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A landform comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography. Landforms are categorised by features such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Landforms include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, rivers and numerous other elements. Surface of the Earth Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. ...
For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...
Stratification gooberini went to lousville to dance on a praire and then he went down the hill to hang out with jarry. ...
“Precipice†redirects here. ...
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ...
Oceans and continents exemplify the highest-order landforms. Landform elements are parts of a high-order landform that can be further identified, such as hill-top, shoulder, backslope. Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...
Animated, colour-coded map showing the various continents. ...
Some generic landform elements are: pits, peaks, channels, ridges, passes, pools, planes; these can be often extracted from a digital elevation model using some automated techniques[1] where the data (various kinds) has been gathered by modern satellites and stereoscopic aerial surveilance cameras. Until recently, compiling the data found in such data sets required time consuming and expensive techniques of "Boots on the ground" at many man-hours. Terrain (or relief) is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography is a further synonym, and is often illustrated in the form of a contour map. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional) imaging is a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image, by presenting a slightly different image to each eye. ...
The Denver, Colorado skyline shot from a Cessna. ...
An underwater scene just beneath the surface. ...
Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to topography. ...
For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...
Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν (syn) = plus and όνομα (onoma) = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings. ...
Example of a topographic map with contour lines Topographic maps, also called contour maps, topo maps or topo quads (for quadrangles), are maps that show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. ...
Elementary landforms (segments, facets, relief units) are the smallest homogeneous divisions of the land surface, at the given scale/resolution. These are areas with relatively homogenuous morphometric properties, bounded by lines of discontinuity. A plateau or a hill can be observed at various scales ranging from few hundred meters to hundreds of kilometers. Hence, the spatial distribution of landforms is often scale-dependent as is the case for soils and geological strata. Generally, morphometrics (from the Greek: morph, meaning shape or form, and metronâ€, meaning measurement) comprises methods of extracting measurements from shapes. ...
A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition can generate and affect landforms. Biological factors can also influence landforms— for example, note the role of vegetation in the development of dune systems and salt marshes, and the work of corals and algae in the formation of coral reefs. The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ...
Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. For erosion as an operation of Mathematical morphology, see Erosion (morphology) Erosion is displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of ocean currents, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into sediment. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants, and is, by far, the most abundant biotic element of the biosphere. ...
A diagram showing the formation of a dune with a slipface. ...
An Atlantic coastal salt marsh in Connecticut. ...
Extant Subclasses and Orders Alcyonaria Alcyonacea Helioporacea Zoantharia Antipatharia Corallimorpharia Scleractinia Zoanthidea [1][2] See Anthozoa for details For other uses, see Coral (disambiguation). ...
A seaweed (Laurencia) up close: the branches are multicellular and only about 1 mm thick. ...
A reef surrounding an islet. ...
Landforms do not include man-made features, such as canals, ports and many harbors; and geographic features, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, and impact craters. For other uses, see Canal (disambiguation). ...
Seaport, a painting by Claude Lorrain, 1638 The Port of Wellington at night. ...
For other uses, see Harbor (disambiguation). ...
For the act of abandoning or withdrawing support from an entity, see desertion. ...
This article is about a community of trees. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Look up crater in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Many of the terms are not restricted to refer to features of the planet Earth, and can be used to describe surface features of other planets and similar objects in the Universe. This article is about Earth as a planet. ...
For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ...
List of landforms Landform element redirects here.
 Coastal and oceanic landforms. Image File history File links Accreting_coast_Image6. ...
Image File history File links Accreting_coast_Image6. ...
The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ...
Rainbow Bridge was formed by a meandering watercourse. ...
Back-arc basins (or retro-arc basins) are geologic features, submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction zones. ...
Confluence of Rhine and Mosel at Koblenz In geography, a confluence describes the point where two rivers meet and become one, usually when a tributary joins a more major river. ...
In geography, a bar is a linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. ...
In geography, a bar is a linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. ...
The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ...
The headwaters of a river are small streams that create it. ...
Ninety Mile Beach Australia. ...
Although this raised beach at Rhossili (Wales) is now used for farmland, it provides evidence of a glacioeustatic rise in the land of this area. ...
