NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Landlocked country

A landlocked country is commonly defined as one enclosed or nearly enclosed by land.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] As of 2007, there are 43 landlocked countries in the world. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 25 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x628, 25 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... The World Factbook 2007 (government edition) cover. ...

A sea that is almost landlocked is connected to the oceans by a strait only, such as the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. This may be of strategic importance, with one or two other countries controlling the entrance, and/or be relevant for tides and freshwater content. Over-Simplified diagram A strait is a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. ... For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ... Mediterranean redirects here. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... This article is about tides in the Earths oceans. ... For the village on the Isle of Wight, see Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ...

An island country can be conversely considered waterlocked^[5] as it is entirely surrounded by water. In such cases, one must cross water to reach land abroad. Island countries in the world An island country is a country that is wholly confined to an island or island group, and has no territory on the mainland of a continent. ...

1 Significance
2 List of landlocked countries
- 2.1 Doubly landlocked
- 2.2 Nearly landlocked
3 Corridors
4 Railway missing links
5 Notes
6 See also

Significance

Historically, being landlocked was regarded as a disadvantageous position. It cuts the country off from sea resources such as fishing, but more importantly cuts off access to seaborne trade which, even today, makes up a large percentage of international trade. Around the world, coastal regions tend to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... It has been suggested that Commerce be merged into this article or section. ...

Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked:

The International Congo Society, which owned the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, was given a thin piece of land bisecting Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885.
The Dubrovnik Republic once gifted the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access, splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two.
After World War I Poland was given the Danzig Corridor to provide an outlet to the sea.
The Danube was internationalized so that landlocked Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia (and the southern parts of Germany, itself not landlocked) could have secure access to the Black Sea.

Losing access to the sea is often a great blow to nations: Association Internationale du Congo (acronym AIC; French, International Congo Society) was an association created 17 November 1879 by Leopold II of Belgium to replace the ComitÃ© dÃ©tudes du Haut-Congo (Study committee of High-Congo), which in turn had originally been Association Internationale Africaine (AIA). ... For the Cold War conference see Berlin Conference of 1954. ... The Republic of Dubrovnik, also known as the Republic of Ragusa, was a maritime city-state that was based in the city of Dubrovnik from the 14th century until 1808. ... Municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina General Information Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Land area Population (1991 census) 4,268 Population density Coordinates Area code +387 36 Mayor Äure ObradoviÄ‡ (HDZ) Website http://www. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... A Polish map showing the territory known as the Polish Corridor The Polish Corridor was the name given to a strip of territory which was transferred from Germany to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ... This article is about the Danube River. ... The terms international waters or transboundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands [1]. Oceans and seas, waters outside...

The creation of the new states of Eritrea and Montenegro, brought about by successful separatist movements, have caused Ethiopia and Serbia respectively to become landlocked.
Bolivia lost its coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific. Still to this day the Bolivian Navy trains in Lake Titicaca for an eventual recovery and, in the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular risings.
Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. Before, although Croatia had a constitutional autonomy within Hungary, the City of Fiume on the Croatian coast was independent, governed directly as a corpus separatum from Budapest by an appointed governor, to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779-1813, 1822-1848 and 1868-1918.
When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I, Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet (roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey). This would have granted Armenia access to the Black Sea. However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which firmly established Turkish rule over the area.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist Landlocked Developing Countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury. This article is about the country in Europe. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa AndrÃ©s CÃ¡ceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... The Bolivian Navy does exist even though the country has been landlocked for almost 150 years. ... Lake Titicaca sits 3,812 m (12,507 feet) above sea level making it the highest commercially navigable lake in the world. ... The Bolivian Gas War was a social conflict in Bolivia centering around the exploitation of the countrys vast natural gas reserves. ... The negotiations on June 4, 1920. ... Rijeka (Fiume in Italian and Hungarian; Rijeka and Fiume both mean river) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on the Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. ... For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Port (disambiguation). ... Map of the World showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the Allies side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... The Treaty of SÃ¨vres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in SÃ¨vres, France. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Trabzon is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. ... Location of Rize Province Rize is a province of Turkey and is located along the eastern part of the Black Sea coast. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Combatants Turkish Revolutionaries United Kingdom Greece France Italy Armenia Ottoman Empire Georgia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ä°smet Ä°nÃ¶nÃ¼ KazÄ±m Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Ã‡akmak George Milne Henri Gouraud Papoulas Georgios Hatzianestis Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan SÃ¼leyman Åžefik Pasha The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: KurtuluÅŸ SavaÅŸÄ± or... Borders as shaped by the treaty The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty that settle a part of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire that reflected the consequences of the Turkish Independence War between Allies of World War I and Turkish national movement, (Grand National Assembly... United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Opened for signature December 10, 1982 in Montego Bay (Jamaica) Entered into force November 16, 1994[1] Conditions for entry into force 60 ratifications Parties 149[2] For maritime law in general see Admiralty law. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Anwarul Karim Chowdhury is a Bengladeshi diplomat most noted for his work on development in the poorest nations, global peace and championing the rights of the woman and child. ...

