July 2 to July 27, 1930. ... André Leducq was a French cyclist who won the 1930 and 1932 Tour de France. ... The 1931 Tour de France was the 25th Tour de France, taking place June 3 to July 26, 1931. ... Antonin Magne. ... The 1932 Tour de France was the 26th Tour de France, taking place July 6 to July 31, 1932. ... André Leducq was a French cyclist who won the 1930 and 1932 Tour de France. ... The 1933 Tour de France was the 27th Tour de France, taking place June 27 to July 23, 1933. ... Georges Speicher was a French cyclist who won the 1933 Tour de France. ... The 1934 Tour de France was the 28th Tour de France, taking place July 3 to July 29, 1934. ... Antonin Magne. ... The 1935 Tour de France was the 29th Tour de France, taking place July 4 to July 28, 1935. ... Romain Maes was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1935 Tour de France. ... The 1936 Tour de France was the 30th Tour de France, taking place July 7 to August 2, 1936. ... Sylvère Maes (born August 27, 1909 in Zevekote – died December 5, 1966 in Ostend) was a Belgian cyclist, who is most famous for winning the Tour de France in 1936 and 1939. ... The 1937 Tour de France was the 31st Tour de France, taking place June 3 to July 25, 1937. ... Roger Lapébie was a French cyclist who won the 1937 Tour de France. ... The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd Tour de France, taking place July 5 to July 31, 1938. ... Gino Bartali (July 18, 1914 - May 5, 2000) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. ... The 1939 Tour de France was the 33rd Tour de France, taking Place July 10 to July 30, 1939. ... Sylvère Maes (born August 27, 1909 in Zevekote – died December 5, 1966 in Ostend) was a Belgian cyclist, who is most famous for winning the Tour de France in 1936 and 1939. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The 1947 Tour de France was the 34th Tour de France, taking place June 25 to July 20, 1947. ... Jean Robic was a French cyclist who won the 1947 Tour de France. ... The 1948 Tour de France was the 35th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 25, 1948. ... Gino Bartali (July 18, 1914 - May 5, 2000) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. ... The 1949 Tour de France was the 36th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 21, 1949. ... Memorial monument in Pordoi Pass Angelo Fausto Coppi (September 15, 1919 – January 2, 1960) was an Italian racing cyclist. ... The 1950 Tour de France was the 37th Tour de France, taking place July 13 to August 7, 1950. ... Ferdinand Ferdi Kübler (born 24 July 1919 in Marthalen} is a retired Swiss cyclist with over 100 professional racing victories, including the 1950 Tour de France. ... The 1951 Tour de France was the 38th Tour de France, taking place July 4 to July 29, 1951. ... Hugo Koblet Hugo Koblet (March 21, 1925 – November 6, 1964) was a Swiss champion cyclist. ... The 1952 Tour de France was the 39th Tour de France, taking place June 25 to July 19, 1952. ... Memorial monument in Pordoi Pass Angelo Fausto Coppi (September 15, 1919 – January 2, 1960) was an Italian racing cyclist. ... The 1953 Tour de France was the 40th Tour de France, taking place July 3 to July 27, 1953. ... The 1955 Tour de France was the 42nd Tour de France, taking place July 7 to July 30, 1955. ... Louison Bobet (March 12, 1925 - March 13, 1983) was a French professional road cyclist. ... The 1956 Tour de France was the 43rd Tour de France, taking place July 5 to July 28, 1956. ... Roger Walkowiak was a French cyclist who won the 1956 Tour de France. ... The 1957 Tour de France was the 44th Tour de France, taking place June 27 to July 20, 1957. ... Jacques Anquetil (January 8, 1934 - November 18, 1987), was a French cyclist and the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964. ... The 1958 Tour de France was the 45th Tour de France, taking place June 26 to July 19, 1958. ... Charly Gaul (December 8, 1932 – December 6, 2005) was a road professional cyclist from Luxembourg. ... The 1959 Tour de France, occuring between June 25th and July 18th of the year, featured 120 riders, of which 65 finished. ... Federico Martin Bahamontes was a professional cyclist born on 9 July 1928 in Santo Domingo, Spain. ... The 1960 Tour de France was the 47th Tour de France, taking place June 26 to July 17, 1960. ... Gastone Nencini was a Italian cyclist who won the 1960 Tour de France and the 1957 Giro dItalia. ... The 1961 Tour de France was the 48th running of the Tour de France, from June 25 to July 16. ... The 1964 Tour de France was the 51st Tour de France, taking place June 22 to July 14, 1964. ... Jacques Anquetil (January 8, 1934 - November 18, 1987), was a French cyclist and the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964. ... The 1965 Tour de France was memorable for a number of reasons. ... Felice Gimondi (born September 29, 1942) is an Italian former professional cyclist. ... The 1966 Tour de France was the 53rd Tour de France, taking place June 21 to July 14, 1966. ... Lucien Aimar (born April 28, 1941 at Hyeres, France) was a notable road racing cyclist of the 1960s and 1970s, and winner of the Tour de France in 1966. ... The 1967 Tour de France was the 54th Tour de France, taking place June 29 to July 23, 1967. ... Roger Pingeon was a French cyclist who won the 1967 Tour de France. ... The 1968 Tour de France was the 55th Tour de France, taking place June 27 to July 21, 1968. ... Johannes Adrianus Janssen, popularly known as Jan Janssen (born May 19, 1940) is a Dutch former professional cyclist (1962 - 1973). ... The 1969 Tour de France was the 56th Tour de France, taking place June 28 to July 20, 1969. ... The 1972 Tour de France was the 59th Tour de France, taking place July 1 to July 22, 1974. ... Baron Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx (IPA: ) (born June 17, 1945, Meensel-Kiezegem, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium) is a former Belgian professional cyclist. ... The 1973 Tour de France was the 60th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 22, 1974. ... Luis Ocaña (June 9, 1945 – May 19, 1994) was a Spanish cyclist who won the Tour de France in 1973. ... The 1974 Tour de France was the 61st Tour de France, taking place June 27 to July 21, 1974. ... Baron Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx (IPA: ) (born June 17, 1945, Meensel-Kiezegem, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium) is a former Belgian professional cyclist. ... The 1975 Tour de France was the 62nd Tour de France, taking place June 26 to July 20, 1975. ... Bernard Thévenet, born January 10, 1948, in Saint-Julien-de-Civry, France, is a retired bicycle racer. ... The 1976 Tour de France was the 63rd Tour de France, taking place June 24 to July 18, 1976. ... Lucien Van Impe (born 20 October 1946 in Mere, Belgium) was a Flemish cyclist from 1969 to 1987. ... The 1977 Tour de France was the 64th Tour de France, taking place June 30 to July 24, 1977. ... Bernard Thévenet, born January 10, 1948, in Saint-Julien-de-Civry, France, is a retired bicycle racer. ... The 1978 Tour de France was the 65th Tour de France, taking place June 29 to July 23, 1978. ... The 1979 Tour de France was the 66th Tour de France, taking place June 27 to July 22, 1979. ... Bernard Hinault (born 14 November 1954) is a French cyclist best known for his five victories in the Tour de France. ... The 1980 Tour de France was the 67th Tour de France. ... Gerardus Joseph (Joop) Zoetemelk is a Dutch cyclist. ... The 1981 Tour de France was the 68th Tour de France, taking place June 25 to July 19, 1981. ... The 1982 Tour de France was the 69th Tour de France, taking place July 2 to July 25, 1982. ... Bernard Hinault (born 14 November 1954) is a French cyclist best known for his five victories in the Tour de France. ... The 1983 Tour de France was the 70th Tour de France, and was won by French rider Laurent Fignon. ... At the 1984 Tour de France, the 71st Tour de France, French rider Laurent Fignon won his second consecutive Tour, beating teammate Bernard Hinault by over 10 minutes. ... Laurent Fignon (born August 12, 1960 in Paris) is a French cyclist, who won the Tour de France twice in 1983 and 1984, and missed winning it a third time, in 1989, by a very narrow margin. ... The 1985 Tour de France saw Bernard Hinault attempt to equal the records of Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx of winning the Tour de France for the fifth time. ... Bernard Hinault (born 14 November 1954) is a French cyclist best known for his five victories in the Tour de France. ... The 1986 Tour de France was the first Tour de France won by an American cyclist, Greg LeMond. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ... The 1987 Tour de France was the 74th Tour de France, it took place July 1–26, 1987. ... Stephen Roche (Irish: Stiofán de Róiste) was born November 28, 1959 in Dundrum near Dublin, Ireland and is a retired professional cyclist. ... The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th Tour de France. ... Pedro Delgado Robledo (born 1960-04-15 in Segovia), also known as Perico, is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer. ... The 1989 Tour de France was the 76th Tour de France. ... The 1990 Tour de France was the 77th Tour de France. ... Gregory James Greg LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is a former professional road bicycle racer from the United States and a three time winner of the Tour de France. ... The 1991 Tour de France was the 78th Tour de France. ... The 1995 Tour de France was the 82nd Tour de France. ... Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964, Villava, Navarre) is a retired Spanish road bicycle racer. ... The 1996 Tour de France was the 83rd Tour de France, starting on June 29 and ending on July 21, featuring 19 regular stages, 2 individual time trials, a prologue and a rest day (July 10th). ... Bjarne LykkegÃ¥rd Riis (born April 3, 1964), nicknamed the Eagle from Herning (Danish: Ørnen fra Herning), is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer who won the 1996 Tour de France, and is now the team owner and manager of Danish UCI ProTour outfit Team CSC. Other career highlights... The 1997 Tour de France was the 84th Tour de France, it took place July 5–27, 1997. ... Jan Ullrich (born December 2, 1973 in Rostock, East Germany, now Germany) is a retired German professional road bicycle racer. ... The 1998 Tour de France was marred by doping scandals throughout, starting with the arrest of Willy Voet a soigneur in the French Festina team. ... Marco Pantani (January 13, 1970, Cesena – February 14, 2004, Rimini) was an Italian cyclist widely regarded as being one of the best climbers of all times in professional road bicycle racing. ... The 1999 Tour de France was the 86th Tour de France, taking place from July 3 to July 25, 2005. ... The 92nd Tour de France was held from July 2 to July 24, 2005. ... The 2006 Tour de France was the 93rd Tour de France, taking place from July 1 to July 23, 2006. ... Óscar Pereiro Sio (born August 3, 1977 in Mos, Galicia) is a Galician professional road bicycle racer best known for winning the 2006 Tour de France after the original winner, Floyd Landis, was disqualified for failing a series of doping tests. ... Stages in 2007 The 2007 Tour de France is the 94th Tour de France, taking place from July 7 to July 29, 2007. ... Alberto Contador Velasco (born 6 December 1982 in Madrid, Spain) is a professional road bicycle racer for UCI ProTeam Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team and winner of the 2007 Tour de France. ...