Beach ridge, Lake Ontario, New York, 1895. ...
In geography, bight has two meanings. ...
A boondock, in geography, is a landform consisting of a slight rise in elevation found in vegetated sandy landscapes, such as Colorados San Luis Valley. ...
The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ...
Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter. ...
“Precipice†redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Coast (disambiguation). ...
A concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. ...
Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ...
Insert non-formatted text here Lulworth Cove, Dorset England This article is about the coastal feature. ...
Nile River delta, as seen from Earth orbit. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Concordant coastline. ...
A diagram showing the formation of a dune with a slipface. ...
For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) Rio de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ...
Strokkur geyser, Iceland A geyser is a type of hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. ...
Fjord in Sunnmøre, Norway Fjords are very long inlets from the sea with high steeply sloped walled sides. ...
The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ...
Horn may refer to: horn (anatomy), a hollow, pointed projection of the skin of various animals Horn, Austria horn (diacritic), a diacritic mark used to indicate that a normally rounded vowel such as o or u is to be pronounced unrounded horn (instrument) horn, a slang term for any wind...
Lulworth Cove in Dorset, England (Great Britain) A fjord (Lysefjorden) in Norway An inlet is a body of water, usually seawater, which has characteristics of one or more of the following: a bay a cove an estuary a firth a fjord a geo a sea loch a sea lough a...
The Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America. ...
MÅkÅlea Rock in Kailua Bay, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, 2. ...
An island arc is a type of archipelago formed by plate tectonics as one oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another and produces magma. ...
The Mergui Archipelago An archipelago is a landform which consists of a chain or cluster of islands. ...
Portion of a Pacific atoll showing two islets on the ribbon or barrier reef separated by a deep pass between the ocean and the lagoon. ...
This mid bay barrier in Narrabeen, a suburb of Sydney (Australia), has blocked what used to be a bay to form a lagoon. ...
The machair on Berneray, Outer Hebrides The Scottish Gaelic word machair or machar refers to a fertile low-lying raised beach found on the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. ...
Notch can refer to: a mountain pass Notch signaling This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. ...
A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. ...
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. ...
A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ...
Georges River, in the southern suburbs of Sydney (Australia) is a ria, or drowned river valley. ...
An Atlantic coastal salt marsh in Connecticut. ...
This article is about the body of water. ...
// For other uses of sound, see sound (disambiguation). ...
A spit is a deposition landform found off coasts. ...
Big Flowerpot, Canada Old Man of Hoy, Scotland Stack near Old Harry Rocks, England A stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast. ...
A stump is the remains of an object that has been cut or broken, for example, when a tree has been felled. ...
Tombolo at Stockton Island, Ashland County (Wisconsin). ...
The formation of a wave cut platform A wave cut platform refers to the narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves. ...
Landforms produced by erosion and weathering usually occur in coastal or fluvial environments, and many appear under those headings. Some other erosion landforms that do not fall into those categories include: Grand Canyon, Arizona Noravank Monastery complex and canyon in Armenia. ...
Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A diagram showing the formation of a dune with a slipface. ...
Eolian (or aeolian) processes pertain to the activity of the winds. ...
An erg is the unit of energy and mechanical work in the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system of units, symbol erg. Its name is derived from the Greek word meaning work. The erg is a small unit, equal to a force of one dyne exerted for a distance of one...
Eolian (or aeolian) processes pertain to the activity of the winds. ...
A gulch is a deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion. ...
Gully in El Paso County, Colorado, USA. A gully is a landform created by running water eroding sharply into a hillside. ...
Hogback may refer to Hogback, a type of sculpture found in the United Kingdom. ...
Lavaka, the Malagasy word for hole, is a type of gully common in Madagascar. ...
Limestone pavement above Malham Cove A limestone pavement is a natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement. ...
Rock formations as used in this article refers to isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrops. ...
Devils Tea Table, Athens County, Ohio Geologically speaking, a tea table is a rock formation that is a remnant of newer strata that have eroded away. ...
