Landscape planning is a branch of landscape architecture. Landscape designers tend to work for clients with land and money who wish to commission construction work. Arnold Weddle, founding editor of the journal Landscape Planning (now called Landscape and Urban Planning), believed that landscape planners must look beyond the 'closely drawn technical limits' and 'narrowly drawn territorial boundaries' which constrain design projects. Central Park, like all parks, is an example of landscape architecture. ...

Landscape planners tend to work on projects which:

• are of broad geographical scope
• concern many land uses or many clients
• are implemented over a long period of time

Urban park systems and greenways of the type planned by Frederick Law Olmsted are key examples of urban landscape planning. In rural areas, the damage caused by unplanned mineral extraction was one of the early reasons for a public demand for landscape planning. The Country of London Park System, planned by Patrick Abercrombie in 1943-4 A park system, also known as an open space system, is a network of open spaces which are connected by public walkways, bridleways or cycleways. ... // Greenways The term greenway is said to have been coined by taking the green from [[Green Belt]] and adding it to the way from [[Parkway]]. This would give greenways something in common with both its parents. ... Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was a United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City, the country...

Mineral working in the Sierra Nevada, outside Granada, Spain

Image File history File links Granada-quarryIMG_8575. ... Image File history File links Granada-quarryIMG_8575. ...

Asian landscape planning

In India, the history of landscape planning can be traced to the Vedas and to the Vaastu Shastras. These ancient texts set forth principles for planning settlements, temples and other structures in relation to the natural landscape. Relationships with mountains (the home of the gods) and with rivers (regarded as godesses) were of particular importance. A square form represented the earth and a circular form represented heaven. A mandala explained the relationship between heaven and earth. Square plans, for both secular and religious structures, were set out with their sides facing north, south, east and west. The earliest surviving stone temple set out in this way is Sanchi. The Vedas (Sanskrit वेद) are an extremely large series of writings originating in Ancient India. ... Vaastu Shastra (Vaastu- physical environment and Shastra- knowledge/ text/ principles. ... Buddhist mandala Mandala (Sanskrit circle, completion) is of Hindu origin but is also used in a Buddhist context to refer to various tangible objects. ... Sanchi is a small village of India, located 46 km north east of Bhopal, in the central part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. ...

In China, landscape planning originated with Feng Shui, which is translated into English as 'wind and water' and is used to describe a set of general principles for the planning of development in relation to the natural landscape. The aim was to find 'the most auspicious environment possible, one sited in harmony with natural phenomena and the physican and psychological needs of man' (Chinese Architecture by Nancy Steinhardt et al Yale University Press and New World Press 2002, p.255) Fēng Shuǐ (風水 – literally, wind and water pronounced fung shuway), which may be more than 3000 years old, is the ancient practice of placement to achieve harmony with the environment. ...

European landscape planning

In Europe, the history of landscape planning can be traced to the work of Vitruvius. In discussing the planning of towns, he wrote about site planning with regard to microclimate, about the planning of streets and about the role of metaphor in design. Vitruvius' theories were revived during the renaissance and came to influence the planning of towns throughout Europe and the Americas. Alberti wrote on the need for town squares for markets. In North Europe this developed into the idea that residential squares should planned around green spaces. The first space of this type was the Place des Vosges. Residential squares were also made in Britain and their planning developed into the idea of incorporating public open space (public parks within towns. Frederick Law Olmsted gave momentum to this idea with his proposal for a park systems in Boston - the famous Emerald Necklace. Patrick Abercrombie took up this idea and incorporated it in his great 1943-4 Open Space Plan for the County of London. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC. He was the author of De architectura, known today as The Ten Books of Architecture, a treatise in Latin on architecture, and perhaps the first work about this discipline. ... Alberti was an illustrious Florentine family, rivals of the Medicis and the Albizzi. ... Fountain in the Place des Vosges The Place des Vosges is Paris oldest (and some say most beautiful) square. ... For the Korean family name Park, see Korean name. ... Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was a United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City, the country... The Country of London Park System, planned by Patrick Abercrombie in 1943-4 A park system, also known as an open space system, is a network of open spaces which are connected by public walkways, bridleways or cycleways. ... The Emerald Necklace is a long string of parks in Boston, Massachusetts designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and maintained by the City of Boston and Town of Brookline. ... Categories: People stubs | 1879 births | 1957 deaths | British architects ...

US landscape planning

Landscape architects in the United States of America are active in landscape planning. But, unlike Canada and Europe, the US does not have a national land use planning system. Frederick Law Olmsted and Ian McHarg are the most famous American landscape planners. McHarg's work on overlay landscape planning contributed to the development of GIS and to the foundation of ESRI by Jack Dangermond. Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was a United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City, the country... Ian McHarg Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) was a landscape architect and the founder of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. ... A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for managing data that has a spatial specialized form of an information system. ... ESRI was founded as Environmental Systems Research Institute in 1969 as a privately held consulting firm that specialized in land use analysis projects. ... Jack Dangermond is the president of ESRI in Redlands, CA ...

