NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Language families (Ethnologue)

Language families are groups of languages that share common features. The study of languages and their relationships is an area of active research. New relationships are constantly being proposed, with varying levels of evidence. Old theories are frequently tested, and some are discarded. SIL International is a key organization, active in both research and publication of results. They regularly publish an updated database of current thinking in Ethnologue. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1339x636, 21 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Language family ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1339x636, 21 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Language family ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... SIL International is a worldwide non-profit evangelical Christian organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development. ... Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization which studies lesser-known languages primarily to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language. ...

Definitions

The following table is based on the Ethnologue language family index. Each line of the table is a group of associated languages, according to the system Ethnologue uses for classifying languages. The first column gives the Ethnologue name for the group. The second column gives the general location of the languages by continent. The third column gives a simplification of proposed relationships between families. The fourth column gives the number of languages in the group, according to the Ethnologue system of counting languages.

The boundary between North and South America is taken to be the Panama Canal, between Africa and Asia the Suez Canal, and between Europe and Asia the Bosporus strait. Australasia includes New Zealand, Australia and Pulau Papua, known in English as the island of New Guinea. Other Indonesian islands are considered part of Asia. The Caucasian language families are classified as Asian, though the Caucasus Mountains form part of the boundary between Asia and Europe. North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Two Panamax running the Miraflores Locks The Panama Canal (Spanish: ) is a major ship canal that traverses the Isthmus of Panama in Central America, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Satellite image of the Bosporus, taken from the International Space Station in April 2004 Bosphorus Bridge Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (Turkish: Ä°stanbul BoÄŸazÄ± or, for Ä°stanbuls inhabitants, simply BoÄŸaz; while the term BoÄŸaziÃ§i denotes those... Simplified diagram A strait is a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. ... Australasia Australasia is a term variably used to describe a region of Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ...

Question marks indicate the hypothetical nature of several of the proposed super families. Detailed information regarding the evidence for the hypothesis, including references can be found by following the internal links. The Amerind languages and Papuan languages are geographically related super families. Relationships between the families listed in these particular super families are still a matter of active research. In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ...