Some countries may have a large coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut much of the year. Gaining control of a warm water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean through wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean through the Paraguay and Parana rivers. A warm water port is a port where the water does not freeze (rendering it unusable) in the winter. ... For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ...

Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian and the Aral. Since these seas are sometimes considered to be lakes, and since they do not allow access to seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered to be landlocked. This article is about the body of water. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... The Aral Sea (Kazakh: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð» Ð¢ÐµÒ£Ñ–Ð·Ñ–, Aral Tengizi, Uzbek: , Russian: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÎ¿Ðµ Ð¼Î¿Ñ€Ðµ) is a landlocked endorheic sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south. ... For other uses, see Lake (disambiguation). ...

List of landlocked countries

* Has a coast on the non-freshwater Caspian Sea

** Has a coast on the non-freshwater Aral Sea

They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows: Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... The Aral Sea (Kazakh: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð» Ð¢ÐµÒ£Ñ–Ð·Ñ–, Aral Tengizi, Uzbek: , Russian: ÐÑ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÑÐºÎ¿Ðµ Ð¼Î¿Ñ€Ðµ) is a landlocked endorheic sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south. ...

Central Asia landlocked countries (6): Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Central European and Balkan landlocked countries (12): Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland
Central African landlocked countries (5): Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Niger
South African landlocked countries (4): Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
East African landlocked countries (3): Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda
Caucasian landlocked countries (2): Armenia, Azerbaijan
South American landlocked countries (2): Bolivia, Paraguay

There are the following 'single' landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country): Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ...

Africa: Ethiopia, Lesotho, Swaziland
Asia: Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal
Europe: Andorra, Belarus, Luxembourg, Moldova, San Marino, Vatican City

Europe is the continent with the most landlocked countries (16), while Africa is a close second with 15. Asia has 10, while South America has only 2. North America and Oceania are the only continents with no landlocked countries. (Oceania is also notable for having almost no land borders.) For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ...

After World War II, the Saarland and West-Berlin became landlocked while being separated from Germany. The Soviet Berlin blockade of 1948 stopped all land traffic. The threat of starvation of the large population was overcome by the Western Allied Berlin airlift. Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DEC Capital SaarbrÃ¼cken Minister-President Peter MÃ¼ller (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 3 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 2,569 kmÂ² (992 sq mi) Population 1,044,000 (11/2006)[1] - Density 406 /km... It has been suggested that Commandants of Berlin French Sector be merged into this article or section. ... Occupation zones after 1945. ... The Soviet Union blocked Western rail and road access to West Berlin from June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949. ...

Doubly landlocked

A landlocked country which is surrounded entirely by other landlocked countries may be called a "doubly landlocked" country. A person in such a country has to cross at least two borders to reach a coastline.

There are only two such countries in the world:

Liechtenstein in Central Europe
Uzbekistan in Central Asia (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake).