Landscape planning legislation

The principles of landscape planning are now incorporated in various types of legislation and policy documents. In America, the National Environmental Policy Act was influenced by the work of Ian McHarg on Environmental impact assessment. In Germany, the Federal Nature Conservation Act requires the preparation of landscape plans. For the Europe Union as a whole, the European Landscape Convention has wide-ranging implications for the design and planning of relationships between development and the landscape. In Asia, major development projects are taking place and illustrating the need for good landscape planning. The Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have extensive impacts on the landscape. They have been planned to a degree but future monitoring of the project is likely to show that better landscape planning and design would have been possible. The National Environmental Policy Act (or, NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970 by US President Richard Nixon. ... Ian McHarg Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) was a landscape architect and the founder of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. ... An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the likely human environmental health impact, risk to ecological health, and changes to natures services that a project may have. ... The European Landscape Convention, also known as the Florence Convention, was initiated by the Congress of Regional and Local Authorities of the Council of Europe. ... Three Gorges Dam construction site, downstream side, 26 July 2004 Three Gorges Dam, receiving, upstream side, 26 July 2004 Three Gorges Dam, ship locks for river traffic to bypass the dam, May 2004 The Three Gorges Dam (Simplified Chinese: 三峡大坝; Traditional Chinese: 三峽大壩; pinyin: Sānxiá Dàbà) (30. ...

Landscape planning theory

The factual accuracy of this section is disputed.
Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

Landscape planners are concerned with the 'health' of the landscape, just as doctors are concerned with bodily health. This analogy can be taken further. Medical doctors advise both on the health of individuals and on matters of public health. When individuals take actions injurious to their own health this is regarded as a private matter. But if they take actions injurious to public health, these actions are properly regulated by law. The collective landscape is a public good which should be protected and enhanced by legislation and public administration. If, for example, mineral extraction has a damaging impact on the landscape, this is a proper field for intervention. Negative impacts on the landscape could include visual impacts, ecological impacts, hydrological impacts and recreational impacts. As well as protecting existing public goods, societies are responsible for the creation of new public goods. This can be done by positive landscape planning. There are, for example, many former mineral workings (eg the Norfolk Broads which have become important public goods. Medical doctors are trained in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry etc before becoming practitioners. Landscape doctors are trained in geomorphology, hydrology, ecology etc before becoming practitioners in design and planning. When qualified, they can specialize in areas of landscape planning: Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ... The term collective landscape was introduced to landscape architecture by Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe who wrote, on the dust jacket of The landscape of man, that The world is moving into a phase when landscape design may well be recognized as the most comprehensive of the arts. ... In economics, a public good is a good that is hard or even impossible to produce for private profit, because the market fails to account for its large beneficial externalities. ... The Norfolk Broads are the northern part of The Broads National Park. ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Surface of the Earth Geomorphology is the study of landforms, including their origin and evolution, and the processes that shape them. ... Water covers 70% of the Earths surface. ... Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ...

• Landscape of roads
• Landscape of forestry
• Landscape of energy
• Landscape of urbanization
• Landscape of recreation
• Landscape of mineral extraction
• Landscape of agriculture
• Landscape of rivers
• Landscape of archaeology

In each case, the aim is to take a specialist land use and make recommendations for what can be done to enhance its emplact on the stock of environmental goods. The landscape treatment of roads is concerned with the planning and design of roads and highways with regard to their environmental impact on the surrounding landscape. ... Forestry is concerned with the study and management of forests for the primary purpose of obtaining a timber harvest. ... The generation of energy has become a major land use with consequent environmental impacts upon the landscape. ... Most of the worlds cities are expanding into agricultural land. ... Recreation has become a large-scale landuse. ... Mineral extraction has a long history of damaging the landscape. ... The primary purpose of agriculture is food production but concern for other objectives (eg wildlife, conservation, biodiversity, recreation and scenery) have a long history and are of increasing importance in wealthy and urbanized countries. ... The construction of new buildings and new roads accelerates the discharge of surface water runoff and raises flood peaks in the lower reachers of river catchments. ... The western group of Khajuraho temples (2005) set in an archaeologically inappropriate parkland landscape The landscape of archaeology is concerned with the landscape treatment of archaeological sites. ... Environmental goods is a sub-category of public goods which includes: clean air clean water quiet beautiful landscape scenic towns green transport infrastructure (footpaths, cycleways, greenways, etc) a diverse flora a diverse fauna public parks town squares urban parks rivers mountains forests beaches See also Public goods Town planning Landscape...

References

• Ecological design and planning George F. Thompson and Frederick R. Steiner, (Wiley, 1997)
• Landscape planning : an introduction to theory and practice Hackett, Brian (Oriel, 1971)
• Landscape planning and environmental impact design Tom Turner (2nd ed UCL Press, 1998)
• Design with nature Ian L. McHarg ( Wiley, 1992)

See also

• Landscape architecture
• Landscape management
• Landscape Institute
• Environmental impact assessment
• Urban design
• Green roof
• Growth management
• Sustainable city
• Sustainable landscape architecture
• European Landscape Convention

Central Park, like all parks, is an example of landscape architecture. ... Landscape managers are professionally qualified experts in the management of landscapes for conservation and recreation. ... Landscape Institute The UK professional body for landscape architects. ... An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the likely human environmental health impact, risk to ecological health, and changes to natures services that a project may have. ... Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and cities. ... Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ... Growth management is a set of techniques used by government to ensure that as the population grows that there are services available to meet their demands. ... A more sustainable city, or Eco-city, has fewer inputs (of energy, water, food etc) and fewer waste products (heat, air pollution, water pollution etc) than a less sustainable city. ... Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. ... The European Landscape Convention, also known as the Florence Convention, was initiated by the Congress of Regional and Local Authorities of the Council of Europe. ...

External links

• European Landscape Convention Official statement by the Council of Europe
• Landscape planning
• Landscaping How To Information
• Landscape and Urban Planning - An International Journal of Landscape Ecology, Planning and Design