Table

Categories: Language families | Linguistics | Lists of languages The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ... KawÃ©sqar, also known as Qawasqar, Alacaluf, and Halakwulup, is a language isolate spoken in southern Chile. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan) languages are an indigenous language family of North America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... Amto and Musan are 2 languages spoken in the Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Ethnolinguistic map of the precolonial Andaman Islands (drawn 1902) The Andamanese languages form a language family spoken in the Andaman Islands, a India. ... Arauan (also Arahuan, Arawan, ArawÃ¡n, Madi, Arawa, ArauÃ¡n) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso) and Peru. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Arawakan languages (also Arahuacan, Arawakanas, Arahuacano, Maipurean, Maipuran, Maipureano, MaipÃºrean) are a hypothetical indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... A constructed or artificial language â€” known colloquially as a conlang â€” is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ... The Arutani-Sape are an endangered language family that includes two languages which are mainly spoken in Brazil and Venezuela. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Austro-Asiatic languages The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. ... Austro-Asiatic languages The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ... The Aymaran languages are a South American language family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Barbacoan (also BarbakÃ³an, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... The Bayono-Awbono languages are a small family of Papuan languages, Bayono and Awbono, each spoken by a hundred people in the north of Papua province, Indonesia. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Cahuapanan languages include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Pitkern (also Pitcairnese) is a creole language based on an 18th century dialect of English and Tahitian. ... The Cariban languages are an indigenous language family of South America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Chapacura-Wanham languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Chibchan languages (also ChÃbchan, Chibchano) make up a language family indigenous to Colombia and Central America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Chimakuan language family consists of two languages that are spoken in northwestern Washington, USA on the Olympic Peninsula. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Choco languages are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The two Chon languages are Selknan which died out two years ago and Tehuelche. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages (commonly also Chukchi-Kamchatkan) are a language family of northeastern Siberia. ... Paleosiberian (Palaeosiberian, Paleo-Siberian) languages or Paleoasian languages (from Greek palaios, ancient) is a term of convenience used in linguistics to classify a disparate group of languages spoken in remote regions of Siberia. ... Pre-contact distribution of Chumashan languages Chumashan is a family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast (from San Luis Obispo to Malibu), in neighboring inland regions (San Joaquin Valley), and on three nearby islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz). ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Coahuiltecan is a general name for a group of people who previously lived in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande river. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many features that are not inherited from any parent. ... Two sign language Intepreters working as a team for a school. ... For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ... Languages The East Birds Head languages are a hypothetical language family composed of three languages of the Birds Head Peninsula of western New Guinea, spoken by only about 20 000 people in all. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The East Papuan languages, also called the East Papuan phylum, is a hypothetical family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Eskimo-Aleut languages Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. ... Eskimo-Aleut languages Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. ... The East Geelvink Bay or East Cenderawasih languages are a language family of a dozen Papuan languages along the eastern coast of Geelvink Bay in Indonesian Papua, which is also known as Sarera Bay or Cenderawasih. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Guajiboan (also Guahiban, WahÃvoan, Guahiboan) is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, which is a savannah-like area known in Colombia as the Llanos. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The gulf languages are four extinct, native North American language isolates, named after the Gulf of Mexico, by SIL International in Ethnologue. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Amarakaeri is an indigenous American language of the Harakmbet language family spoken in PerÃº along the Madre de DÃos and Colorado rivers. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Peru is a multilingual nation. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Hmong-Mien or Miao-Yao languages are a small language family of southern China and Southeast Asia. ... The Sino-Tibetan languages form a putative language family composed of Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia. ... Austro-Asiatic languages The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. ... The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Huave (also spelled Wabe) is a language isolate spoken by the indigenous Huave people on the Pacific coast of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... Iroquoian languages The Iroquoian languages are a Native American language family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... Jivaroan (also HÃvaro, JÃvaro, Jibaroana, Jibaro) is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... Katukinan is a language group consisting of three languages in Brazil. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Keresan languages Keresan (also Keres) is a group of seven related lects spoken by Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, U.S.A.. Each is mutually intelligible with its closest neighbors. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi and Bushmen (Saan). ... The Khoisan languages (also Khoesaan languages) are the indigenous languages of southern and eastern Africa; in southern Africa their speakers are the Khoi and Bushmen (Saan). ... The Kiowa-Tanoan languages are a Native American language family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Kwomtari-Baibai languages are a hypothetical language family of five languages spoken by some 4000 people in central New Guinea. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ... The Left May or Arai languages are a small family of half a dozen closely related but not mutually intelligible languages in the center of New Guinea, along the left bank of the May River. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The Lower Mamberamo languages are a recently proposed language family linking two isolates in Stephen WÃ¼rms widely used classification of the languages of New Guinea. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... location of Chaco Province, Argentina Lule (also TonocotÃ©, TonokotÃ©) is a language isolate of northern Argentina. ... Vilela is a nearly extinct Lule-Vilela language which is only spoken by native Indians in two areas in the world: in the Resistencia province of Argentina and in the eastern Chaco near the Paraguayan border. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Macro-Ge, also spelled Macro-GÃª, Macro-Je, and Macro-JÃª, is a medium sized language stock proposed for South America, centered around the GÃª-Kaingang language family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Puinavean (also MakÃº, PuinÃ¡vean, Puinave-Maku, Puinaveano) is a language family of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Main road of Filadelfia Filadelfia is a town in the Gran Chaco desert of western Paraguay and is the capital of the BoquerÃ³n department. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Mataco-Guaicuru language family is mainly spoken in Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... â€œMaya languageâ€ redirects here. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Misumalpan languages are a small family of Native American languages spoken on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... A mixed language is a language that arises when speakers of different languages are in contact and show a high degree of bilingualism. ... The Mixe-Zoque languages are a language family spoken in and around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Mura language family is a language family of Brazil. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the U.S. Southeast. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Pre-contact distribution of Na-DenÃ© languages (in red) Na-DenÃ© (also Na-Dene, Nadene, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit) is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... Pre-contact distribution of Na-DenÃ© languages (in red) Na-DenÃ© (also Na-Dene, Nadene, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit) is a Native American language family which includes the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit. ... The Nambikwara is an Amazonian Amerindian tribe, the subject of study by French anthropologist Claude LÃ©vi-Strauss, which was itself then subjected to a deconstruction by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his Of Grammatology. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Map showing the distribution of Niger-Congo languages The Niger-Congo languages constitute one of the worlds major language families, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. ... Map showing the distribution of Niger-Congo languages The Niger-Congo languages constitute one of the worlds major language families, and Africas largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers, and number of distinct languages. ... Map showing the distribution of the Nilo-Saharan languages. ... Map showing the distribution of the Nilo-Saharan languages. ... North Caucasian languages is a blanket term for two language phyla spoken chiefly in the north Caucasus and Turkey: the Northwest Caucasian (Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian) family and the Northeast Caucasian (East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakh-Dagestanian) family; the latter including the former North-central Caucasian (Nakh) family. ... The DenÃ©-Caucasian (also called Sino-Caucasian or DenÃ©-Sino-Caucasian) language family is a proposed language superfamily containing at least the Basque, Caucasian, Yeniseian, Burushaski, Sino-Tibetan, and Na-DenÃ© languages. ... Oto-Manguean languages (also Otomanguean) are a large family comprised of several families of Native American languages. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Panoan (also PÃ¡noan, Panoano, Panoana, PÃ¡no) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Peba-Yaguan language family is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Penutian is a phylum (or stock) of language families that include many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups who do not share a common language, in situations such as trade. ... The Quechuan languages are a family of related languages in South America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a group of languages of western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Saliban (also SÃ¡livan, Piaroan) is a small language family of Colombia (northern llanos) and Venezuela. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Sepik-Ramu languages are a hypothetical language family of about one hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea, spoken by only about 200 000 people in all. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Two sign language Intepreters working as a team for a school. ... The Sino-Tibetan languages form a putative language family composed of Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia. ... The Sino-Tibetan languages form a putative language family composed of Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia. ... Pre-contact distribution of the Siouan languages The Siouan (a. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Sko Phylum is a group of languages spoken mainly along the coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya). ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Subtiaba is an extinct Oto-Manguean language which was spoken on the pacific slope of Nicaragua. ... Tlapanec is a Mexican indigenous language spoken by around 75,000 Tlapanec people in the states of Guerrero and Morelos. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Oto-Manguean languages (also Otomanguean) are a large family comprised of several families of Native American languages. ... Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-TakÃ¡nan, Pano-Tacana, PÃ¡no-TakÃ¡na) is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Tai-Kadai languages are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China. ... The Austric language superfamily is a large theoretical grouping of languages primarily spoken in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and the eastern Indian subcontinent. ... The PurhÃ©pecha or Tarascan language is a language isolate spoken by more than 100,000 PurhÃ©pecha people in the highlands of Michoacan, Mexico. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Torricelli languages are a hypothetical language family of about fifty languages of the northern Papua New Guinea coast, spoken by only about 80 000 people in all. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... The Totonacan Languages are a family of closely-related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 speakers in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Trans-New Guinea is a family of languages spoken mainly on the island of New Guinea, which comprises the nation of Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, Indonesia. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, TukÃ¡noan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Tupi languages are a language family of 70 languages which are spoken by Indian tribesmen in South America. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Unclassified languages are languages whose genetic affiliation has not been established, mostly due to lack of reliable data. ... Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages Yukaghir Samoyedic Ugric Finnic The Uralic languages (pronounced: ) form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. ... Uralic-Yukaghir (or Uralo-Yukaghir) is a hypothetical language family that attempts to relate Yukaghir, a group of dialects spoken in Siberia, with Uralic, a much larger and popular language family to which Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian belong. ... Uru-Chipaya, also known as Chipaya-Uru is an indigenous language family of Bolivia consisting of two closely related languages. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Pre-contact distribution of Northern Uto-Aztecan languages (note: this map does not show the distribution in Mexico) Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American language family. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Wakashan is a family of languages spoken around Vancouver Island. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The West Papuan languages are a hypothetical language family of about two dozen languages of the Birds Head (Vogelkopf) Peninsula of far western New Guinea and the island of Halmahera, spoken by about 220 000 people in all. ... The term Papuan languages refers to those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ... Witotoan (also Bora-Witotoan, Bora-WitÃ³toan, Huitotoan, Bora-Huitoto, BÃ³ra-WitÃ³to, Bora-Uitoto, Huitotoano, Huitotoana) is a language family of northeastern Peru, southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department), and western Brazil (Amazonas State). ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Yanomaman (also Yanomam, YanomÃ¡man, YamomÃ¡mi, Yanomamana, Shamatari, Shirianan) is small family of languages spoken in northwestern Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas) and southern Venezuela. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... The Yenisei-Ostyak language family is spoken in central Siberia. ... The Sino-Tibetan languages form a putative language family composed of Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia. ... Geographical distribution of Yukaghir, Finnic, Ugric and Samoyedic languages The Yukaghir languages are a family of related languages spoken in Russia by the Yukaghir, a Siberian people, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. ... Uralic-Yukaghir (or Uralo-Yukaghir) is a hypothetical language family that attempts to relate Yukaghir, a group of dialects spoken in Siberia, with Uralic, a much larger and popular language family to which Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian belong. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Zamucoan (also SamÃºkoan) is a small language family of Paraguay (northeast Chaco) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz Department). ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene... Zaparoan (also SÃ¡paroan, ZÃ¡paro, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is a endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with less than 700 speakers. ... In addition to its use by social scientists to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of The Americas, the term Amerind languages may controversially refer to one of the three families in Joseph H. Greenbergs classification of all Native American languages—the other two being Na-Dene...

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