Uzbekistan has borders with two countries (Kazakhstan in the north and Turkmenistan in the south) which border the landlocked but salt Caspian Sea from which ships can reach the Sea of Azov by using the Volga-Don Canal and thus the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the oceans. Central Europe The Alpine Countries and the VisegrÃ¡d Group (Political map, 2004) Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. ... The shallow Sea of Azov is clearly distinguished from the deeper Black Sea. ... The Lenin Volga-Don Shipping Canal (In Russian Ð’Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾-Ð”Ð¾Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÑƒÐ´Ð¾Ñ…Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð» Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ð’. Ð˜. Ð›ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð½Ð°) is a canal, which connects the Volga River and the Don River in a closest location between them. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... Mediterranean redirects here. ...

There was no doubly landlocked country in the world from the 1871 Unification of Germany until the end of World War I. This is because Uzbekistan was part of Russia and then of the Soviet Union; while Liechtenstein borders Austria, which had an Adriatic coast until 1918. This article is about the 1871 German Empire. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ...

Nearly landlocked

The following countries are almost landlocked, and their short coastlines measure only a tiny fraction of the length of their land borders. The list below gives the countries where this fraction is less than 5%: For other uses, see Border (disambiguation). ...

Democratic Republic of the Congo, 0.3%
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1.4%
Iraq, 1.6%
Jordan, 1.6%
Republic of the Congo, 3.0%
Togo, 3.3%
Slovenia, 3.4%
Belgium, 4.6% - this low fraction results from Belgium's very complex land borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France, contrasting with its very smooth North Sea coastline.

The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ...

Corridors

A landlocked country may be given access to the sea through a corridor: Look up Corridor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In the Treaty of Versailles, a part of Germany, designated "the Polish corridor", was given to the new post-World War I country Second Polish Republic, for access to the Baltic Sea, which was also the pretext for making Danzig with its harbour the Free City of Danzig. This made Poland a semi-landlocked country as described in the previous section, but Poland soon enlarged the small fisher harbor of Gdynia into a large one.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bosnia & Herzegovina have sea corridors.
Bolivia lost its corridor to the sea after the War of the Pacific.

This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... Polish Corridor (German: ; Polish: ) was the term used between the World Wars to refer to the Polish territory which separated the German exclave of East Prussia from the German province of Pomerania. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Anthem: Mazurek DÄ…browskiego Capital Warsaw Language(s) Polish Government Republic President List Prime minister List Legislature Sejm Historical era Interwar period - World War I November 11, 1918 - Invasion November 2, 1939 Area - 1939 388,600 km2 150,039 sq mi Population - 1939 est. ... For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ... Flag of Danzig The Free City of Danzig refers to either of two short-lived city-states which were centered on the present-day Baltic port known as GdaÅ„sk (German: Danzig). ... Gdynia (IPA: , German: (until 1939 and after 1945) / Gotenhafen (1939-1945); Kashubian: ) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport at GdaÅ„sk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. ... Motto: none Anthem: Intermeco Capital Sarajevo Largest city Sarajevo Official languages Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian Government â€¢ President â€¢ Prime Minister Federal republic Ivo Miro JoviÄ‡1 (Croat) Borislav Paravac (Serb) Sulejman TihiÄ‡ (Bosniak) Adnan Terzic Independence From Yugoslavia: 5 April 1992 Area â€¢ Total â€¢ Water (%) 51,129 kmÂ² (124th) Negligible Population â€¢ July 2005... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa AndrÃ©s CÃ¡ceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in...

Railway missing links

While the railway systems of Europe and North America all interconnect (albeit sometimes with incompatible technology), Africa, South and Central America, Asia and the Middle East generally do not connect very well. This might be called "rail-locked". Kathmandu, for instance, the capital of landlocked Nepal, does not have any railway connection over the Himalaya passes, unlike Tibet. For the retail store chain, see Kathmandu (company). ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...

Notes

^ Definition of landlocked. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ Landlocked. Webster's 1913 Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ Landlocked definition. MSN Encarta Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ AskOxford. Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
^ Definition of waterlocked. Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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