AIT may refer to: Academy for Information Technology, Scotch Plains, New Jersey Academy of Information Technology and Engineering, formerly Academy of Information Technology, Stamford, Connecticut Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology Advanced Individual Training Advanced International Translations, localization, translation and software development company Advanced Infantry Training Advanced Intelligent Tape Advanced Internet Technology...
An anabranch is a section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later. ...
An arroyo is a dry creek bed or gulch that fills with water either seasonally, or after a heavy rain. ...
Sand bars in the Mississippi River at Arkansas and Mississippi A bar is a linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. ...
Big Cypress Bayou in Jefferson, Texas off of U.S. Route 59. ...
Braided drainage pattern near the junction of the Yukon River and the Koyukuk River in Alaska, August 24, 1941. ...
The Carolina bays are oval-shaped depressions found along the Atlantic coast within coastal Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, and northcentral Florida. ...
A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (blue outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (green lines) of a contiguous area. ...
Ninety Mile Beach Australia. ...
Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter. ...
“Precipice†redirects here. ...
The shores of Lake Hart, an endorheic desert lake in South Australia In geography, an endorheic basin is a watershed from which there is no outflow of water (either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material). ...
An exhumed river channel is a ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away. ...
A foreland basin is a depressed area of the Earths crust landward of a young mountain chain, and parallel to it. ...
An ice dam is a geological phenomenon. ...
A Lacustrine plain is a plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, either by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes. ...
Blowdown Lake in the mountains near Pemberton, British Columbia A lake (from Latin lacus) is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. ...
A levee, levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, to raise), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. ...
This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ...
A meander is a bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop. ...
For the English rock band, see Oasis (band). ...
Songhua River, northeast China. ...
Canisteo River Valley from Pinnacle State Park The distant peaks at the same elevation represent the remnants of a peneplain that was uplifted to form the Allegheny Plateau, which is a dissected plateau in southwestern NY. In this area, the sharp relief that is seen on some of the Allegheny...
Two people reflected in a fish pond A pond is typically a man made body of water smaller than a lake. ...
In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against a ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice. ...
The term sedimentary basin is used to refer to any geographical feature exhibiting subsidence and consequent infilling by sedimentation. ...
This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...
This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...
For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ...
A natural spring on Mackinac Island in Michigan. ...
Butchers Creek, Omeo, Victoria A stream, brook, beck, burn or creek, is a body of water with a detectable current, confined within a bed and banks. ...
Remants of former floodplains of the San Juan River in Utah stand as stream terraces above the rivers modern level in this 1927 photo. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
In geography a vale is a wide river valley, usually with a particularly wide flood plain or flat valley bottom. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A drainage basin is the area within the drainage basin divide (blue outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (green lines) of a contiguous area. ...
This article is about a glacial landform. ...
A cirque is an amphitheatre-like valley of glacial origin, formed by glacial erosion at the head of the glacier. ...
Measuring snowpack in a crevasse on the Easton Glacier, North Cascades, USA A crevasse is a crack or fissure in a glacier or snow field. ...
Iceberg Cirque in Glacier National Park, USA The Lower Curtis Glacier, North Cascades National Park, is a well developed cirque glacier. ...
A dirt cone is a feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. ...
Drumlin in Cato, New York Drowned drumlin in Clew Bay Drumlin at Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field National Natural Landmark A drumlin (Irish droimnÃn, a little hill ridge) is an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. ...
Drumlin Field in Eastern Wayne County, New York A drumlin field is a cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins. ...
A part of the Mason Esker Esker in Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landmark, Washington state. ...
Fjord in Sunnmøre, Norway Fjords are very long inlets from the sea with high steeply sloped walled sides. ...
A glaciated valley in the Mount Hood Wilderness showing the characteristic U-shape. ...
A glacial horn (or, if unambiguous from context, simply a horn) is a mountain formed by glacial erosion. ...
Glacial and Glaciation redirect here. ...
A glacier cave is a cave formed within the ice of a glacier. ...
Bridal Veil Falls in Yosemite National Park flowing from a hanging valley. ...
An inselberg is an isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. ...
A kame among the glacial drift on the terminal morraine of the Okanagon Lobe of the Cordilerion Glacier on the Waterville Plateau of the Columbia Plateau in Washington, United States. ...
