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Language interference (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or transfer) is the effect of language learners' first language on their production of the language they are learning. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary, accent, spelling and so on. It is most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer), although where the relevant feature of both languages is the same, it results in correct language production (positive transfer). The greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of interference are likely to be. Interference is most commonly discussed in the context of EAL teaching, but it will inevitably occur in any situation where someone has an imperfect command of a second language. First language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. ...
Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language. ...
A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language. ...
Accents mark speakers as a member of a group by their pronunciation of the standard language. ...
Proper spelling is the writing of a word or words with all necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted, conventional order. ...
It has been suggested that Teaching English as a Second Language be merged into this article or section. ...
Mechanism Interference may be conscious or unconscious. Consciously, the student may guess because he has not learned or has forgotten the correct usage. Unconsciously, the student may not consider that the features of the languages may differ, or he may know the correct rules but be insufficiently skilled to put them into practice, and so fall back on the example of his first language. Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ...
The unconscious mind (or subconscious) is the aspect (or puported aspect) of the mind of which we are not directly conscious or aware. ...
Multiple acquired languages Interference can also take place between acquired languages: an English learner of French or Spanish, for example, may mistakenly assume that a particular feature of one language applies also to the other. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Examples Language interference produces distinctive forms of learner English depending on the speaker’s first language. Some well-known examples are: An example of written Chinglish on a signpost. ...
Sign in a toilet in Shanghai, instructing people to put used paper napkins in the wastebin Engrish on a sweatshirt in Japan Engrish is a pejorative or humorous slang term which refers to poor-quality attempts by Japanese writers to create English words and phrases, whether in mistranslation of original...
Franglais, a portmanteau made by mixing the words français (French) and anglais (English), is a slang term for types of speech, although the word has different overtones in the English and French languages. ...
Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the United States, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ...
Tinglish (also Thenglish or Thailish) is the imperfect form of English produced by native Thai speakers due to language interference from the first language. ...
Positive transfer The positive aspects of language interference are less often discussed, but they can be very important. Generally the process will be more positive the closer the two languages are, and the more the learner is aware of the relationship between the two languages. Thus, an English learner of German may well correctly guess an item of German vocabulary from its English equivalent, but the word order is more likely to differ. This approach has the disadvantage that it makes the learner more subject to the influence of false friends. Word order, in linguistic typology, refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. ...
False friends are pairs of words in two languages (or letters in two alphabets) that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning. ...
Wider effects Language interference in immigrant communities can break out of those communities and affect the native-speaking population. Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ...
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