A kame delta is a glacial landform made by a stream flowing through glacial ice and depositing material (Kame - distinctive because it has been sorted by the action of the stream) upon entering a lake or pond at the end or terminus of the glacier, thus in front of it...
Kettle lakes in Siberia, adjacent to the Gulf of Ob (image right). ...
Moraine at Mono Lake, California, United States Moraines clearly seen on a side glacier of the Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland. ...
Schematic drawing of glacial features illustrating how moulins transport surface water to the base of the glacier. ...
For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ...
For exotic financial options, see Mountain range (options). ...
An outwash fan is a fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into sandur. ...
A pingo is a mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 600 hundred metres in diameter. ...
African Rift Valley. ...
The terms side valley and tributary valley refer to valleys whose brook or river is confluent to a greater one. ...
Remants of former floodplains of the San Juan River in Utah stand as stream terraces above the rivers modern level in this 1927 photo. ...
A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ...
A tunnel valley is a deep but narrow valley with a U shaped cross-section and frequently a U shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. ...
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
Look up Alas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term alas may refer to— an interjection used to express regret, sorrow, grief, sympathy, or apprehension of danger or evil. ...
Bluff may refer to: Look up bluff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Butte near Sedona, Arizona A butte is an isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top. ...
“Precipice†redirects here. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
In physical geography, a dell is a small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped. ...
In geology, an escarpment is a transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. ...
Look up glen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
USGS image A graben is a depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. ...
Gully in El Paso County, Colorado, USA. A gully is a landform created by running water eroding sharply into a hillside. ...
The panoramic view from Connors Hill, near Swifts Creek, Victoria A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain, in a limited area. ...
USGS image In physical geography and geology, a horst is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults. ...
Knoll Pharmaceuticals had been taken over by Abbott Laboratories Abbott_Laboratories on 30th June 2002, atleast in India and in most parts of Asia. ...
Mathematics Engineering and Science Achievement (MESA) is a current program that is building in schools around the United States. ...
For other uses, see Mountain (disambiguation). ...
In geography, a plain is a large area of land with relatively low relief. ...
Image:NONE Monte Roraima In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat rural area. ...
A ravine is a very small valley, which is often the product of streamcutting erosion. ...
A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance. ...
A rock shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. ...
Scree or detritic cone is a term given to broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. ...
Fljótsdalur in East-Iceland A valley is a landform, which can range from a few square miles (square kilometers) to hundreds or even thousands of square miles (square kilometers) in area. ...
A terracette is a type of landform, a ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to slowly move downhill. ...
In geography a vale is a wide river valley, usually with a particularly wide flood plain or flat valley bottom. ...
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley In geology, a valley is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. ...
Schematic cross section of an quarterny Alpine valley. ...
- Deposition landform -- landforms produced by deposition of load or sediment (usually coastal or fluvial).
Satellite image of Santorini. ...
PuÊ»u ʻŌʻÅ, a cinder-and-spatter cone on KÄ«lauea, HawaiÊ»i Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcano formations in the world. ...
This article is about impact craters. ...
Strokkur geyser, Iceland A geyser is a type of hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. ...
One of the Mono Craters, an example of a rhyolite dome. ...
In computer programming jargon, lava flow is a problem in which computer code, usually written under less than optimal conditions, is put into production and then built on when still in a developmental state. ...
This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ...
Ukinrek Maars, Alaska; the result of a 10-day eruption in 1977. ...
A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. ...
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. ...
A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano, which has been built up on the surface of a plateau. ...
A vent can refer to: Look up Vent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A small island in the Adriatic sea An island is any piece of land smaller than a continent and larger than a rock, that is completely surrounded by water. ...
For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...
Shield volcano A shield volcano is a large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. ...
A gaseous mud volcano The term mud volcano or mud dome is used to refer to formations created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. ...
View of Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano. ...
A cutaway diagram of a stratovolcano Mount Damavand, a stratovolcano in MÄzandarÄn, Iran Mount St. ...
See also
References - ^ Automated landform classification using DEMs
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